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Topic:Epidemiology
Epidemiology in horses involves the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in equine populations. It encompasses the investigation of patterns, causes, and effects of diseases and health conditions within horse populations. This field of study aims to identify risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Key components of equine epidemiology include disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and the study of disease dynamics within herds or regions. Research in this area often focuses on infectious diseases, zoonotic diseases, and the impact of environmental factors on equine health. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of epidemiology in horses, including disease prevalence, transmission pathways, and strategies for disease prevention and control.
Detection of rotavirus in horses with and without diarrhea by electron microscopy and Rotazyme test. A total of 142 equine fecal samples (93 field fecal and 49 experimental fecal specimens) were examined for rotavirus using direct electron microscopy (EM) and the Rotazyme test. Eighty-six stool specimens were diarrhea samples. The Rotazyme test sensitivity and accuracy as compared to EM was determined by the visual (color reaction) and spectrophotometric methods. The overall agreement was 94.8% and 92.3% between EM and Rotazyme visual and spectrophotometric methods, respectively when suspect reactions (1 + color reaction or net absorbance between 0.05 and 0.1) were not included. The Rotazyme ...
Serovar identification of leptospires of the Australis serogroup isolated from free-living and domestic species in the United Kingdom. Eighteen isolates from the Australis serogroup from free-living and domestic animals were identified using the cross agglutination absorption test. Serovar muenchen was found only in England and Wales in wood mice, short tailed and bank voles, a grey squirrel and a pig. Serovar bratislava was found in hedgehogs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and also in a brown rat from Northern Ireland. Serovar bratislava was isolated from sheep in both England and Northern Ireland and from horses in Northern Ireland. The distribution of these serovars in relation to possible maintenance hosts is disc...
A clinical and experimental study of tendon injury, healing and treatment in the horse. This project was carried out over a five year period (1977 to 1981 inclusive) at the University of Bristol following discussion between the British Veterinary Association and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons about the efficacy of, and ethical justification for, the practice of 'firing' (cautery). These discussions had been promoted by parliamentary questions but led to no firm conclusions because previously reported clinical investigations on specific treatments lacked adequate comparisons and controls and thus did not provide scientifically acceptable, statistically valid data. The pr...
Insulin tolerance in laminitic ponies. Sensitivity to insulin was assessed in ponies episodically affected with chronic laminitis by measurement of blood glucose and arterial blood pressure during insulin tolerance tests. In terms of blood glucose values, laminitic ponies were significantly less sensitive to insulin than controls. Conversely, a post-insulin decline in diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure values was significantly greater in laminitic ponies than in controls.
Equine onchocerciasis in Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia. Investigations were conducted on the taxonomy, distribution in the carcase, pathology and transmission of Onchocerca spp. in equids from Queensland and the Northern Territory. Examination of small groups of horses and ponies revealed high infection rates with O. cervicalis, while lesser numbers were infected with O. gutturosa. O. reticulata was not found. Neither of the Australian species is likely to be of economic importance to the horsemeat industry. The findings support the belief that O. cervicalis is a pre-disposing factor in the aetiology of equine nuchal disease, most commonly seen cli...
Copper and zinc levels in the blood of thoroughbreds in training in the United Kingdom. The concentration of copper and zinc in the blood and sera of over 300 Thoroughbreds in training was determined by atomic absorption between February 1979 and July 1981. The mean (+/- sd) concentration of copper in the serum of stabled Thoroughbreds (79 +/- 16 micrograms/dl) was significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower than that of those at grass (101 +/- 26 micrograms/dl), whereas the mean serum zinc concentration of stabled Thoroughbreds (170 +/- 54 micrograms/dl) was higher than that of those at grass (111 +/- 45 micrograms/dl). No such differences were observed in whole blood. There were m...
Identification of carriers of Streptococcus equi in a naturally infected herd. During an outbreak of strangles in a population of research horses, 4 mares were identified as carriers of Streptococcus equi. Three of the mares had typical signs of strangles (severe regional lymphadenitis with or without rupture of abscessed lymph nodes). The 4th mare experienced episodes of serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, but never had more than a mild degree of lymph node enlargement. Streptococcus equi was isolated from the abscessed lymph nodes and from nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the first 3 mares from 6 to 19 weeks after rupture of involved nodes. Streptococcus equi was...
[Prevention of Strongylidae infections in the horse]. Proceeding on the epidemiology of Strongylidae infection in horses, the effects of combined anthelmintic treatment and moving to non-contaminated pasture in July were studied during 1981 and 1982. This strategy for control was found to be effective as was shown by faecal examination, pasture larval counts and post-mortem worm counts. No significant contamination or worm infection developed in the group of treated ponies moved to celan pasture after July 1. On the permanently grazed pasture the same pattern of infection developed as on the pasture where up to July 1 ponies and subsequently shee...
Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine. Serological responses to three bivalent aqueous equine influenza vaccines of different potency and an adjuvanted bivalent vaccine containing inactivated A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) viruses, were examined in seronegative ponies. Potencies of the vaccines, measured by single-radial-diffusion tests, ranged from 4 to 56 micrograms of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen activity/virus strain per dose. Serological responses to vaccination were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests. Four weeks after a primary dose, HI responses to bo...
Study of equine histoplasmosis farciminosi and characterization of Histoplasma farciminosum. A detailed clinical and mycological study of horse infections with Histoplasma farciminosum was conducted for the first time in the Middle East. The disease seems to prevail in endemic form in the region. In all of the cases studied the infection involved only the cutaneous lymphatics and skin tissue with extension to the regional draining lymph glands. The disease seems to impose serious economic impact in the infected areas. Full description and thorough characterization of both the mycelial form and the yeast phase of the causative fungus were made.
The isolation and preliminary characterization of a rhabdovirus in Australia related to bovine ephemeral fever virus. CSIRO 368 virus was isolated from blood collected in the Northern Territory from a healthy cow and electron microscope studies showed that the isolate had rhabdovirus morphology. Fluorescent antibody studies and complement fixation tests related the virus to bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus. Neutralization tests in both suckling mice and Vero cells showed that the virus was not BEF virus. Antibodies to CSIRO 368 virus were found in cattle sera from northern and eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Antibodies were found in 16 out of 45 buffalo, some of which also had antibodies to BEF viru...
A survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. IV. Tumours occurring in Equidae. A survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the Section of Pathology of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, in the Republic of South Africa, over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. A total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. Sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymphosarcomas (3,0%) accounted for 88,6% of the total. Of the 58 sarcoids for which the site or origin ...
Epidemiological and immunological studies of sweet itch in horses in Israel. A survey of sweet itch in horses in Israel based on a questionnaire to owners reported that 158 of 723 horses (21.8 per cent) had sweet itch lesions. The results indicated that the likelihood of a horse acquiring sweet itch decreased with increasing altitude but no definite association with rainfall zones was evident. Variation in the density of the horse population, however, obscured these observations. In the population surveyed, stallions were more sensitive than mares and pale horses appeared to be less sensitive than dark ones, but the sample size of this latter group was much smaller. In...
Laboratory investigations on equine influenza during the outbreak in Poland in 1980. Summary
The outbreak of equine influenza in Poland in 1980 was caused by an equine influenza virus antigenically related to the strain A/equine/Miami/63/Heq2, Neq2. This was confirmed by isolation of six strains of influenza virus from horses suffering from the acute form of the disease. About 45 % and 69 % of positive results were obtained in the HI test performed with sera taken from convalescent and affected animals, respectively. A relatively high level of antibodies against newly isolated equine influenza virus strains was found in 50 % of serum samples taken from the grooms. A relativ...
Alterations in the equine herpesvirus 1 genome after in vitro and in vivo virus passage. The effect of in vitro and in vivo serial virus passage on the genetic stability of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis of the viral DNA. DNAs of EHV-1 isolates at different passage levels in cultured cells or in Syrian hamsters were compared by electrophoresis of the DNA cleavage fragments produced by restriction endonuclease digestion. No changes were observed in the restriction profile of the DNAs of EHV-1 strains after 100 sequential passages in cultured equine cells. However, serial passage of the virus in hamsters or in cells of non-equine o...
Experimental Streptococcus equi infection in the horse: correlation with in vivo and in vitro immune responses. Fourteen young outbred horses, divided into 2 groups on the basis of 18- or 24-hour skin-test reactions to Streptococcus equi, were inoculated nasopharyngeally with virulent S equi. Animals (n = 6, group I) with evidence of previous exposure to S equi (positive dermal response and existing serum antibodies), with one exception, developed minimal or no signs of disease after inoculation. In contrast, S equi skin-test negative and seronegative horses (n = 8, group II) developed predictable and severe clinical signs of infection after their inoculation, including shedding of the organism from nas...
A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in Lombok, Republic of Indonesia. Sera were collected from humans, cattle, horses, goats, ducks, chickens, wild birds, bats and rats in Lombok, Indonesia, and were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) for antibodies to JE, ZIKA, CHIK and RR. Selected sera were tested by microneutralization tests for antibodies to the following viruses: JE, ZIKA, MVE, TMU, LGT, KUN, SEP, DEN-2, CHIK, RR, GET, SIN, BUN, BAT and BAK. Human sera had JE HI antibody in 135 (30%) of 446 tested. Neutralization tests indicated that DEN-2, ZIKA, TMU, KUN and SEP may have caused flavivirus infections. Antibodies to other arboviruses tested for wer...
Guidelines for the future of equine locomotion research. This paper describes the major areas that require investigation in equine locomotion and outlines a plan for such research in both the Thoroughbred and Standardbred. Fifteen topics for future investigation have been selected and given an order of priority. These topics deal with characteristics of normal locomotion, factors which influence locomotion, the epidemiology and economics of lameness and the clinical identification of lameness.
Haematology of the racing Thoroughbred in Australia 1: reference values and the effect of excitement. Eight hundred and sixteen blood samples were collected from horses at Sydney race tracks, 1 to 3 h before racing, and subjected to haematological analysis. Haemograms were also performed on 65 blood samples taken from horses at rest in their stalls. These were used as reference values of prerace and resting haemograms, respectively. The haemograms of 29 of the resting horses were compared with the haemograms of the same 29 horses the following day at the race track. Both samples were considered to be representative of their reference populations. In general, there was a significant increase fr...
