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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Advanced diagnostic imaging modalities available at the referral center. While many equine diagnostic imaging procedures can be done in field, some procedures require specialized facilities, equipment or expertise which are generally only available in referral or specialty practices. As client awareness of the availability and advantages of these diagnostic procedures increases, veterinarians are faced with the increasing opportunity to utilize these services to provide optimal patient care. A working knowledge of the value and limitations of these methods is required to help guide veterinarians and clients in the selection of additional, and sometimes costly, diag...
Evaluation of the equine respiratory system using physical examination and endoscopy. Defining respiratory disease is not always easy in the horse because auscultation with accurate interpretation of lung sounds can be difficult. However, performing a thorough physical examination, including rebreathing auscultation and percussion of the thorax and sinuses, is very useful in elucidating the problem. Endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory system is also critical for definitively diagnosing certain conditions.
Immune therapy in respiratory disease. Pharmacologic manipulation of pulmonary immunity plays an important role in primary and adjunct therapy for equine respiratory disease. Frequent exposure to respiratory viral pathogens, strenuous exercise, long distance transport, and inhalation of harmful substances destroy various aspects of the pulmonary defense system and predispose performance horses to development of infectious and noninfectious respiratory disease. Pulmonary immunity may be bolstered by nonspecific immunostimulants to combat primary or secondary immunodeficiency. State of the art technology improves active and passive-s...
Cytology of the respiratory tract. Cytology can be a rewarding diagnostic technique in equine practice. The respiratory tract readily lends itself to sampling for cytologic evaluation from the upper to lower regions of the system. This article discusses preservation and staining techniques that will allow the practitioner to present satisfactory samples to the laboratory. General considerations for cytologic analysis are discussed as well as the specific findings for individual disorders of the respiratory tract. The proper use of cytologic findings in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques for the respiratory tract are a...
Comparative studies of ivermectin and moxidectin in the control of naturally acquired cyathostome infections in horses. The control of naturally acquired cyathostome infections in horses by treatments with ivermectin and moxidectin was evaluated in three field studies. In a first study the efficacy of both drugs was assessed in a faecal egg count reduction test. Both ivermectin and moxidectin demonstrated efficacies greater than 99 per cent for up to 60 days after treatment. In a second study, the period required for strongyle eggs to reappear was estimated in horses treated either with ivermectin or moxidectin. For the horses treated with ivermectin the period varied between 10 and approximately 13 weeks, and ...
Effects of high-dose gentamicin sulfate on neuromuscular blockade in halothane-anesthetized horses. To evaluate effects of a single high dose of gentamicin on neuromuscular function in horses anesthetized with halothane. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Halothane-anesthetized horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency, and the right hind limb was immobilized in a reusable fiberglass cast fixed to a steel frame. The hoof was attached to a force transducer, and resting tension of 0.93 +/- 0.16 kg was maintained. A supramaximal train-of-four stimulus of 2 Hz for a duration of 0.25 millisecond was applied to the superficial peroneal nerve every 20 seconds by a square-wave stimula...
Genetic analysis of equine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine genetic relationships among 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from mares with metritis and from a stallion with dermatitis in Hokkaido. All the 15 isolates showed phage pattern 6/47/54/75, coagulase type IV, and enterotoxin type A. The restriction endonuclease SmaI cut their genomic DNAs into 15 or 16 fragments ranging in size from 8 to 630 kb. Fourteen of the 15 isolates showed the same PFGE pattern, whereas the remaining one appeared to be closely related. The 9 human MRSA isolates showing the same phe...
Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses. To compare effects of a single dose of pentoxifylline (PTX), flunixin meglumine (FM), and their combination (FM/PTX) in a model of equine endotoxemia. Methods: 24 healthy horses, aged 2 to 15 years. Methods: 4 groups (n = 6/group) received 30 ng of Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin/kg of body weight, i.v., over 30 minutes, and 1 of the following preparations 15 minutes before and 8 hours after endotoxin infusion: FM, 1.1 mg/kg; PTX, 8 mg/kg; FM/PTX, 1.1 mg of FM and 8 mg of PTX/kg; and saline solution bolus (ENDO). Clinical and hematologic variables were measured over 24 hours. Results: Compar...
Hemagglutination with equine arteritis virus. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) grown on RK13 cell cultures was tested for hemagglutination (HA) with erythrocytes from a variety of species at 4 degrees C, room temperature and 37 degrees C. HA was observed at all temperatures with erythrocytes from mouse and chicken but not with those of cattle, horse, rabbit, guinea pig, mongolian gerbil, goose or chick embryo. Chickens showed an individual variation in agglutinability of their erythrocytes, requiring selection of birds to obtain erythrocytes for HA. The HA activity was enhanced by treatment of virus materials with Tween 80 followed by treatme...
Risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries in Australian thoroughbred racehorses. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in racing Thoroughbreds were investigated in a case-control study conducted at racetracks administered by the Australian Jockey Club. Univariable analysis of 137 cases from the official Veterinary Surgeon's reports and an equal number of randomly selected controls from the Australian Race Results identified field size, barrier position and class of race as being significantly associated with breakdown (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression was then used to investigate the effect of each putative risk factor whilst controlling for all others. Horses ...
Effects of various feeding regimens on the energy balance of equine neonates. To determine the effect of diet on energy intake, loss, and metabolism in foals 2 to 7 days old. Methods: 14 pony foals. Methods: Group-A foals suckled their dams, group-B foals were fed milk replacer, and group-C foals were fed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Energy balance studies were performed over 8-hour periods on postpartum days 2, 4, and 7. Results: Mean gross energy (GE) intake of group-A foals increased between days 2 and 7. Approximately 3% of GE was excreted in urine and feces, and energy expenditure remained constant. These foals were in positive energy balance, and mean body...
The equine immune response to endometrial cups. Out of all the areas of comparative immunological study in the horse, the field of reproductive immunology has proven to be one of the most fertile and exciting. Maternal immunological interactions with the fetus involve a set of events which prevent maternal rejection of trophoblastic tissue invading the uterus, and at the same time control this invasion to regulate growth and prevent damage to maternal tissues. Unique features of equine placentation make it exceptionally well-suited to studying these immunological interactions.
Multiple vertebral osteochondrosis in a foal. No abstract available
Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in equine synovial fluids. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be important in the destruction of cartilage seen in equine osteoarthritis and may be detectable in synovial fluid. Synovial fluids were obtained from normal equine joints and from joints of horses with aseptic and septic joint diseases. The total MMP gelatinase enzyme activities were measured by gelatin zymography and image analysis of the gels. The bioactivity of gelatinase in synovial fluid was determined by a gelatin degradation ELISA. Potential MMP-2 & MMP-9 monomer enzyme activities were significantly elevated in both septic and aseptic joint dise...
Aerosol deposition in equine lungs following ultrasonic nebulisation versus jet aerosol delivery system. Therapeutic aerosols pay an increasing role in the treatment of equine respiratory disorders. This route of delivery permits concentration of significant amounts of drugs at the site of action without unwanted high systemic concentration and resultant side effects. The efficiency of such a topical therapy depends on the quantity of inhaled drugs deposited in the lungs and, for some drugs, on the proportion retained in specific parts of the lungs. The objective of this study was to define and to compare quantitative (dose deposited) and qualitative (regional distribution) deposition of an aeros...
An introduction to mammalian interspecific hybrids. Haldane's law states that in interspecific hybrids, it is the heterogametic sex that is likely to be absent, rare, or sterile. In mammals, there is increasing evidence to suggest that this may be due to the high mutation rate of male sex-determining genes on the Y chromosome. The mule, humanity's first successful attempt at genetic engineering, provides some support for this concept. Interspecific hybrids may also shed new light on the importance of the maternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA and the phenomenon of genomic imprinting.
Characterisation of equine matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9; and identification of the cellular sources of these enzymes in joints. The cellular production by resident articular cells and infiltrating inflammatory cells of the gelatinase matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) was investigated by tissue culture methods and analysis of cell supernatants by gelatin zymography. Peripheral blood neutrophils in short term culture produced MMP-9, as did peripheral blood monocytes in culture. Isolated articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture produced both MMP-2 and MMP-9, although articular cartilage maintained as explant culture produced MMP-2 alone. Synovial fibroblasts grown in monolayer culture produced MMP-2 alone, although synov...
Extraction and quantification of acrosin, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arylsulfatase-A from equine ejaculated spermatozoa. Acrosin, Arysulfatase A, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase are three key enzymes localized within the mammalian acrosome that play a pivotal role in the penetration of the oocyte. The objectives of this study were to compare two methods of enzyme extraction based on the activities of these enzymes from equine spermatozoa. Method A utilized a 0.5 M Tris-maleate buffer containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and Hyamine 2389. Method B used 0.05 M Tris-HCl, 0.05 M MgCl2 in 0.05 M Tris-maleate, followed by 0.05 M Tris-maleate containing 0.1% Triton X-100. Results indicated that acrosin was initially bound in ...
Light microscopy of the enteric nervous system of horses with or without equine dysautonomia (grass sickness): its correlation with the motor effects of physostigmine. Light microscopy was undertaken on sections from the caudal flexure of the duodenum and the terminal ileum proximal to the ileocaecal fold in 5 control horses, 5 horses with acute grass sickness (AGS), and 5 horses with chronic grass sickness (CGS). With the exception of the ileal submucous plexus of the CGS group, the AGS group had the lowest number of neurons as measured using a subjective scoring scheme. The proportion of abnormal neurons in the AGS group was similar in both plexuses and both regions, whereas the values for the CGS group were much higher in the duodenal region than in the i...
