Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
McClure JT, Kobluk C, Voller K, Geor RJ, Ames TR, Sivula N.Four miniature foals admitted with signs of progressive nonresponsive abdominal pain and no fecal production had fecalith impaction of the small colon. Duration of clinical signs ranged from 10 hours to 5 days. Removal of the fecalith via small colon enterotomy was a successful treatment in all 4 cases. Miniature foals may be predisposed to fecalith impaction of the small colon. If a miniature foal has signs of progressive nonresponsive abdominal pain, fecalith impaction needs to be considered. Surgical correction may be required.
McCann JS, Caudle AB, Thompson FN, Stuedemann JA, Heusner GL, Thompson DL.Thirty mares in late gestation were used in a 3-yr study to assess effects of the tall fescue endophyte Acremonium coenophialum on serum prolactin (PRL) and progesterone. Two paddocks of each treatment, 0 or 100% infected 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue, were grazed by the mares for 21 d. Blood was collected three times per week until parturition. At 7-d intervals, mares were challenged with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) while grazing and blood was collected postinjection. Mares grazing 100% infected tall fescue (E+) had decreased serum PRL compared with mares grazing the 0% infected tall fesc...
Jaussaud P, Guieu D, Courtot D, Barbier B, Bonnaire Y.A tolfenamic acid metabolite, a hydroxylated product, has been identified in equine plasma and urine samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron-impact and chemical-ionization modes. The method also allows the qualitative monitoring of the elimination of the drug and its metabolites from plasma. The two compounds are detected up to 48 and 24 h, respectively, after a single oral administration of a 30 mg/kg dose. The simultaneous detection of the two products increases the reliability of anti-doping control analysis.
Matassa LC, Woodard D, Leavitt RK, Firby P, Beaumier P.Glycopyrrolate (Robinul) is a quaternary ammonium salt which serves as a respiratory enhancing drug. It is reportedly used in horse racing to improve breathing. Extraction of glycopyrrolate from equine urine employing unique solid-phase extraction techniques gave a residue suitable for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). LC-MS-MS analysis employed an extract derived from 5 ml of urine subjected to cation-exchange chromatography. The daughter ion of m/z 318 monitored in the positive-ion mode was m/z 116. Recovery of glycopy...
Jann HW, Good JK, Morgan SJ, Berry A.Healing of transected superficial digital flexor tendons was evaluated mechanically and histologically in eight horses. Tendons sutured with polyglyconate had higher loads at failure than nonsutured tendons at weeks 5 and 9. The tendon stress at failure (force per unit area) was higher in the sutured tendons at week 5 but not at week 9, reflecting the increased size of the scar at week 9. Histologically, scars after tenorrhaphy were consistently more mature than nonsutured tenotomy scars. The mean maturity score for sutured tendons was higher than for nonsutured tendons at weeks 5 and 9. Overa...
Baxter GM, Allen D, Farrell RL.LARYNGEAL haemiplegia is common in horses and most often
involves the left haemilarynx (Baker 1983; Haynes 1984).
Although specific processes have been incriminated in the
pathogenesis of laryngeal haemiplegia, most cases involve an
idiopathic distal axonopathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The
purpose of this report is to describe a case of laryngeal
haemiplegia associated with an anomalous respiratory cyst. A
description of the lesion, method of surgical repair of the
laryngeal collapse and a proposed term to describe the
abnormality based on pathological and functional consider...
Rønne M.After fluorouracil/5-bromodeoxyuridine synchronization and subsequent FPG-staining, the karyotype of 15 phenotypically normal horses displayed several breaks and gaps. Twelve bands 1q24, 4p12, 8q23, 11p12, 16q21, 17q21, 23q31, 23q32, Xp21, Xq22, Xq25 and Xq27 showed relatively frequent fragility. After thymidine/cytidine synchronization and subsequent GWL-banding the same horses display karyotypes without any fragility. Hence it is suggested that the above listed bands harbour folate and/or 5-bromodeoxyuridine sensitive fragile sites.
Lecompte F, Combarnous Y.A simple, accurate, sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed that permits the measurement of equine Chorionic Gonadotropin activity in pregnant mare plasmas or serums as well as in commercial and highly-purified preparations. This assay is specific for eCG and eLH which share the same polypeptide structure but differ in their oligosaccharidic chains. The more important result is that this EIA has been found to be give data in very close agreement with the in vivo assay. Therefore this very rapid and convenient assay can be used to measure the activity of eCG/PMSG in pregnant mares...
Bowman DD, Cummings JF, Davis SW, deLahunta A, Dubey JP, Suter MM, Rowland PH, Conner DL.Morphological information is presented for syntype material of the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Sarcocystis neurona. A clinical description of the horse from which the organism was isolated and the methodology used to immunosuppress the horse in an attempt to increase parasite numbers are also given. The description includes microscopic details observed both with light and transmission electron microscopy. Mainly stages from tissue are illustrated, but information is also presented on the development of the organism after inoculation onto monolayers of bovine monocyte...
Riond JL, Riviere JE, Duckett WM, Atkins CE, Jernigan AD, Rikihisa Y, Spurlock SL.Intravenous use of doxycycline in horses is associated with deleterious side effects on the cardiovascular system which may result in fatalities. At dosages and infusion rates used in these studies, supraventricular tachycardia, systemic arterial hypertension, clinical signs of discomfort, collapse and death were observed. Results of the present study suggest that the intravenous use of doxycycline should be avoided in horses.
Gray PR, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Slocombe RF, Peters-Golden ML.We have developed an alternative method for examining equine tracheal epithelial arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism that utilizes strips of pseudostratified columnar epithelium attached to a layer of elastic tissue 80 to 130 microns thick. We compared the responses of this preparation with those of enzymatically dispersed suspensions of tracheal epithelium obtained from the same animal. Strips incubated with [3H]AA incorporated 40.8 +/- 3.6% of added radioactivity and released 2.55 +/- 0.23% of incorporated radioactivity when stimulated with 5 microM A23187. Values for the cell suspension were 5...
Hassanain MM.Investigation studies on inactivated African horsesickness vaccine using binary ethyleneimine were conducted. The inactivation process of virulent type-9 strain using the above inactivant revealed complete virus inactivation at 18, 48 and 84 h post-treatment with inactivant concentrations of 0.004, 0.003 and 0.002M, respectively, without detection of residual virus. An inactivant concentration of 0.003M is recommended and no changes in viral antigenic properties were noticed in complement fixation test. The physical parameters in oil-emulsion vaccine using the incomplete Freund's adjuvant, wer...
de Waal DT.This review focuses on equine piroplasmosis with specific reference to its distribution, diagnosis and clinical and pathological signs. The more common used drugs are discussed both with reference to treatment and chemosterilization. Areas requiring further research are also briefly mentioned.
Mumford JA, Wood J.Shortcomings in the original methods (based on haemagglutination of erythrocytes) used to measure potency of equine influenza vaccines and antibody responses stimulated by vaccines, coupled with the lack of a reliable challenge system in the target species, has hindered progress in identifying the antigenic content required to provide protection. Reliable methods are now available for measuring the haemagglutinin (HA) content of vaccines and the antibody responses they elicit. The development of challenge systems in the target species has allowed antibody levels consistent with protection to b...
Harrison IW, Speirs VC, Braund KG, Steiss JE.Laryngeal hemiplegia was induced in 4 ponies via a left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy. Reinnervation of the denervated left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle was then attempted using a muscle pedicle graft from the right cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle. In 3 ponies there was no return of abductor function and failure of graft survival. In the fourth pony there was return of abductor function along with survival of the muscle bridge, however, there was evidence of reinnervation across the neurectomy site. Muscle-to-muscle neurotization of the paralyzed equine larynx, utilizing the cricoaryte...
Naylor JM, Robinson JA, Crichlow EC, Steiss JE.Electromyography (EMG) was used to detect myotonic discharges in Quarter Horse breeding stock and to follow the results of mating horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP). The studies were performed on two brood mare farms. A total of six breeding stock showed myotonic discharges and 15 were nonmyotonic. Myotonic discharges were seen in five of six horses belonging to the blood line previously implicated as being predisposed to HPP. Two of these horses had shown clinical signs of HPP. Only one of 15 breeding horses unrelated to the HPP predisposed blood line showed myotonic discharges...
Sharma PC, Cullinane AA, Onions DE, Nicolson L.The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive technique used to detect DNA of viral pathogens. We have applied the technique to the detection of Equid herpesviruses-1 and -4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) DNA within nasopharyngeal swab samples from horses. Ninety-eight samples from suspected field cases and in-contact horses were analysed. The assays were conducted blind and later decoded and compared with virus isolation data. Our results indicate that PCR is a sensitive and rapid technique for the diagnosis of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection.
Weber JA, Woods GL, Freeman DA, Vanderwall DK.Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) bound specifically (P less than 0.001) to ampullary and isthmic tissue on Day 2 and Day 5 after ovulation. No significant differences (P greater than 0.8) were detected between Day 2 and Day 5 in the specific binding of ampullary or isthmic tissue. Significantly more (P less than 0.05) PGE2 bound specifically to ampullary versus isthmic tissue on both days. Detection of PGE2-specific binding in the oviductal isthmus on Day 2 and Day 5 indicates that the oviduct is responsive to PGE2 when it is capable of transporting equine embryos.
Warner A, Mayhew IG.Anhidrosis is loss of the ability to sweat. The problem is seen in horses kept in a hot humid climate, and it may cause severe impairment of thermoregulation in the equine athlete. British Thoroughbreds imported to her tropical colonies are the earliest recorded cases, and since then the syndrome has come to be described as one of Thoroughbreds, usually performance athletes, undergoing acclimatization to heat and humidity. A recent epidemiologic study of cases in Florida has shown, however, that many different breeds, and long time inhabitants of a hot climate, may be affected. Equine sweat gl...
Gandini M, Comino F, Caramello V, Giusto G.To compare three surgical knots for preventing leakage from the vascular bundle during ligation in simulated equine open castrations. Methods: Randomized, case-control, in vitro study. Methods: Testes (N = 60) collected from 30 horses. Methods: Testes were collected from 30 horses and randomly assigned to one of three groups: group G (friction, giant knot), group T (modified transfixing knot), or group S (sliding, strangle knot; n = 20/group). The assigned knot was used to ligate the vascular bundle during open castration. The length of suture material used and the leak pressure of the testicu...
Neuhauser S, Gösele P, Handler J.Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm allows final preservation of the gene reserve from valuable sires in case of unexpected injury terminating the breeding career. This case report describes the birth of a healthy foal following insemination with frozen-thawed epididymal sperm. The testes and epididymides were removed under general anaesthesia and sent cooled to the laboratory overnight. The cauda epididymidis was dissected and 17.79 × 109 sperm were harvested by a retrograde flush technique. A fertile mare was inseminated 1 year later with frozen-thawed epididymal sperm. Sperm were deposite...
John HA, Laffling AJ, Marrs J, Baird A, Jat PS, Holdstock NB, Rossdale PD.To enable direct testing of a range of potential toxins or pathogens that might be involved in grass sickness, equine thoracic sympathetic chain ganglion cell lines were established from primary cell cultures by retroviral-mediated transduction of the temperature-sensitive mutant of the establishment oncogene encoding SV40 large T antigen. Morphological and behavioral features, temperature dependence, and immunocytochemical characteristics of the cell lines were investigated. The majority of cells were noradrenergic neurons in which dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes norepine...
Urschel KL, McKenzie EC.Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopath...
Epstein K, Cohen N, Boothe D, Nieuwoudt C, Chandler J.In many cases of equine infectious disease, long-term administration of antimicrobial drugs is required. Oral agents are preferred because of the relative ease of administration compared with other routes. Enrofloxacin has been shown to be effective against a variety of equine pathogens, but oral administration of this drug has proved difficult in horses. An oral gel formulation made from the injectable cattle product produces blood levels sufficient to resolve infections caused by a variety of common equine pathogens.
Reinemeyer R, Henton JE.A program of rotational anthelmintic treatments at eight-week intervals had failed to provide satisfactory equine strongyle control at a stable in southern USA. Anthelmintic resistance had rendered benzimidazoles ineffective, and intervals between treatments with other drugs were too great to prevent environmental contamination with ova. Ivermectin treatments at eight week intervals or pyrantel pamoate treatments at four week intervals successfully reduced egg counts for the majority of the summer grazing period. In southern temperate USA, translation of strongyle ova to larvae was most effici...
Selberg K, Ross M.Nuclear scintigraphy is a mainstay of diagnostic imaging and has preserved its relevance in the imaging of acute and chronic trauma. It is particularly useful in the evaluation of athletic injuries. Pitfalls of interpretation, false negatives and false positives exist as with many imaging modalities. Synthesis of physical exam findings, lameness evaluation and, when possible, diagnostic analgesia in combination with nuclear scintigraphy imaging findings, will allow for the most information to be applied to the patient's clinical problem.
Diesing L, Steuber S, Ahmed JS.Using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LCL), the specificity of antibodies to variable antigen type (VAT)-populations of Trypanosoma evansi was studied in four infected ponies. Trypanosomes of each wave of parasitemia were isolated and multiplied in irradiated mice. Their opsonization by serum collected during the infection was investigated with LCL and results for isolated VAT-populations are shown in the paper. Antibodies specific to each VAT-population were first found three days after the maximum of a parasitemic wave. There was no cross reactivity between different VAT-populations. LC...
Matheson A, Regmi SC, Jay GD, Schmidt TA, Scott WM. Local biological and biomechanical-stimuli modulate proteoglycan-4 secretion within synovial joints. For the horse, changes to proteoglycan-4 concentration and function are notable in acute joint injury and osteoarthritis. Proteoglycan-4 (also known as Lubricin) is present in the blood, however the effect of exercise on equine serum levels is unknown. The overall objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of intense exercise on serum proteoglycan-4 in thoroughbred horses. Samples of blood were taken from thoroughbreds ( = 12) during a chuckwagon racing event (Alberta, ...
Boakari YL, Legacki E, Alonso MA, Dos Santos ACF, Nichi M, Conley AJ, Fernandes CB.It is necessary to study hormonal patterns from mules to recognize alterations and neonatal maladaptation. Our objective was to evaluate concentrations of hormones in mule (n = 6) and equine foals (n = 6). Blood was collected at T0, 1, 6 and 12 h after birth. Hormone concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Effects of time, group and interactions and regression analysis were evaluated (p < 0.05). There was a cubic and quadratic decline in mule and equine foals, respectively, for 3β,20α-dihydroxy-DHP. Mule foals were born with lower circulating 3Î...
Klug E, Sieme H, Peters E.Equine artificial insemination (AI) meanwhile has been widely established in the warm blood horse industry. Because of its importance consistent hygienic aspects and their significance for the use of stallions as semen donors in AI-programs are presented and clarified. Incidence as well as importance of equine venereal infectious diseases are considered. Data of physiological bacterial genital flora and treatment principles of therapeutic control of venereal infectious bacterial agents as well as a model of control of Equine Viral Arteritis are given. A prophylactic hygiene program for donor s...
Chaiyabutr N, Wattanaphansak S, Tantilerdcharoen R, Akesowan S, Ouisuwan S, Naraporn D.African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, high mortality, and insect-borne disease caused by a double-stranded RNA virus from the genus Orbivirus. The study aimed to develop inactivated vaccines serotype 1 inactivated AHS vaccine (IAV) and to compare the effect of IAV on antibody responses in young naïve horses and adult horses pre-immunized with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) serotypes 1, 3, and 4 live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). Unassigned: A total of 27 horses were vaccinated in two trials. Twelve AHS naïve young horses and 15 adult horses were divided into three groups of 4 and 5...
Said AH, Khamis Y, Mahfouz MF, Hegazy A.Clinical and pathological changes following neurectomy were studied experimentally in 46 male and female equids. Sixty-three operations were performed using either the traditional or the Fackelman and Clodius methods of neurectomy. The effect of arteriovenous ligation was studied in 12 animals and 20 angiograms were performed post mortem to study the arterial pattern of the extremities of the operated limb. Neuroma formation (31 cases) and sloughing of the hoof (five cases) were the two main untoward sequelae. Neurectomy by the technique of Fackelman and Clodius proved superior to the traditio...
Peretich AL, Abbott LL, Andrews FM, Dhar MS.To determine whether expression of mRNA for sodium-potassium adenosine-triphosphatase (NAKA) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) in samples of the nonglandular portion of the equine gastric mucosa was altered by exposure to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in an acidic environment. Methods: 10 horses (5 or = 12 years old). Methods: Samples of the nonglandular portion of the gastric mucosa were collected and exposed in Ussing chambers to Ringer's solution (control samples), Ringer's solution containing a mixture of VFAs (pH, 1.5 or 4.0), or Ringer's solution containing acetic acid (pH, 1.5 or 4.0)....
Cazeau G, Leblond A, Sala C, Froustey M, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Tapprest J.Few studies about the use of quantitative equine mortality data for monitoring purposes are available. Our study evaluated the utility of monitoring emerging equine diseases using mortality data collected by rendering plants. We used approaches involving modelling of historical mortality fluctuations and detection algorithm methods to analyse changes in equine mortality in connection with the West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak that occurred between July and September 2015 along the Mediterranean coast of France. Two weeks after the first equine WNV case was detected by clinical surveillance, detec...
Delbeke FT, Debackere M, Vynckier L.A high-performance liquid chromatographic method to measure urinary indomethacin levels is described. In 0.5 ml urine, 1 micrograms/ml of indomethacin could be detected. Alkaline hydrolysis of urine resulted in the decomposition of indomethacin. When two suppositories of Indocid corresponding to 200 mg indomethacin were administered rectally to four horses the drug was rapidly absorbed and remained detectable in urine from 1 to 12 h. The excretion rate peaked after 2-3 h while the maximal concentration ranged from 18.5 to 80.6 micrograms/ml. Only 8 to 16% of the indomethacin dose was eliminate...
Wimberly HC, Slauson DO, Neilsen NR.Antigen-specific challenge of equine leukocytes induced the non-lytic release of a platelet-activating factor in vitro. The equine platelet-activating factor stimulated the release of serotonin from equine platelets in a dose-responsive manner, independent of the presence of cyclo-oxygenase pathway inhibitors such as indomethacin. Rabbit platelets were also responsive to equine platelet-activating factor. The release of equine platelet-activating factor was a rapid reaction with near maximal secretion taking place in 30 seconds. Addition of equine platelet-activating factor to washed equine pl...
Mullen KR.This article overviews metabolic disorders associated with renal disease. Included is a discussion of the pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with renal tubular acidosis. Conditions affecting the central nervous system including uremic encephalopathy and hyponatremic encephalopathy secondary to renal disease are presented. Finally, a discussion of the unique features of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in horses is provided with special emphasis on a recently described syndrome of calcinosis and calciphylaxis of unknown etiology.
Huguet EE, Porter EG, Chapman KA, Saunders FC, Davis B, Berry CR.The radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia is complex and is not widely described in the current literature. Superimposition and radiographic similarities between the different osseous structures of the equine distal tibia can make it difficult for anatomic localization of pathology. The purpose of this prospective, descriptive, anatomic study was to detail the normal anatomy of the equine distal tibia using routine radiographic projections and CT of the equine tarsus. Radiographic identification of the different osseous protuberances of the distal tibia on three cadaveric limbs was a...
Bøgh IB, Brink P, Jensen HE, Lehn-Jensen H, Greve T.In the mare, ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte recovery and transfer might offer a way to circumvent the demanding procedures of in vitro embryo production. Before clinical application, the possible consequences for subsequent fertility have to be considered. Objective: To examine ovarian function and morphology in mares after repeated follicular punctures. Methods: A total of 14-26 follicular puncture sessions were conducted on each of 4 Norwegian pony mares over a period of 8 years. The ovaries of these mares were recovered by bilateral ovariectomy or at post mortem and subjected to macr...
Bessonnat A, Picotte K, Lavoie JP.Locally administered corticosteroids are commonly used to treat joint diseases in sport and racehorses. As they are also the most potent drugs for the treatment of equine asthma, we hypothesised that the intra-articular corticosteroids used to treat joint diseases also improve the lung function in horses with severe asthma, thus potentially delaying the diagnosis of this common lung condition. Objective: To compare the effects of intra-articular (IA) and intramuscular (IM) triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on lung function in horses with severe asthma. Methods: Randomised and controlled experiment ...
Stephen JO, White NA, McCormick WH, Cowles RR, Corley KT.To identify the types of injuries sustained by horses that competed in steeplechase races and determine the prevalence of and risk factors for those injuries. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 2,680 horses that competed in various types of steeplechase races from 1996 through 2000. Methods: Data regarding races; environment; equipment problems; the number of horses that entered, started, and finished races; the number of riders that fell; and the number of horses that were slowed or stopped by the rider, ran off the course, fell, and sustained injuries or physical abnormalities during races...
Kelmer G, Schumacher J.Abdominal incisional hernias in over 40 horses were repaired by exposing the hernial sac and ring and closing the ring with absorbable, interrupted, inverted, cruciate sutures after inverting the hernial sac into the peritoneal cavity. A mesh was sutured, under tension, over the closed ring. Placing the mesh subcutaneously, rather than in the retroperitoneal space, simplified the dissection and minimised the likelihood of penetrating the peritoneal cavity, a problem common to techniques of hernia repair in which the mesh is implanted into the retroperitoneal space. Implanting the mesh subcutan...
Sedacca K, Samuelson D, Lewis P.To investigate the uveoscleral (US) pathway in the normal eyes of four domestic spp.: the cat, pig, cow and horse by examining the comparative anatomical structure of anterior US pathway. Methods: Four cats, ten pigs, four cows, eight horses. Methods: Formalin-preserved specimens from anterior uveas of the cat, pig, cow and horse were embedded and serially sectioned sagittally and tangentially and stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome, smooth muscle actin immunolabel, or elastin stain. Results: Spaces between the endings of the outer anterior ciliary body musculature (CBM) formed avenues fo...
González MA, Bravo-Barriga D, Fernández EB, Frontera E, Ruiz-Arrondo I.Animal sanctuaries are important organisations that promote animal welfare and health as well as social awareness. Following the appearance of several donkeys with severe and distinctive skin lesions in a sanctuary from western Spain in 2021, a multicomponent study was performed to rule out the possible causes. The lesions were mainly concentrated on the extremities and, to a lesser extent, on the face and/or chest. The use of cotton leggings on their extremities as an external barrier to prevent them from bites and treatments with antiparasitic, antiseptic washes and dermatitis lotion showed ...
Ferrer MS, Lyle SK, Paccamonti DL, Eilts BE, Hosgood G, Godke RA.Low-dose insemination has been proposed to reduce persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) in mares with delayed uterine clearance (DUC). Others proposed that hysteroscopic insemination induces an exaggerated inflammatory response and should be avoided in DUC mares. The objectives here were to evaluate presence and severity of PBIE in normal and DUC mares after hysteroscopic insemination with fresh semen, and to determine if hysteroscopy could be used in DUC mares without inducing excessive inflammation. Reproductively normal (n = 4) and DUC (n = 5) mares received four treatments in ran...
McGlinchey L, Agne G, Passler T, Cole R, Schumacher J.The median nerve, along with the ulnar nerve, is often anesthetized when performing a lameness examination in horses. Because of the close proximity of the median nerve to the cubital joint, proximal migration of local anesthetic might ameliorate pain originating from the cubital joint. The objective of this study was to determine if a median nerve block will ameliorate lameness caused by pain in the cubital joint. A forelimb lameness was induced in six healthy horses by injecting 100 ng of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) into the cubital joint. The median nerve of the lame leg...
Amaral A, Cebola N, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Rebordão MR, Kordowitzki P, Skarzynski D, Ferreira-Dias G.Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme released by neutrophils when neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed. Besides myeloperoxidase activity against pathogens, it was also linked to many diseases, including inflammatory and fibrotic ones. Endometrosis is a fibrotic disease of the mare endometrium, with a large impact on their fertility, where myeloperoxidase was shown to induce fibrosis. Noscapine is an alkaloid with a low toxicity, that has been studied as an anti-cancer drug, and more recently as an anti-fibrotic molecule. This work aims to evaluate noscapine inhibition of collagen type 1 (C...
Bucci D, Giaretta E, Merlo B, Iacono E, Spinaci M, Gadani B, Mari G, Tamanini C, Galeati G.Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is present in equine seminal plasma and spermatozoa, but its functional role is not fully understood yet. Being that, sperm-oocyte interaction in equine species has been reported to be enhanced at a slightly basic pH, this work aimed at verifying whether exogenous alkaline phosphatase exerts any role on stallion spermatozoa and sperm-oocyte interaction at different pHs (7.4; 8.0; 9.0). Stallion spermatozoa were capacitated in Tyrode's medium at pH 7.4, 8.0, and 9.0 for 4 hours at 38 °C, 5% CO with 2.5-IU AP (AP group) or without AP (capacitated spermatozoa group); ...
