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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Pharmacological modulation of postprandial colonic motor activity in the pony. The contractile activity of the equine large intestine exhibited a biphasic response to feeding: enhancement of migrating complexes passing along the colon and an increase of 50% in cyclic variations in smooth muscle at intervals of 20 min on the left ventral colon for a period of 5 to 7 h postfeeding. The cholinergic agonist, bethanechol (50 micrograms/kg subcutaneously), induced both the migrating complexes and the cyclic variations at intervals of 10-15 min. In contrast, the intra-arterial infusion of PGF2 alpha (3 micrograms/kg/min) increased the contractile activity during infusion, but w...
Lactate kinetics in exercising Thoroughbred horses: regulation of turnover rate in plasma. Plasma lactate turnover rate of Thoroughbred racehorses was measured by bolus injection of [U-14C]lactate at rest and two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise (3-4 m/s trot, 6% incline, and 6.5 m/s horizontal canter). Our goals were 1) to determine the relative effects of changes in cardiac output and in plasma lactate concentration on turnover rate [using cardiac output data from Weber et al. (28)] and 2) to assess the importance of lactate as a metabolic fuel in a trained animal athlete. Lactate turnover rates were 9.3 mumol.min-1.kg-1 (rest), 75.9 mumol.min-1.kg-1 at the beginning of the...
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the horse ureter. The presence of both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the caudal third ureter of the horse were studied in vitro under isometric conditions using adrenergic agonist and antagonist drugs. Isoprenaline and the beta 2- stimulating agent, salbutamol, elicited relaxation of the ureter smooth muscle strips. The responses were not affected by the beta 1- blocking agent, practolol, but were totally abolished by propranolol and the beta 2- blocking agent, butoxamine. The stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors with noradrenaline and phenylephrine evoked a contractile effect which was totally in...
Diagonal paramedian approach for removal of ovarian tumors in the mare. A diagonal paramedian approach to the abdomen was used for unilateral ovariectomy in 15 mares. In each case, surgery was performed for removal of a granulosa cell tumor. All horses recovered from surgery with minimal complications. Surgical exposure of the affected ovary was adequate to allow exteriorization and ligation. Other advantages of this approach were ease of closure and lack of postsurgical complications.
Vascular malformations and angiomatous lesions in horses: a review of 10 cases. Vascular malformations and angiomas are rather uncommon in horses and the literature concerning these lesions is reviewed. The pathology is described in 10 additional cases. These lesions were classified as arteriovenous malformation (one case), haemangiomas (six cases), 'proliferative angiomas' (two cases) and lymphangioma (one case). The haemangiomas and lymphangioma were probably hamartomatous in origin. Both cases of 'proliferative angioma' developed in aged animals and their pathogenesis was uncertain. More information is needed on the natural history and behaviour of lesions of this type...
Electromyographic properties of the myometrium of the pony mare during pregnancy. Recordings of uterine electrical activity were made from 5 pregnant pony mares from Day 141 to 320 of pregnancy. Three types of activity were identified. Short, medium and long bursts were quantified as the percentage of time each occurred during the hour analysed and further categorized according to frequency, amplitude and duration. The uterus was most active during the early stages recorded and became increasingly quiescent after Day 240. Short-burst activity was greatest when the uterus was most quiescent. Long bursts showed the greatest percentage of activity until Day 220 and then decrea...
Immunocytochemical localisation of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in equine skeletal muscle. The location of carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) in frozen sections of biopsies of Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle was studied. Fibre types were determined by ATP-ase and succinate dehydrogenase staining. CA-III isozyme was detected using a peroxidase conjugated anti-CA-III antibody. CA-III was found to be localised in slow twitch oxidative fibres (ST), but was also present in fast twitch oxidative (FTH) fibres in small amounts. Fast twitch glycolytic (FT) fibres were stained lightly compared with control sections. The concentrations of CA-III in muscle and liver were 70 micrograms/mg protei...
Equine paranasal sinus cysts: a report of 15 cases. The clinical and radiographic features of 15 cases of paranasal sinus cysts are described. Breed, sex and side frequency were unremarkable but two distinct categories of age incidence emerged. Onset of signs had occurred before one year of age in three cases, while all but two of the remaining 12 animals were older than nine years. The most common clinical signs were nasal airway obstruction, facial swelling and nasal discharge, often occurring in combination. Radiographic changes were recorded in all horses. Sinus opacification was a consistent finding and in several cases the bone surroundin...
The equine colonic mucosal granular cell: identification and X-ray microanalysis of apical granules and nuclear bodies. The granular columnar epithelial cell of the equine dorsal large colon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Particular attention was focused on nuclear bodies commonly observed as central clusters of spherical, electron-dense inclusions within the nucleus. Ultrastructural morphology as well as X-ray microanalysis spectra reveal great similarity between colonic nuclear bodies and the numerous small granules of the apical cytoplasm in these epithelial cells. X-ray spectra of these cells were distinct from those of goblet cell mucous granules and mast cell...
Neuritis of the cauda equina in the horse. Ultrastructural lesions of the cranial nerves and their ganglia and the autonomic nervous system from 5 cases of neuritis of the cauda equina in the horse are described. They include lysosomal inclusions within the semilunar, geniculate and sympathetic chain ganglia, granulomatous involvement of the coeliaco-mesenteric ganglion and accumulation of axonal organelles in unmyelinated fibres of the great splanchnic nerve, sympathetic chain and oesophageal vagus.
Autotransfer of Day 4 embryos from oviduct to oviduct versus oviduct to uterus in the mare. Embryo autotransfer is defined as the collection of an embryo from and the transfer of this embryo into the same animal. The objectives of this study were to: 1) test the hypothesis that oviduct transport of the equine embryo from the oviduct into the uterus is not dependent on a unilateral embryo-corpus luteum interaction, 2) develop an embryo autotransfer technique for the mare and 3) compare the success rates of Day 4 embryos surgically autotransferred from the oviduct ipsilateral to ovulation to either the oviduct (n=10 mares) or the uterine horn (n=10 mares) contralateral to ovulation. Se...
Effects of semen fractionation and dilution ratio on equine spermatozoal motility parameters. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of semen fractionation and dilution ratio on motility parameters of stallion spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, three ejaculates from each of three stallions were divided into sperm-rich (SR) and sperm-poor (SP) fractions to determine the difference in sperm concentration. Mean sperm concentration in SR fractions (349.5 x 10(6)/ml) was greater (P < 0.001) than that of SP fractions (96.9 x 10(6)/ml). In Experiment 2, three ejaculates from each of two stallions were divided into SR and SP fractions. Fifty percent of the original volume of SR fract...
Observations on equine strongyle control in southern temperate USA. A program of rotational anthelmintic treatments at eight-week intervals had failed to provide satisfactory equine strongyle control at a stable in southern USA. Anthelmintic resistance had rendered benzimidazoles ineffective, and intervals between treatments with other drugs were too great to prevent environmental contamination with ova. Ivermectin treatments at eight week intervals or pyrantel pamoate treatments at four week intervals successfully reduced egg counts for the majority of the summer grazing period. In southern temperate USA, translation of strongyle ova to larvae was most effici...
Studies of the pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals. Pyogranulomatous pneumonia was induced in Thoroughbred foals by intranasal challenge with freeze-dried cultures of Rhodococcus equi (previously Corynebacterium equi). The incubation period was about 18 days and clinical signs were not seen for a further week. There were marked seasonal and individual foal differences in responses to infection. Elevations in serum caeruloplasmin oxidase activity and copper concentrations appeared to be sensitive indicators of infection. Serum zinc concentrations and serum alpha-mannosidase and alkaline phosphatase activities fell in the more severely infected f...
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of antibodies against equine herpesvirus 2 in equine sera. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in equine sera. The optimal conditions of antigen concentration, and serum and conjugate dilutions were established by chequerboard titrations. When the standard ELISA test was used for titration of test sera, it was found to give titres approximately 1500 times higher than those obtained in the virus neutralization (VN) test, and a correlation coefficient of 0.815 was obtained between these two tests on 42 equine sera. All the positive serum samples by ...
Ileocolostomy. A technique for surgical management of equine cecal impaction. Several surgical alternatives have been described for the management of cecal impaction in the horse, but none has met with consistently successful results. This study was done to evaluate a surgical bypass of the cecum by anastomosis of the ileum to the right ventral colon (ileocolostomy). A ventral midline celiotomy was performed on nine adult ponies (155-350 kg) and a mechanically stapled 10 cm side-to-side ileocolostomy was created. In five ponies a complete cecal bypass (CCB) was created by transecting the ileum distal to the anastomosis. In the other four, an incomplete cecal bypass (ICB...
Imidocarb and parvaquone in the treatment of piroplasmosis (Babesia equi) in equids. The therapeutic efficacies of imidocarb and parvaquone were tested against Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and for induced acute infections in splenectomized ponies. Imidocarb, at a dosage of 4 mg/kg of body weight, given IM at 72-hour intervals 4 times, was ineffective in eliminating B equi-carrier infection in 9 mature geldings. A single IM administration of 4 mg/kg was not therapeutic in acutely infected splenectomized ponies. When given at 3 different dosages and treatment schedules, parvaquone was ineffective in clearing carrier infection. Parvaquone given IM once at a d...
