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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Arthroscopic anatomy of the intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of the horse. Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine intercarpal and radiocarpal joints was documented in six cadaver limbs and on observations made during surgical treatment of horses with carpal osteochondral fractures. Instrument positions and arthroscopic visualisation were recorded. The cadaver limbs were dissected and iatrogenic lesions recorded. A single arthroscopic portal examination was adequate in both joints; however, a second arthroscopic portal improved visualisation. The intercarpal joint was more easily examined than the radiocarpal joint because of anatomical differences. Iatrogenic lesions wer...
Role of hilar nerve afferents in hyperpnea of exercise. The objective of this study was to determine the role of hilar nerve (lung vagal) afferents in the hyperpnea of exercise. Ten ponies were studied before and 2-4 wk and 3-12 mo after sectioning only the hilar branches of the vagus nerves (HND). After HND, lung volume feedback to the medullary centers was attenuated as indicated in the anesthetized state by 1) attenuation or absence of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (P less than 0.01) and 2) attenuation of the lengthened inspiratory time (TI) when the airway was occluded at end expiration (P less than 0.01). Moreover, after HND in the awake ...
Isolation of equine coital exanthema virus (equine herpesvirus 3) from the nostril of a foal. The virus causing equine coital exanthema (equine herpesvirus 3) was isolated from a lesion on the nostril of a 2-month-old foal. One week after the mare had returned from a stallion station, vesicular lesions developed on her vulva. They were diagnosed clinically as coital exanthema, and 5 days later a lesion developed on the nostril of her foal. This case is an example of horse-to-horse transmission of coital exanthema virus without coitus. A laboratory diagnosis is necessary to differentiate viruses that cause vesicular lesions about the oral and nasal cavities of horses.
Inherited nuclear cataracts in the Morgan horse. Congenital cataracts affecting the fetal and embryonal lens nucleus were found in 12 Morgan horses. Ten of the 12 affected animals were sired by the same stallion and the condition also affected his female half sibling. Although females were almost three times more likely to be affected than males (9 vs 3), the difference was not significant. The ratio of 11 normal to 10 affected offspring by the affected stallion is compatible with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
High resolution R-bands produced in equine chromosomes after incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Cell synchronization was used to obtain an adequate percentage of very long chromosomes in equine mitotic spreads. Reported here is our variation, adapted to horse chromosomes, of a method using excess thymidine followed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. This technique routinely yields excellent quality cells, predominantly in prometaphase and prophase. Among other differences with the standard technique, this method does not use Colcemid, which, in addition to inhibiting spindle fiber formation, also increases chromosome contraction resulting in thicker and thus fewer bands. Consequently, h...
Total intravenous anaesthesia in the horse with propofol. The use of propofol, solubilised in a non-ionic emulsifying agent, for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in experimental ponies was assessed. Pilot studies revealed that premedication with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) intravenously (iv) followed by propofol (2.0 mg/kg bwt) iv provided a satisfactory smooth induction. Two infusion rates (0.15 mg/kg bwt/min and 0.2 mg/kg bwt/min) were compared for maintenance of anaesthesia. An infusion rate of 0.2 mg/kg/min produced adequate anaesthesia in these ponies. Cardiovascular changes included a decrease in arterial pressure and card...
Equine blood serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in progressive nutritional hyperparathyroidism. Weekly blood serum samples from 20 yearling horses, divided into equal groups, receiving diets with total calcium to inorganic phosphorus ratios of 1,5/1 and 0,2/1, were analysed for calcium and phosphorus concentrations. This was done over a continuous 23 week period, divided into 2 sub-periods of 16 and 7 weeks each. During the first period complete diets were provided ad lib but were restricted during the second period to accentuate any effects of calcium deficiency and phosphorus excess. Falling calcium levels and rising phosphorus levels during period 1 and a reverse trend during period 2...
Diagnostic value of contrast echocardiography in the horse. M-mode echocardiography is a safe and practical means of using ultrasound to evaluate the dynamic movements of cardiac structures. The technique can be refined by using a simple contrast medium in the form of carbon dioxide mixed with heparinised blood to provide a strong echogenic result. This technique was employed in a series of 15 normal conscious standing horses and in three animals with specific cardiac defects. In the clinical cases it was possible to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate between a congenital septal defect and mitral regurgitation. The method was found to be safe and ...
Transendoscopic electrosurgery for epiglottal entrapment in the horse. Monopolar electrosurgical cutting was used to correct epiglottal entrapment in 5 horses. The operations were carried out in the conscious animal, using topical anesthesia. The procedure required the use of a coagulation electrode designed specifically for electrosurgery, introduced through the instrument channel of a fiberoptic endoscope. The results were satisfactory and serious complications were not encountered. In 2 horses, excessive submucosal swelling developed at the site of the surgical wound, and the tumefaction took several weeks to subside in one of these horses. In both horses, the...
Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. IV. Serologic surveys and sentinel equine program. Serologic surveys of wild and domestic birds, wild mammals, and horses were conducted during arbovirus field studies in Argentina from 1977 through 1980, a non-epizootic interval. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was consistently higher than to western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus in all species and all areas. The presence of antibodies in short-lived avian species and in young unvaccinated horses and the demonstration of seroconversions in horses during the period, indicated that these viruses are either enzootic in, or annually reintroduced in...
Powassan viral encephalitis: a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit. Powassan virus strain M794, a member of the Flavivirus genus known to infect man and animals in Canada, was inoculated intracerebrally into rabbits and horses. No clinical signs were observed in rabbits, but widespread encephalitis resulted, characterized by lymphoid perivascular cuffing, lymphocytic meningitis, and lymphocytic choroiditis. In horses, eight days after inoculation, prominent neurological signs occurred and lesions were those of non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, neuronal necrosis, and focal parenchymal necrosis. The virus could not be reisolated from the rabbit or horse brains....
Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. I. Historical aspects and description of study sites. This is the introductory paper to a series on the ecology of arboviruses in Argentina. Epizootics of equine encephalitis have occurred since at least 1908, principally in the Pampa and Espinal biogeographic zones, with significant economic losses; human cases of encephalitis have been rare or absent. Both western equine and eastern equine encephalitis viruses have been isolated from horses during these epizootics, but the mosquitoes responsible for transmission have not been identified. A number of isolations of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were reported between 1936 and 1958 in ...
Ultrastructural study of ehrlichial organisms in the large colons of ponies infected with Potomac horse fever. Potomac horse fever is characterized by fever, anorexia, leukopenia, profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality. An ultrastructural investigation was made to search for any unusual microorganisms in the digestive system, lymphatic organs, and blood cells of ponies that had developed clinical signs after transfusion with whole blood from horses naturally infected with Potomac horse fever. A consistent finding was the presence of rickettsial organisms in the wall of the intestinal tract of these ponies. The organisms were found mostly in the wall of the large colon, but fewer organ...
A collaborative project in veterinary practice: developing a model of equine prematurity. The development and design of a project in collaborative research which originated from a problem identified in practice, namely prematurity in the newly born foal, is described here. The project established a model of equine prematurity for the purpose of studying the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of the condition. It involved practitioners and full time research workers in a number of veterinary and medical institutes.
[The treatment of podotrochilosis with oral anticoagulants. An instruction insert desired]. The anticoagulant, warfarin, has been reported to be effective as treatment for navicular disease in horses. Since other forms of treatment for this disease are palliative, this new anticoagulant therapy has become widely employed. Despite the fact that initiation of anticoagulant therapy is relatively simple, attending veterinary practitioners should be aware that careful monitoring of this therapy is required for both safety and efficacy. Navicular disease is an example of equine thrombotic disease, and the goal of warfarin therapy is the prevention of new thrombus formation, while at the sa...
[An undesirable drug interaction in horses? Complications which can occur during the administration of coumarin derivatives and phenylbutazone]. A study of the literature was done because of questions asked in a court of justice concerning possible poisoning in a jumper, resulting from administration of both phenylbutazone and a coumarin derivative within a particular period. In view of the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the agents, these forms of combined treatment are also highly inadvisable in horses.
Diagnostic radiology and nuclear cardiology. Their use in assessment of equine cardiovascular disease. Survey thoracic radiography, although limited by physical considerations in the adult horse, can supply clinically useful information about changes in cardiac size and function. The radiographic features of cardiomegaly, altered pulmonary circulation, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusion as manifested in the horse are discussed. Nuclear cardiology can be performed in the standing horse. The initial transit of a radioactive tracer through the central circulation provides information about cardiac chamber size, efficiency of ventricular contraction, valvular competence, and presence of intracar...
Proteinase inhibitors of horse seminal plasma. A high molecular mass, acid-soluble proteinase inhibitor. Horse seminal plasma does not possess a proteinase inhibitor corresponding to human HUSI-I (human seminal plasma inhibitor). Instead a protein complex of high relative molecular mass (Mr) containing proteinase inhibitory activity was detected, which was called horse seminal plasma protein complex or HSPC. The compound had a broad enzyme-inhibiting spectrum. Its Mr was estimated to be 800 000 and it was composed of 7 different polypeptides with Mr values ranging from 11 000 to 30 000. Its carbohydrate content was between 3.5% and 5%. Despite the high molecular mass, the complex was soluble in d...
The use of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test for detection of hypogammaglobulinaemia in neonatal foals. The effectiveness of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test (GCT) in detecting failure to acquire colostral immunoglobulin in neonatal foals was investigated. This was achieved by comparing and correlating results from the GCT with those obtained by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) of equine IgG. The GCT was found to be a practical, inexpensive, semiquantitative test with a high specificity and sensitivity at critical IgG levels.
Pathogenesis of helminths in equines. This review summarizes information on the clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions associated with nematode and cestode infections and discusses the development of these conditions in the equine host.
Persistence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of equids fed oocysts. Thirteen 6-month- to 13-year-old equids were each inoculated orally with 10,000 infective Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. The equids remained clinically normal. Equids were euthanatized on postinoculation days 33, 45, 90, 104, 120, 140, 162, 183, 197, 204, 211, 294, and 476. Their tissues were bioassayed for viable oocysts by feeding muscles to Toxoplasma-free cats and by inoculation of pepsin digests of 13 organs into mice. Using mouse inoculation, T gondii was recovered from tissues of the 9 equids euthanatized on each of postinoculation days 33, 45, 120, 140, 183, 197, 211, 294, and 476. Toxopla...
