Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Cheung TK, Warren LK, Lawrence LM, Thompson KN.Surface electrodes were used to record electromyographic (EMG) activity of the long digital extensor muscle on the right hindlimb of 8 Thoroughbred horses for 8 s at the walk and 8 s at the trot before (unfatigued) and after (fatigued) an exercise test. The exercise test was performed on a motorised treadmill set on a 10% grade. Each test started at a speed of 6 m/s which was increased by 1 m/s each minute until the horse fatigued as indicated by its inability to keep pace with the treadmill with minimal encouragement. Observations were made on the horses prior to conditioning (untrained state...
Potard US, Leith DE, Fedde MR.Thoroughbred (TB) and draft horses (DH) have long been selected for tasks of very different intensities and force-speed relationships. To study their adaptations, we measured O2 consumption and related variables in three TB and four DH during progressive exercise tests on a level treadmill. The horses exerted a draft force of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of their body weight at speeds that increased by 2 m/s every 3 min until they could not maintain that speed. We found that TB could exert the same draft forces as DH and, at each force, TB achieved about twice the speed, twice the external power, and ...
Chaffin MK, Cohen ND.To determine whether administration of commercially available Escherichia coli antiserum to neonatal foals would affect serum IgG concentration or morbidity and mortality rates during the first 60 days of life. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 271 neonatal foals on 4 well-managed farms. Methods: Foals were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. All foals were allowed to suckle colostrum normally. In addition, treatment-group foals were given E coli antiserum (10 micromilligrams) orally between 0 and 8 hours after birth. Serum samples were obtained between 18 and 36 ho...
Wright IM, Kidd L, Thorp BH.Forelimb navicular bones and associated soft tissues were collected from 3 groups of horses and subjected to pathological examinations. The groups consisted of 38 horses with clinical navicular disease (ND) and 2 control groups, with no history of forelimb lameness, consisting of 25 age-matched mature horses (A-MC) and 9 immature horses (IC). Histological and histomorphometric studies were performed on tissue samples from 10 ND, 10 A-MC and 5 IC horses. Gross changes seen only in ND horses included: full thickness defects in the palmar surface fibrocartilage, palmar cortex erosion, medullary l...
Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH.The effect of blood volume repletion after frusemide administration on the right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure responses of horses to exercise has not been reported. We examined right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration (ANP) responses to an incremental exercise test in 6 Standardbred mares. Horses were treated, in a 3 way cross over design, with isotonic saline, frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt, i.v.), and frusemide followed 3 h later by lactated Ringer's solution (12 ml/kg bwt, i.v.). Three and a half hours after saline or frusemide administr...
Les CM, Stover SM, Taylor KT, Keyak JH, Willits NH.The objective of this study was to examine several simple ex vivo loading conditions for the equine metacarpus, and to evaluate their ability to reproduce the mid-diaphyseal bone surface strain distributions previously reported in vivo at the walk and trot. Distributed axial compressive loads, and 9 different axial compressive point loads at -7.5 kN and -15 kN were applied to metacarpal-distal carpal bone preparations from 6 Thoroughbred horses, aged 1-5 years. The resulting dorsal, medial, palmar, and lateral mid-diaphyseal bone surface axial and shear strains were compared with previously re...
Rawlings P, Snow WF, Boorman J, Denison E, Hamblin C, Mellor PS.Twelve light trap collections made near overnight shelters of horses and donkeys in four villages in the Central River Division of The Gambia captured fourteen species of biting midge of the genus Culicoides. Five species new to The Gambia were identified. This brought the number of recognized species of Culicoides (after a revision of C. schultzei) to twenty-nine in The Gambia. Species known or suspected as vectors of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) comprised 83% of female captures, 65% of captures being C. imicola or its sibling species, C. miombo. Captures of ...
Marteniuk JV, Carleton CL, Lloyd JW, Shea ME.To determine whether sex of fetus, sire, month of conception, or year of foaling was associated with duration of gestation in mares. Methods: Epidemiologic retrospective cohort study. Methods: 500 foalings for 296 Standardbred mares. Methods: Data for reproductive events from 1986 to 1992 were analyzed. Analyses were conducted to determine whether duration of gestation was associated with sex of fetus, sire, month of conception, or year of foaling. Results: Mean duration of gestation was 343.3 days and was significantly greater for colt fetuses (344.4 days) than for filly fetuses (342.2 days)....
Bassage LH, Richardson DW.To determine type, distribution, and radiographic appearance of condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone (MC-3) or third metatarsal bone (MT-3) in Thoroughbreds (TB), Standardbreds (SB), and Arabians, to assess long-term outcome of horses in which fractures were repaired surgically, and to identify variables associated with prognosis for return to racing. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 224 horses with 233 fractures. Methods: Medical records and radiographs obtained before and after treatment were reviewed. Racing performance before and after treatment was determined by reviewing...
Reubel GH, Barlough JE, Madigan JE.We report on the production and characterization of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF), from snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) maintained in aquarium culture and compare it genetically to equine strains. Snails were collected from stream waters on a pasture in Siskiyou County, Calif., where PHF is enzootic and were maintained for several weeks in freshwater aquaria in the laboratory. Upon exposure to temperatures above 22 degrees C the snails released trematode cercariae tentatively identified as virgulate cercariae. Fragments of three different genes (genes for 16S rRN...
Hatzipanagiotou A, Rieland E, Enbergs H.It was the aim of this project to investigate the changes of the lysozyme activity in the milk of mares during the lactation period. Further on the influence of race, date of conception and foaling, age and number of lactations on the lysozyme activities in milk was analysed. Milk samples were collected from 44 mares (trotters, warmblood, quarter horses) from eight farms between the 1st and 90th day p. p. The activity of the lysozyme was measured by a turbidometric method. Summarizing the following results are obtained: Lysozyme activities in mare milk of the 1st and 3rd day p. p. were higher ...
Raabe ML, Issel CJ, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Woodson B, Montelaro RC.We have previously reported that immunization of ponies with a baculovirus-expressed recombinant surface unit envelope protein (rgp90) for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) resulted in enhancement of disease symptoms and virus replication in 4 of 4 vaccine recipients subjected to a heterologous virus challenge (rpg90 I vaccine trial) (Wang et al., 1994). To extend these studies of EIAV vaccine enhancement, two additional and independent rgp90 vaccine trials (rgp90 II and rgp90 III) were performed. Combined, a total of 13 ponies were immunized with the rgp90 immunogen using our standard vac...
Hopkins SR, Bayly WM, Slocombe RF, Wagner H, Wagner PD.During short-term maximal exercise, horses have impaired pulmonary gas exchange, manifested by diffusion limitation and arterial hypoxemia, without marked ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) inequality. Whether gas exchange deteriorates progressively during prolonged submaximal exercise has not been investigated. Six thoroughbred horses performed treadmill exercise at approximately 60% of maximal oxygen uptake until exhaustion (28-39 min). Multiple inert gas, blood-gas, hemodynamic, metabolic rate, and ventilatory data were obtained at rest and 5-min intervals during exercise. Oxygen uptake, cardiac ...
Jamieson A, Taylor SC.Three general formulae calibrate the average capability of marker systems to dispute falsely reported pedigree records in uniparous species. The most familiar exclusion formula applies to paternity, although the same formula applies equally to maternity. Another formula faults the relationship of a single offspring with its putative parent; for example, where the genotype of the other parent is not available. The remaining formulae excludes both of the falsely recorded parents of a substituted offspring. Simplified forms of the three general formulae facilitate the calculation of maximal avera...
Henckel P, Ducro B, Oksbjerg N, Hassing L.The objectivity of two of the most widely used methods for differentiation of fibre types, i.e. 1) the myosin ATP-ase method (Brooke and Kaiser, 1970a,b) and 2) the combined method, by which the myosin ATP-ase reaction is used to differentiate between fast and slow twitch fibres and NADH-tetrazolium reductase activity is used to identify the subgroups of fast twitch fibres (Ashmore and Doerr, 1970, Peter et al., 1972), was assessed in muscle samples from horses, calves and pigs. We also assessed the objectivity of the alpha-amylase-PAS preparation for the visualisation of capillaries (Andersen...
Zhang XY, Zhu FX, Robinson NE.To investigate the effects of changes in intracellular cAMP on alpha 2-adrenoceptor (AR)-induced inhibition of airway acetylcholine (ACh) release, we examined the effects of the alpha 2-AR agonist clonidine on electrical field stimulation-evoked ACh release from equine tracheal parasympathetic nerves before and after treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP or forskolin. We also tested whether charybdotoxin (ChTX)- or iberiotoxin (IBTX)-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels mediate alpha 2-AR-induced inhibition by examining the effect of clonidine in the absence and presence of ChTX or IBTX on ACh release...
Yachida Y, Kashiwagi M, Mikami T, Tsuchihashi K, Daino T, Akino T, Gasa S.Modified galactosylceramide with a long-chain cyclic acetal at the sugar moiety, plasmalogalactosylceramide, was isolated from equine brain. To identify the isomeric stereostructure of the natural product, the plasmalo derivative was chemically synthesized from galactosylceramide through acetalization. The presence of cyclic acetal linkage, the linked position and length of the acetal chain of the synthesized and natural products were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast-atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas...
Estberg L, Case JT, Walters RF, Cardiff RD, Galuppo LD.The objectives of the current project were to: (1) identify limitations of search sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for free-text surgical diagnoses included in electronic patient records maintained at the University of California, Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), (2) develop procedural or programmable recommendations for removing these limitations, and (3) provide guidelines for effective search strategies for users performing aggregate searches using the VMTH clinical information system. Search sensitivity corresponds to detection sensitivity (the capacity of...
Schmidtmann ET, Carroll JF, Watson DW.The attachment site pattern of adult Ixodes scapularis Say on white-tailed deer and horses in Maryland was determined by whole-body examinations during fall and spring periods of tick host-seeking activity. On deer in the fall, both female and male I. scapularis attached largely to anterior dorsal body regions, with attachment to the ears (outside), head, neck, and brisket accounting for 87.9% of females and 86.6% of males. The attachment pattern of females differed between bucks and does during fall, but not in spring, and both females and males were more abundant on bucks than does during fa...
Couëtil LL, Hoffman AM.A 3-day-old female Pinto was admitted with profuse watery diarrhea and severe hypovolemic shock. After 1 week of intensive care, the foal developed seizures associated with profound serum electrolyte abnormalities suggestive of hypoadrenocorticism. Treatment with prednisone and isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution led to prompt clinical response. Premature withdrawal of prednisone resulted in relapse of clinical signs. A diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency was made on the basis of clinical signs, electrolyte abnormalities, low baseline cortisol concentration, and lack of response to administrat...
Schumacher J, Yarbrough T, Pascoe J, Woods P, Meagher D, Honnas C.To examine the response of horses with progressive ethmoidal hematoma (PEH) to intralesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution. Methods: Nasal passages of horses affected with PEH were examined endoscopically at different intervals to determine the effects of intralesional injection of formaldehyde solution. Methods: 21 horses with PEH. Methods: PEHs were injected transendoscopically with 4% formaldehyde solution. Horses were examined endoscopically and retreated at different intervals until the PEH was eliminated or was so small that reinjection was not possible. Results: Lesions diminish...
Flanagan J, Collin N, Timoney J, Mitchell T, Mumford JA, Chanter N.The haemolytic activity of Streptococcus equi, the cause of equine strangles, was characterized. Production of haemolysin in Todd Hewitt broth was dependent on an equine serum supplement and the logarithmic phase of growth after which activity declined sharply. RNA core also induced haemolysin production from cells harvested at the end of the logarithmic phase of growth. Haemolysis was not affected by cholesterol, was only slightly increased in reducing conditions and was completely inactivated by trypan blue, identifying the haemolytic activity as streptolysin S-like (SLS-like). Purification ...
Pedrick TP, Moon PF, Ludders JW, Erb HN, Gleed RD.To describe the effects of tromethamine, a putative treatment for metabolic acidosis, and to compare its biochemical effects with those of sodium bicarbonate. Methods: Randomized intervention study with repeated measures. Methods: 16 healthy horses, 3 to 17 years old, weighing 391 to 684 kg. Methods: Ten horses received 3 mEq/kg tromethamine and six received 3 mEq/kg sodium bicarbonate. Samples of venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected at intervals before and after drug administration. Heart rate and breathing rate were also recorded at intervals. Results: Median standard ba...
MacLeay JM, Wilson JH.A 14-year-old Arabian mare was admitted for lethargy, anorexia, and low fecal output. On the basis of laboratory, physical examination, and electrocardiographic findings, diagnoses of type-II renal tubular acidosis (RTA), impaction of the large colon, and ventricular tachycardia were made. Diagnosis of type-II RTA was based on measurement of a low fractional excretion value for potassium and fractional excretion value for sodium within the reference range. In contrast, horses with type-I RTA have high fractional excretion values for sodium and fractional excretion values for potassium within r...
Colahan PT, Savage KA, Tebbett IR, Rice BL, Jackson CA, Freshwater L.Adrenergic activity accompanies intense exercise and mediates physiological and metabolic responses to exercise. Guanabenz, an antihypertensive drug marketed for human usage, depresses brain vasomotor and cardioaccelerator centres, blocks peripherally adrenergic neurons and is reportedly used as a calming agent in horses but little is known of its effects in the species. Objective: To determine if guanabenz induces measurable signs of adrenergic suppression on fit Thoroughbred horses undergoing intense exercise. Methods: In a random crossover design, 12 exercise conditioned Thoroughbred horses...
Brock AK, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Howard EA, Huntzinger KD, Lawhon SD, Bryan LK, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM, Cohen ND, Whitfield-Cargile CM.To compare: (1) the load and diversity of cultivatable bacterial species isolated from tissue biopsies with cultures from surface swabs, and (2) the ability of each technique to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a model of MRSA-infected equine wounds. Methods: Experimental in vivo study. Methods: Three light-breed adult horses. Methods: Four 2.5 × 2.5 cm full-thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsolateral aspect of each forelimb. Five days later, each wound was inoculated with a pure culture of MRSA (ATCC 43300). One hundred microlitres of 0, 5 × 1...
Ruggles AJ, Moore RM, Bertone AL, Schneider RK, Bailey MQ.To determine clinical signs, radiographic and scintigraphic findings, and performance outcome of racing Standardbreds with tibial stress fractures. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 13 racing Standardbreds with tibial stress fractures. Methods: Information concerning clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, and recommendations was obtained by review of the medical records. Performance information before and after diagnosis of the fracture was collected from racing records, and follow-up information was obtained from the owners or trainers by use of a telephone questionnaire. Results: ...
Morier L, Cantelar N, Soler M.Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) was in Cuba before the 1940s; the virus has been isolated from horses, birds, and rodents during epizootic as well as interepizootic periods. The only isolation of Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) virus was from a sick pigeon found in the vicinity of Havana University. Both viruses can cause human disease; the isolation of WEE virus from the centre of an urban area emphasises the need for the prompt isolation and rapid identification of these agents. The object of this work was to compare the sensitivity of a continuous cell line (XL-2) from the toad, Xenopus...
Hancke J, Burgos R, Cáceres D, Brunetti F, Durigon A, Wikman G.Sport horses with long lasting high levels of gamma Glutamiltransferase (gGT) and Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) and poor performance were administered during 14 days 3 g of Caval D'Or®, a standardized dried extract of Schizandra chinensis (fructus) orally. At day "0" the horses were divided into two groups: group 1 received a placebo and group 2 received Caval D'Or®. The results showed that Caval D'Or® is able to reduce significantly the levels of gGT and GOT in the serum at day 7 and 14 after administration. The CPK levels were also reduced by da...
Coignoul FL, Bertram TA, Cheville NF.Neutrophils isolated from venous blood of adult and foal ponies inoculated with equine herpesvirus-1 were evaluated by in vitro function tests and by electron microscopy. Foals had fever and severe neutropenia 24 hours after inoculation; increased neutrophil random migration under agarose and decreased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were significant at 24 hours, but values had returned to preinoculation levels by 72 hours. Mares had fever and leukopenia of less severity, increases in neutrophil migration, and longer persistence of primary granule release than were seen in foals....
Donahue JM, Williams NM, Sells SF, Labeda DP.Over the course of the past decade, actinomycetes have been isolated from the placentas of horses diagnosed with nocardioform placentitis. The incidence of this infection has generally been low, with typically no more than 30 animals affected in most years, but the incidence increased through 1999, with placentas from 144 mares found to be infected. Approximately half of the cases result in loss of the foal. A typical actinomycete with branching mycelium was isolated from placental lesions, and a comparison of the sequence of the 16S rDNA gene against the public databases indicated a relations...
Reyner CL, Winter RL, Maneval KL, Boone LH, Wooldridge AA.To investigate the effects of recombinant equine IL-1β on function of equine endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in vitro. Methods: ECFCs derived from peripheral blood samples of 3 healthy adult geldings. Methods: Function testing was performed to assess in vitro wound healing, tubule formation, cell adhesion, and uptake of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL) by cultured ECFCs. Cell proliferation was determined by 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assay. Effects o...
Garcia-Muñoz A, Valldecabres-Torres X, Newcombe JR, Cuervo-Arango J, Garcia-Rosello E.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous progesterone administration at ovulation and during the early development of the CL, on its future sensitivity to a single administration of PGF2a in mares and cows. Horse Retrospective reproductive data from an equine clinic in the UK during three breeding seasons were used. Mares were divided into: control group, cycles with single ovulations; double ovulation group cycles with asynchronous double ovulations; and PRID group: cycles with single ovulations and treatment with intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR) immediately...
Birch-Machin I, Ryder S, Taylor L, Iniguez P, Marault M, Ceglie L, Zientara S, Cruciere C, Cancellotti F, Koptopoulos G, Mumford J, Binns M....Three filamentous phage random peptide display libraries were used in biopanning experiments with purified IgG from the serum of a gnotobiotic foal infected with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) to enrich for epitopes binding to anti-EHV-1 antibodies. The sequences of the amino acids displayed were aligned with protein sequences of EHV-1, thereby identifying a number of potential antibody binding regions. Presumptive epitopes were identified within the proteins encoded by genes 7 (DNA helicase/primase complex protein), 11 (tegument protein), 16 (glycoprotein C), 41 (integral membrane protein), 70 ...
Trim CM, Moore JN, White NA.Dopamine hydrochloride was infused intravenously into six horses anaesthetised with halothane. Three dose rates; 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min, were evaluated in each horse. The cardiac output was significantly increased at 15 and 30 mins following administration of dopamine at 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. The heart rate, facial artery pressure and pulmonary artery pressure remained unchanged. Total peripheral resistance was significantly decreased at 30 mins with 2.5 micrograms/kg/min and at 15 and 30 mins with 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. No significant change was produced in packed cell vo...
Gokbulut C, Nolan AM, McKellar QA.Oxibendazole (OBZ) was administered to eight horses at an oral dose of 10 mg kg(-1) bodyweight each. Parent OBZ could only be detected in plasma at the 0.5 and 1.0 hours post administration sampling times and the mean maximum plasma concentration was 0.008 microg ml(-1). Parent OBZ was detected in faeces between 12 and 72 hours after administration and the highest dry faecal concentration was detected at 24 hours. An unidentified metabolite was detected in plasma between 0.5 and 72 hours. The unidentified metabolite in the plasma of treated horses corresponded to the second eluted metabolite i...
Corley KT, Corley MM.Many Thoroughbred foals are intended to be sold at public auction. The impact of disease conditions necessitating hospital treatment as a foal on future sales performance is unknown. Objective: To determine whether Thoroughbred horses that were treated in a hospital before age 125 days and presented to public auction sell for a different mean price than controls. Methods: Foals aged < 125 days, treated at a hospital in Ireland in 2007 or 2008 and presented for sale to a public auction recorded on a publicly accessible database were selected for inclusion in the study. The sales outcome of thes...
Cothran EG, van Dyk E.Genetic variability at 7 blood-group and 10 biochemical genetic loci was examined in 3 South African horse breeds, the Nooitgedacht, Boerperd and Basuto Pony. Observed heterozygosity for these breeds was intermediate for domestic horses, with the highest heterozygosity in the Boerperd and the lowest in the Basuto Pony. The 3 breeds show greater genetic similarity to each other than to other domestic horse breeds. Compared to other breeds, the South African breeds show greater genetic similarity to breeds such as the Thoroughbred, Holstein, Trakehner and Hanovarian and also to North American br...
Fikes KK, Coverdale JA, Leatherwood JL, Campbell JM, Welsh TH, Hartz CJ, Goehring M, Millican AA, Bradbery AN, Wickersham TA.Twenty-seven mature Quarter horses were used in a randomized design to determine the effects of bioactive protein supplementation on gait kinematics and systemic inflammatory markers in a 34-d trial. Treatments consisted of oral doses of 230 g/d of pelleted supplements containing 0 g (CON; = 9), 40 g of bioactive protein (40BP; = 9; LIFELINE, APC, LLC, Ankeny, IA), and 80 g of bioactive protein (80BP; = 9) daily. Horses were fed a commercial concentrate at 0.5% BW (as-fed) and received coastal bermudagrass () hay daily. On day 33, horses consistent in exercise (CON, = 6; 40BP, = 8; 80BP,...
Slone DE.Ovariectomy and cesarean section are relatively common procedures in a surgical practice in an area in which there are numerous broodmares. Both techniques can be performed by several approaches, which are described in this article. Also described are techniques for ovariohysterectomy, a procedure that is rarely indicated, but that can be performed relatively easily by a capable surgeon.
Hannant D, Jessett DM, O'Neill T, Mumford JA.Serum antibody (IgGab, IgM and IgA) responses to primary and secondary infection with influenza A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8) by nebulised aerosol were compared with local (nasopharyngeal and tracheal) antibody responses in ponies. Circulating IgGab antibody was of long duration after primary infection, whereas IgM responses were short-lived after both primary and secondary infections. The antigenic stimulation of secondary infection with equine influenza was sufficient to induce elevations of serum IgM and IgA in the presence of high levels of circulating IgGab. These results support the poten...
Simonin EM, Babasyan S, Tarsillo J, Wagner B.IgE+ plasmablasts develop following allergen exposure and B cell activation. They secrete IgE and therefore are directly linked to maintain the mechanisms of IgE-mediated allergies. Here, we show that the presence of IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood not only coincides with clinical allergy, but also predicts the upcoming development of clinical disease. Using an equine model of naturally occurring allergy, we compared the timing of allergen exposure, arrival of IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood, and onset of clinical disease. We found that IgE+ plasmablasts predict the development of ...
Roessner HA, Hurcombe SD, Klein CE, Hopster K, Engiles JB.To compare end-to-end jejunal anastomoses with a one-layer (Utrecht) and two-layer (simple continuous/Cushing) patterns. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Eight healthy adult horses. Methods: Jejunal end-to-end anastomoses were performed in randomly assigned one-layer or two-layer patterns. Horses were recovered from surgery and monitored for complications. At 14 days, the opposite pattern was performed (cross-over design) prior to euthanasia. Duration of closures was compared between patterns. Serosal width was measured before harvesting anastomotic sites from the first procedure. Lumin...
Kareskoski M, Vakkamäki J, Laukkanen K, Palviainen M, Johannisson A, Katila T.Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 are gelatinases that take part in several reproductive processes. The aim of this study was to measure levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in fractionated stallion ejaculates, and to evaluate the association between these components and semen quality, and sperm longevity during cooled storage. Semen quality were assessed separately for sperm-rich fractions (HIGH), sperm-poor fractions (LOW), and whole ejaculate samples (WE) from 33 stallions. After cooled storage with SP either present or removed, sperm motility and DFI were determined. The relative activity of...
McKinney AR, Suann CJ, Dunstan AJ, Mulley SL, Ridley DD, Stenhouse AM.The equine phase I and phase II metabolism of the synthetic anabolic steroid stanozolol was investigated following its administration by intramuscular injection to a thoroughbred gelding. The major phase I biotransformations were hydroxylation at C16 and one other site, while phase II metabolism in the form of sulfate and beta-glucuronide conjugation was extensive. An analytical procedure was developed for the detection of stanozolol and its metabolites in equine urine using solid phase extraction, acid solvolysis of phase II conjugates and analysis by positive ion electrospray ionization ion ...
Grau-Roma L, Peckham R, Paton J, Stahel A, de Brot S.The postmortem examination of a 14-y-old Appaloosa gelding with clinically diagnosed pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction showed a unique finding of moderate multifocal lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH). The pituitary glands of 24 horses submitted for postmortem examination were examined grossly and examined histologically for the presence of lymphocytes. Of these 23 horses, 1 additional case suffered from moderate LH. The 2 cases with LH tested negative for Equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and no viral particles were observed by electron micr...
Cherry RL, Adair HS, Chen T, Hendrix DVH, Ward DA.Spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR) is inversely proportional to the level of attentional focus in humans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of attentional focus on SEBR in horses. Methods: Twenty client-owned horses (2.5-23 years of age, five mares, 15 geldings) were evaluated. A GoPro HERO5 Session™ video recorder was attached to the halter and directed toward the eyes. Horses were acclimated for two hours before study commencement. Horses were filmed in five scenarios requiring different levels of attention: alone in a stall ("stall"), stall with an observer ("person")...
Runcan EE, Pozor MA, Zambrano GL, Benson S, Macpherson ML.The acrosome is a highly specialised region of the spermatozoon that is essential for fertilisation. Defects or dysfunction of this structure have been associated with fertility problems in man and various domestic species including stallions. Current methods of evaluating the acrosome of stallion spermatozoa are time consuming and require specialised equipment, which is cost prohibitive to the average practitioner. Objective: To evaluate 2 conventional stains (Dip Quick and Spermac) and determine their usefulness in assessing acrosome integrity in stallions as compared with specific acrosomal...
