Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Goodrich LR, Furr MO, Robertson JL, Warnick LD.A double-blind study was performed, in horses, to determine the potential toxic effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, eltenac(4-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl) amino]-3-thiopheneacetic acid). Four treatment groups of six horses were formed. The drug was injected intravenously, once daily, at a dose level of 0.5 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg for 15 days. A control group was injected with sterile saline solution. Horses were monitored for changes in appetite, physical examinations, biochemical evaluations and gastroscopic examinations. Complete post-mortem examinations were also performed. A...
Matsumura T, Kondo T, Sugita S, Damiani AM, O'Callaghan DJ, Imagawa H.The cell culture-adapted KyA strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) has been found to be attenuated in young horses (Matsumura et al., 1996, Vet. Microbiol. 48, 353-365). The KyA strain lacks at least six genes in its genome, including those encoding glycoproteins gE and gI. To elucidate whether EHV-1 glycoproteins gE and gI play a role in viral virulence, we have constructed an EHV-1 recombinant that has the genes encoding both gE and gI deleted from its genome and its revertant. Growth properties of the deletion mutant virus in vitro were compared with those of the parent and the revert...
Reilly GC, Currey JD, Goodship AE.Exercise can have a profound effect on bone mass, but little is known of its effect on bone's material properties. In this experiment, our hypothesis was that a large difference in the training regimen of young thoroughbreds would produce a measurable difference in the mechanical properties of their bone material. When they were about 19 months old, eight thoroughbred racehorses were given one of two exercise regimens that lasted for 19 weeks: four horses (controls) were walked for 40 minutes a day but had no other exercise, and the remaining four (exercised) were additionally trotted for 20 m...
Nogueira GP, Barnabe RC.Thoroughbred fillies were divided into three groups according to age: group 1, 7 fillies aged 1 to 2 years (G1) starting the training program; group 2, 9 fillies aged 2 to 3 years (G2) in a full training program; group 3, 8 older fillies 3 to 4 years of age (G3) training and racing. Blood samples were collected weekly from July to December. Cortisol was quantified using a solid phase DPC kit. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 12.5% and 15.65% and sensitivity was 1.9 +/- 0.2 nmol/l. The semester average of cortisol levels varied between groups: G1 = 148.8 +/- 6.7, G2 = 12...
Hopper SA, Schneider RK, Ratzlaff MH, White KK, Johnson CH.To determine the ability of a full-limb transfixation pin cast to protect the distal portion of the equine forelimb from weight-bearing forces by measuring bone strain in vitro on cadaver limbs loaded in a mechanical testing machine. Methods: 6 forelimbs from 6 horses. Methods: Each limb was instrumented with 3 unidirectional metal foil electrical resistant strain gauges. Gauges were placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal portion of the radius and the mid-dorsal portion of the cortex of the third metacarpal bone and the first phalanx. Each limb was tested 3 times, once supported with a tran...
Hopper SA, Schneider RK, Ratzlaff MH, White KK, Johnson CH.To determine the effect of pin hole size and number on the breaking strength of the adult equine radius when loaded in torsion to failure. Methods: 54 pairs of equine radii from adult horses. Methods: For test one, 12 pairs of radii were used to determine the effect of pin hole size on torsional breaking strength. A 6.35-mm hole was drilled in 1 radius, and a 9.5-mm hole was drilled in the contralateral radius. For test two, 36 pairs of radii were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (n = 12) to determine the effect of pin hole number on the torsional breaking strength of the equine ra...
Dorchies P, de Lahitte JD, Flochlay A, Blond-Riou F.The efficacy of moxidectin 2% oral gel (Equest, Fort-Dodge) against European worm strains was studied through post-mortem worm counts and feacal egg counts (FECs) in 12 young ponies naturally infected. The animals were allocated in two groups of six ponies each: the first one was treated at 0.4 mg/kg b.w. and the second one received a placebo and served as control. All the ponies were necropsied 14 days post-treatment. The efficacy of moxidectin in reducing strongyle FECs ranged from 99.8% to 100% from 3 to 14 days after treatment. Moxidectin efficacy was 100% against Trichostrongylus axei and...
Meana A, Luzon M, Corchero J, Gómez-Bautista M.Three coprological methods were tested to establish the reliability of in vivo diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata. A total of 107 faecal samples were analyzed, and the presence of tapeworms were confirmed postmortem in 24 animals with burdens that ranged from 1 to 248 worms; most of them (71%) with less than 100 parasites. Best results were obtained with a combination of two sedimentation/flotation methods, detecting only half the parasitized animals (54% sensitivity). No relationship could be established between tapeworm burden and egg detection, but results indicate that coprological meth...
Brooks DE, Andrew SE, Dillavou CL, Ellis G, Kubilis PS.To evaluate in vitro susceptibility to topical antifungal medications, as measured by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50%), of fungal isolates from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis in Florida; to compare results with those of other studies to identify differences in susceptibility patterns among fungi isolated from horses in different geographic regions; and to note indications of fungal resistance to drugs tested in other studies. Methods: Corneal fungal cultures from client-owned horses from Florida with ulcerative keratomycosis (n = 22). Method...
Pozio E, Celano GV, Sacchi L, Pavia C, Rossi P, Tamburrini A, Corona S, La Rosa G.Epidemiological investigations conducted during 10 trichinellosis outbreaks between 1975 and 1994 showed that horse-meat was the probable source of infection. Though hundreds of thousands of horses have been examined at abattoirs in America and Europe to detect Trichinella infection by artificial digestion or trichinelloscopy, an infected horse has never been detected during routine analysis, which consists of examining 1 g of tissue muscle from the diaphragm. In November 1996, a naturally infected horse imported from Romania was detected in Southern Italy. The parasite was identified as Trich...
Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, Ellenberg S.To correlate indices of airway reactivity to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytologic features in horses with a recent decline in exercise tolerance. Methods: 20 actively working horses from 2 to 24 years old. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained and analyzed. Forced oscillatory mechanics (1-7 Hz) technique was used for measurements of total respiratory system resistance (RRS), compliance (CRS), and resonant frequency (fres). Changes in RRS (1 Hz) during histamine challenge were used to generate histamine dose-response curves, from which the provocative concentration...
Ingle-Fehr JE, Baxter GM.To measure blood flow in the palmar digital artery and laminae corium, using ultrasonic and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Methods: 6 healthy horses. Methods: Digital blood flow and laminar perfusion, respectively, were measured by placing a flow probe around the palmar digital artery and a laser Doppler flow probe in a hole in the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall. All horses were given saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 L, IV, during a 30-minute period). Seven days later, each horse was given endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg of body weight, IV, in 1 L of saline solution, during a 30-minute perio...
Nasir L, McFarlane ST, Torrontegui BO, Reid SW.Papillomaviral DNA has been identified in peripheral blood cells of both cattle and humans with and without associated disease and it has been suggested that such cells may act as sites of viral latency. In order to investigate the possibility of latent papillomaviral infection in the aetiopathogenesis of the equine sarcoid, peripheral blood derived DNA samples from 20 healthy and 34 sarcoid-affected donkeys were subject to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using papillomaviral specific primers. Analysis of blood derived DNA samples failed to demonstrate the presence of papillomaviral DNA in any...
Marr CM, Reef VB, Brazil TJ, Thomas WP, Knottenbelt DC, Kelly DF, Baker JR, Reimer JM, Maxson AD, Crowhurst JS.This report describes the history, clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, treatment, outcome and post-mortem findings in seven horses with aorto-cardiac fistula. Affected horses included 5 stallions, one gelding and one mare; 2 each of the Thoroughbred, Arabian and Standardbred breeds and one Thoroughbred-cross with a mean +/- s.d. age of 12 +/- 4 years, range 6-18 years. The presenting signs were acute distress (four horses), exercise intolerance (two horses) and the lesion was detected during a routine examination in one horse. Five horses had monomorphic ventricular ...
Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Johnson BJ, Jack RA, Case JT, Ardans A, Read DH, Anderson ML, Barr BC, Daft BM, Kinde H, Moore J, Stoltz J, Woods L.To investigate relationships of several racehorse characteristics and race conditions with risk of a catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) resulting in euthanasia in Thoroughbreds during racing in California in 1992. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study. Methods: Thoroughbreds that incurred CMI during racing and all California race entrants in 1992. Methods: Necropsy records were reviewed, and race start information was obtained. Incidence risk of CMI/1,000 race entrants was estimated. Relationships between CMI during racing and race-meet, entrant age and sex, race type and length, an...
Potter K, Anez D.A 17-year-old Quarter Horse mare was examined to determine the cause of a vulvar mass. Differential diagnoses for the swollen, ulcerated tissue included hypersensitivity reaction to insect stings or bites and cutaneous neoplasia. During the next 4 months, the mass enlarged involving the skin of the perineum and ventral aspect of the abdomen with secondary dependent edema of both hind limbs. Histologic examination of biopsy and necropsy specimens revealed changes consistent with a diagnosis of mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). Diagnostic features included invasion of neoplastic lym...
Harris DB, Harris RC, Wilson AM, Goodship A.Muscle ATP loss with exercise has implications both to the causes of fatigue and muscle damage. To study this at the single muscle fibre level, five trained thoroughbred horses performed consecutive 90 second gallops on an inclined treadmill followed by a final gallop to fatigue. Biopsies of the m. gluteus medius were taken at rest, post-exercise and during 24 hour recovery. Blood lactate was 20.0 mmol litre-1 or more, and plasma NH3 300-800 mumol litre-1, following the final gallop. Minimal changes occurred in the plasma markers, CK and AST. ATP loss with exercise was 32.2 (SD 12.2) per cent....
Koepf EK, Hewitt J, Vo H, Macgillivray RT, Burtnick LD.We have generated and characterized the cDNA from equine smooth muscle that encodes gelsolin, an actin-modulating protein. Overlapping cDNA clones synthesized by the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction and clones isolated from a horse genomic library provided the complete primary structure for the intracellular isoform of gelsolin, while cDNA complemented with protein sequence data produced the full-length primary transcript of the gelsolin isoform found circulating in equine plasma. The deduced amino acid sequences of the intracellular and secreted versions of equine gelsolin infe...
The Journal of heredityMarch 6, 1998
Volume 89, Issue 1 104-106 doi: 10.1093/jhered/89.1.104
Duffield DA, Goldie PL.In a study of 2,786 tobiano and non-tobiano horses involved in paint horse breeding programs throughout the United States, the inheritance of the tobiano color pattern gene was tracked in pedigrees using the tightly linked polymorphic albumin gene. The dominant tobiano allele (T(o)), which produces the tobiano spotting pattern in horses, was in coupling with both AIA and AIB alleles at the albumin locus. The frequency of the T(o):AIA linkage phase among all the homozygous tobiano horses in this study including offspring and parents (N = 127), was 0.08. The T(o):AIB linkage phase was the most f...
Mancebo OA, Verdi JH, Bulman GM.On the basis of positive skin snips for Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae (MF), 45 horses were chosen from 48 in a total of 257 screened on 12 locations in the northeast Province of Formosa (Argentina), and randomly assigned to two treatment groups of 20 horses each, and a nontreated control group of five horses. On Day 14 post-treatment (PT), skin snip samples in the ivermectin-treated (0.2 mg/kg) group were negative for normal viable microfilariae (MF), while horses in the control group maintained their pretreatment level of infection. On the same Day in the moxidectin-treated (0.4 mg/kg) ...
Monahan CM, Chapman MR, Taylor HW, French DD, Klei TR.Three groups of foals were raised under different management programs in this study: Group 1 (n = 6) and Group 2 (n = 6) were raised with their dams on pasture; Group 3 foals (n = 5) were raised under parasite-free conditions. Mares and foals of Group 1 received daily pyrantel tartrate (PT) treatment with their pelleted feed ration, whereas mares and foals of Groups 2 and 3 received only the pelleted ration. Pasture-reared foals were weaned and moved to a heavily contaminated pasture for 5 weeks. Group 1 foals continued to receive daily PT treatment whereas Group 2 foals received only the pell...
Boersema JH, Eysker M, van der Aar WM.The reappearance of strongyle eggs in the faeces of horses treated with moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg of body weight) was compared with that in the faeces of horses treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg of body weight). The study was performed from December 1995 till June 1996. Horses were infected naturally in the preceding grazing period. Two groups of 24 horses each were treated with moxidectin and ivermectin respectively at week 0. No side effects were seen after treatment. Horses were housed from week -1 till week 17. From week 17 onwards the horses were on pasture. Faecal samples were taken from ea...
Serafini R, Varner DD, Bissett W, Blanchard TL, Teague SR, Love CC.The effect of flash-freezing storage temperature on stallion sperm DNA has not been evaluated. Commonly, sperm are flash-frozen at various temperatures to preserve sperm DNA prior to analysis. It is unclear whether the temperature at which sperm are frozen and stored may affect the results of DNA assays. In this study, the neutral comet assay was used to evaluate the effect of flash-freezing storage temperature (freezer [-60 °C], dry ice [-78.5 °C], liquid nitrogen [-196 °C]) compared to fresh sperm DNA structure. In addition, intra- and inter-assay and intra- and inter-stallion variabil...
Duddy HR, Schoonover MJ, Hague BA.Tendon and ligament injuries are significant causes of loss of use and early retirement in performance horses. Amniotic fluid and tissue are excellent sources of growth factors and cytokines important in tendon and ligament healing. Thus, an equine-origin liquid amnion allograft (ELAA) may be beneficial in the treatment of equine tendonitis and desmitis. Objectives of this study were to report the outcome achieved (i.e. ability to return to work) for horses diagnosed with tendonitis or desmitis lesions treated with local injection of ELAA and to compare these outcomes to those reported for oth...
Brown MP, McCartney JH, Gronwall R, Houston AE.Six healthy two-day-old foals (3 pony foals and 3 horse foals) were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of trimethoprim (TMP)--sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bodyweight (bwt) and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt. Serum TMP and SMZ concentrations were measured serially during a 24 hour period. The overall elimination rate constant (K) for TMP in the pony and horse foals was 0.45/h, whereas the K values for SMZ for the pony and horse foals were 0.12/h and 0.07/h, respectively (no significant difference; P greater than 0.05). Based on published minimum inhibitory concentration...
Battaglia B, Angelone M, Vera E, Basini G, Bussolati S, Paci M, Bue MD, Aldigeri R, Grolli S, Quintavalla F, Ramoni R.The extract of the seeds from Indian celery, Apium greaveolens (CSE), tested in experimental animals (rodents), and in humans affected by chronic osteoarthritic diseases, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that can be compared, to some degree, to those of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). In view of a potential use of CSE in the equine species, it was tested on horses affected by chronic articular pathologies. The trial was performed on 20 horses divided into three different groups, orally treated with 0 (controls), 7.0 or 30 g of CSE BID. Basic orthopedic examinations were conducte...
Bielański W.Choice of the best methods for semen examination is dictated by the purpose of the examination, whether it be to assess the fertility of an individual stallion or to evaluate individual semen samples for routine purposes. In the author's experience of examining stallion semen, emphasis should be placed upon morphological examination, sperm cinematography and survival tests in vitro. Special problems concerning examination of frozen semen are discussed and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa frozen in the presence and absence of glycerol is described.
Gaillard JL, Silberzahn P.In the stallion testis, aromatase activity was localized in the microsomal fraction. Androgen aromatization occurred through the loss of 1 beta,2 beta hydrogen atoms and appeared to involve free sulfhydryl groups. A single enzyme system seemed to aromatize androgen and norandrogen at the same rate while having a much lower affinity for norandrogens.
Brinkman EL, Weed BC, Patnaik SS, Brazile BL, Centini RM, Wills RW, Olivier B, Sledge DG, Cooley J, Liao J, Rashmir-Raven AM.OBJECTIVE To compare biomechanical and histologic features of heart valves and echocardiographic findings between Quarter Horses with and without heritable equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA). DESIGN Prospective case-control study. ANIMALS 41 Quarter Horses. PROCEDURES Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of aortic and mitral valve leaflets was assessed by biomechanical testing in 5 horses with HERDA and 5 horses without HERDA (controls). Histologic evaluation of aortic and mitral valves was performed for 6 HERDA-affected and 3 control horses. Echocardiography was performed in 14 HERDA-affected...
Lopes MS, Diesterbeck U, da Câmara Machado A, Distl O.Navicular disease or podotrochlosis is one of the main causes of progressive forelimb lameness in warmblood horses. The objective of this study was to refine a quantitative trait locus on horse chromosome 2 for radiological alterations in the contour of the navicular bone (RAC) in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Genotyping was performed in 192 Hanoverian warmblood horses from 17 paternal half-sib groups. The marker set was extended to 58 informative microsatellites including nine newly developed microsatellites. QTL for RAC could be delineated at 32.50-43.13 Mb and a further new QTL for RAC could...
Lores M, Rakestraw P, De Rijck M, Yarbrough T.Application of an autogenous fascia lata graft in the treatment of keratomalacia in the horse has not been reported. The present case describes the use of an autologous fascia lata graft to surgically treat a complicated corneal ulcer in a horse. Methods: A 12-year-old Arabian mare was admitted to Sharjah Equine Hospital with a history of right eye ulcerative keratitis of unknown duration. Following a week of aggressive medical treatment, the condition deteriorated and a keratectomy and pedicle conjunctival graft were performed. A week later, the conjunctival graft partially dehisced and the u...
Melinyshyn H.A 13-year-old Morgan crossbred mare was presented in May 2018 with a 10-cm mass on the medial aspect of the left hind fetlock. In September and November 2018 and June 2019 the mass was incompletely excised and continued to grow. A diagnosis of spindle cell tumor, consistent with equine sarcoid, was made based on histopathology from the last excision. . Une jument Morgan croisée âgée de 13 ans a été présentée en mai 2018 avec une masse de 10 cm sur l’aspect médial du boulet arrière gauche. En septembre et novembre 2018 ainsi qu’en juin 2019, la masse avait été excisée de manièr...
Wertz PW, Colton SW, Downing DT.The acylglucosylceramides were isolated from the polar lipids of horse epidermis and examined to determine whether the component omega-hydroxyacids are straight chained as in the corresponding lipids from pig epidermis or branched as in horse sebum. The hydroxyacids from horse epidermis were found to be almost entirely straight chained compounds. The results indicate that sebaceous glands, although derived from epidermal cells, have evolved independent pathways of lipid metabolism.
Weisrock KU, Winkelsett S, Martin-Rosset W, Forssmann WG, Parvizi N, Coenen M, Vervuert I.Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an anabolic therapy for osteoporotic conditions in humans. This study evaluated the effects of equine PTH fragment (ePTH-1-37) administration on bone metabolism in 12 healthy horses. Six horses each were treated once daily for 120days with subcutaneous injections of 0.5μg/kg ePTH-1-37 or placebo. Blood was collected to determine ionized calcium (Ca(++)), total Ca (Ca(T)), inorganic phosphorus, serum equine osteocalcin (eOC), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and carboxy-termin...
Mizobe F, Nomura M, Kanai K, Ishikawa Y, Yamada K.Six Thoroughbred racehorses with palmar process fractures of the distal phalanx were evaluated with standing magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). In all the cases, the fractures were detectable on T1-weighted images and fat-suppressed images. Furthermore, multi-planar reconstruction images were useful for assessing the articular involvement of the fractures. Follow-up sMRI was obtainable in 3 cases, which revealed that the area of high signal intensity on fat-suppressed images decreased over time as symptoms improved. Our findings support the use of sMRI for the detailed evaluation of distal pha...
Nutt JN, Southwood LL, Elce YA, Nunamaker DM.To compare the mechanical properties and failure modes of a standardized short oblique distal radial metaphyseal osteotomy stabilized using either a transfixation pin cast (TPC), a modular-sidebar external skeletal fixator (ESF), or a solid-sidebar ESF (modular- or solid-ESF, respectively) using static or cyclic axial loading to failure. Methods: In vitro study. Methods: Equine cadaver forelimbs. Methods: A 30 degrees oblique distal radial osteotomy was created and stabilized using 1 of the 3 fixation methods: (1) TPC, (2) modular-ESF, or (3) solid-ESF. Limbs were tested using static (TPC, mod...
Neuhauser S, Palm F, Ambuehl F, Aurich C.In this study, effects of altrenogest treatment (0.088 mg/kg daily) given to mares during late gestation until parturition on the time and the process of foaling, neonatal adaptation and postnatal development were analysed. The number of animals was 6 in the treatment group and 7 in the control group. Gestational length tended to be shorter in mares given altrenogest. Birth weight of the foals and weight of the placenta did not differ between groups. The second stage of parturition was prolonged in the altrenogest-treated mares (p<0.05). Foals born to altrenogest-treated mares had a significan...
Dicht S, Del Chicca F, Fürst A.Ectopic teeth occur because of failure of the first branchial cleft to close during development and are found mostly in young horses. Such dentigerous cysts are often located at the base of the ear, forming a notable swelling with a fistula, as it was the case with the two year old Iceland mare «Runa». In order to confirm the diagnosis, x-ray images were taken, which is also necessary to locate the ectopic tooth correctly. While operating, the whole cystic membrane should be removed and it is important to prevent adjacent nerves and blood vessels from damage. Prognosis for complete healing a...
Reilly JD, Hopegood L, Gould L, Devismes L.The lipid chemistry of the normal equine hoof, together with the effect of oral supplementation with an evening primrose oil mixture (EPOM) on its growth, growth rate and lipid content was assessed in a controlled and blinded feeding trial at the Defence Animal Centre. Twelve horses were paired as closely as possible according to sex, age, weight, height and colour and then one from each pair was randomly allocated to treatment or control groups. The treatment group received 30 ml of oral EPOM/day, otherwise the nutrition and management regimes were the same for all horses. No significant diff...
Rovel T, Audigié F, Coudry V, Jacquet-Guibon S, Bertoni L, Denoix JM.OBJECTIVE To report history, findings from clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging, treatment, and outcomes associated with distal interphalangeal primary degenerative joint disease (DIP-PDJD) and to evaluate diagnostic usefulness and limitations of standing low-field MRI, relative to radiography and ultrasonography, for the diagnosis of DIP-PDJD in horses. DESIGN Retrospective case series with nested evaluation study. ANIMALS 12 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed, and data were collected regarding signalment, history, results of physical and diagnostic imaging ...
Lewis S.A 24-hour-old colt presented with clinical signs consistent with gastric ulceration. Treatment was initiated with a histamine type-2 receptor antagonist and clinical signs resolved. Gastroscopy at 16 d confirmed the presence of a gastric ulcer. Although gastric ulceration is common in foals, it is rarely reported in foals this young.
Pace MM, Sullivan JJ.Fertilization rate was highest in mares inseminated with frozen semen within 12 hr of ovulation. Foaling rate was improved (P less than 0-05) by increasing the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated from 40 X 10(6) to 80 X 10(6) but was not further improved by increasing the number to 160 X 10(6) or by increasing the frequency of insemination from once to twice daily. The fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa frozen in one of the hydrogen ion extenders studied was dependent upon relative osmotic pressure and method of freezing (ampoules or pellets). Adjusting glycerol concentration from 7% to ...
Hunt DA, Snyder JR, Morgan JP, Stover SM, Pool RR, Pascoe JR.Femoral neck and proximal epiphyseal lengths were measured in 37 femurs from 19 cadaver foals that were 1 day to 12 months old to determine the applicability of a human interfragmentary compression system to equine femoral capital physeal fractures. Because components of the implant system are available only in fixed sizes, its use was possible in foals older than 5 weeks of age, but not in younger foals. The 135 degree angle plate conformed best to the equine femur. Femoral capital physeal fractures were created surgically and repaired with the implant system in three foals. Fracture stabilit...
Morley PS, Desnoyers M.A 3-day-old Quarter Horse colt was examined because of signs of severe depression, discomfort, and abdominal straining. The foal seemed disoriented, and the abdomen was tense and distended ventrally. The differential diagnoses included ruptured urinary bladder, retained meconium, septicemia/bacteremia, and neonatal maladjustment syndrome. Serum biochemical analysis revealed marked hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and moderate hyperkalemia, as well as mildly high urea, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations. The primary differential diagnosis at this time was ruptured urinary bladder. Abdominoce...
Steiner JV, Rendano VT.An aneurysmal bone cyst was diagnosed in the distal metaphysis of Mt3 in a 9-month-old-Quarter Horse colt. The lesion developed between the fifth and ninth month of life and clinically appeared as a non-painful swelling which did not cause a lameness. Radiographs of the lesion showed expansion of the cortex and incomplete septa of new bone extending from the cortex into surrounding soft tissue. Surgical intervention revealed a blood filled cavity. The animal died during the immediate post-surgical period. Histopathologic evaluation of the lesion was performed.
Neil KM, Charman RE, Vasey JR.Three foals aged between 21 and 44 days were presented for evaluation of pyrexia and lameness. Each had subcutaneous abscessation associated with osteomyelitis of a rib at the costochondral junction and pathological fracture of the affected rib; one foal had more than one rib affected. Other localised sites of infection included other sites of osteomyelitis, omphalophlebitis, uveitis, enterocolitis, and calcaneal bursitis. The subcutaneous abscessation and rib osteomyelitis was treated surgically in two foals. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the subcutaneous abscess in one foal and fr...
Sasaki K, Igarashi S, Amasaki T, Amasaki H, Nishita T, Kano Y, Asari M.Immunohistochemical localizations of carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA-I, CA-II and CA-III) in equine and bovine digestive tracts were studied. In the horse, epithelial cells in both the oesophagus and non-glandular part of the stomach lacked all three isozymes. In contrast, surface epithelial and parietal cells in the glandular region of the stomach showed reactivity for CA-II. In the small intestine, absorptive columnar cells covering the villi in the duodenum were positive for CA-II. The epithelium of the jejunum and ileum lacked all three isozymes. In the large intestine, CA-II was detected ...
