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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Age-related changes in the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals. To evaluate changes in the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals from 4 to 84 days of age. Methods: 4 male and 2 female full-term mixed-breed foals. Methods: Diazepam terminal half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, free fraction, unbound volume of distribution, free clearance, peak desmethyldiazepam concentration, and area under the desmethyldiazepam concentration-time curve were determined after i.v. administration of 0.25 mg of diazepam/kg of body weight to foals at 4, 21, 42, and 84 days of age. Results: Disposition of diazepam was best described using a two-compartment mo...
Distribution of glycoconjugates in the uterine tube (oviduct) of horses. To examine glycoconjugates in the isthmic and ampullar regions of the uterine tube (oviduct) of horses during estrus, diestrus, and pregnancy. Methods: Oviductal samples from 17 mares. Methods: Oviducts were collected during estrus (n = 3), diestrus (n = 3), or pregnancy (n = 3), embedded, and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections (5 to 6 microns in thickness) were stained with 100 micrograms/ml of fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated lectin (30 min at 38.5 C) and were evaluated by use of epifluorescence microscopy and video image analysis. Specificity of lectins was established by ...
Diseases and surgery of the large colon. Displacements and intraluminal obstructions of the large colon carry a good to excellent prognosis for long-term recovery, and surgery for these diseases is rarely followed by short-term or long-term complications. Entrapment of the large colon over the renosplenic ligament is amenable to medical therapies so that surgery can be avoided in many cases. However, preoperative diagnosis of all nonstrangulating diseases of the large colon can be difficult. Vascular diseases of the large colon, such as thromboembolic diseases and large colon volvulus, are more difficult to treat and carry a poorer p...
Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction. Rings of equine digital vein examined under conditions of isometric tension recording constricted to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists with an order of potency of 5-bromo-6-[2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino]-quinoxaline bitartrate (UK 14304) = noradrenaline > 6-Allyl-2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo-(4,5-d) azepine (BHT-920) > phenylephrine > dopamine > methoxamine. The maximum force generated was greatest for the non-selective agonist noradrenaline and lowest for the alpha2-selective agonist BHT-920 with the other agonists between these two extremes. Selective inactivation of alpha1-adreno...
[Endoparasitic fauna and incidence of species in yearling and adult horses in Upper Bavarian breeding farms with regular anthelmintic prophylaxis lasting for many years]. In this epidemiological study 127 horses from five breeding farms in Upper Bavaria were included. The horses were coproscopically examined in intervals of four weeks over a 16-month period. Since 1992 in all farms regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. In 127 horses at least five species were established, such as Parascaris equorum, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Gasterophilus intestinalis and small strongyles, whose third stage larvae were characterized by eight or twelve intestinal cells. Infections with small strongyles occurred most frequently, followed by G. ...
Variations of equine urinary volatile compounds during the oestrous cycle. Equine urine was analysed by capillary gas chromatography. The volatile profiles from oestrous and dioestrous samples were compared to establish any qualitative or quantitative difference that may have potential value in olfactory communication. Forty-five different volatile compounds were detected. Of these, 17 major compounds were common to all chromatograms. The chemical profile of oestrous urine was distinguished by the presence of a unique peak that was not present in dioestrous samples. Numerous constituents exhibited endocrine dependence: while the concentrations of seix peaks increased...
Colopexy. Colopexy is a surgical procedure designed to create an adhesion from the ventral colon to the body wall to prevent recurrence of large colon volvulus or displacement, and is a useful technique to prevent recurrence of this disease. Colopexies usually are reserved for broodmares, because this is the population of horses that is most predisposed to recurrence of large colon volvulus.
Overwhelming strongyloidosis in a foal. A 6-month-old foal was evaluated because of weakness, weight loss, and inappetence of 3 weeks' duration. On initial examination, the foal was weak, poorly responsive, and emaciated. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included anemia and hypoproteinemia. Because of its severe debilitation, the foal was euthantized. Necropsy revealed marked infection of the small intestine with Strongyloides westeri and severe edema of the entire gastrointestinal tract. The foal had been orphaned when it was 6 hours old and raised in isolation from other horses. We believe that this foal developed overwhelming stro...
Evaluation of the catabolic activity of cartilage by measurement of serum keratan sulfate concentration in foals. To determine keratan sulfate (KS) concentration in the serum of foals at the early stage of growing, and to evaluate the role of serum KS as a cartilage catabolic marker, comparing its values with the fluctuation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as a measurement of osteoblastic activity. Methods: 12 foals with normal growth and 3 foals with joint abnormalities within 18 months after birth. Methods: Measurement of KS concentration and ALP activity in serum and radiographic and physical examinations were done. Results: In all foals, serum KS concentration was high from 1 week after b...
Treatment of impaction colics. Impactions have been reported in the stomach and all segments of the intestine. Impactions predominately occur just oral to sites of intestinal narrowing or active pacemakers. The most common sites of impaction are in the ileum, the cecum, and the large colon pelvic flexure. The treatment of gastrointestinal impactions depends on the segment affected and the amount of bowel damage which has occurred from distension. Many impactions respond to appropriate administration of analgesics, cathartics, and oral or intravenous fluids. The prognosis for impactions treated medically is better than for t...
[Separation techniques ro achieve vital and reproduction competent equine spermatozoa populations–a survey]. Equine ejaculates are significantly characterized by widely varying parameters especially in those of practical relevance for equine Al. Therefore it is of interest for practical purposes to get subpopulations of concentrated, vital, and competent spermatozoa from the origin ejaculates. Special preparation of the donor stallions will stabilize sperm output. Fractionated semen collection from stallions supplies sperm enriched seminal fractions very useful to work with further in semen preservation. Most important to achieve a concentrated sperm subpopulation are semen manipulations post ejacula...
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is bound to the fibrous sheath of mammalian spermatozoa. Evidence is provided that the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is covalently linked to the fibrous sheath. The fibrous sheath is a typical structure of mammalian spermatozoa surrounding the axoneme in the principal piece of the flagellum. More than 90% of boar sperm glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is sedimented after cell disintegration by centrifugation. Detergents, different salt concentrations or short term incubation with chymotrypsin do not solubilize the enzyme, whereas digestion with trypsin or elastase does. Short term incubation with trypsin...
Surgery of the small intestine. Although earlier reports describe a poor prognosis for small intestinal surgery in the horse, there is growing evidence that the short-term survival rate can exceed 80%. In addition to advancements in surgery and aftercare, early referral contributes considerably to the improved prognosis. Surgical procedures that restore anatomic and physiologic continuity to close to normal can minimize postoperative complications. Jejunojejunostomy carries a better prognosis than jejunocecostomy, probably because the latter involves anastomosis between two intestinal segments with dissimilar functions. Care...
Influence of melatonin and oestradiol on the opioidergic regulation of LH and prolactin release in pony mares. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oestradiol, melatonin and season on the opioid regulation of LH and prolactin release. Effects of the opioid antagonist naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) on LH and prolactin secretion were determined in ovariectomized pony mares. In experiment 1, mares in January (n = 6) were pretreated with oestradiol benzoate (5 micrograms/kg) for 20 days. In experiment 2, beginning in May, mares (n = 7) received melatonin (15 mg) for 15 days and subsequently a combination of melatonin plus oestradiol for 20 days. In experiment 3, beginning in May, mares (n = 6) w...
Combination of medical and surgical therapy for pleuropneumonia in a horse. Medical management was unable to prevent the development of an extrapulmonary abscess in a 10-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with anaerobic pleuropneumonia. Intercostal thoracostomy achieved drainage of the abscess. Resolution of the abscess and subsequent bronchopleural fistulas was monitored by ultrasonography and video-endoscopy. The horse returned to training 4 mo after discharge.
Effects of flunixin meglumine on short circuit current in equine colonic mucosa in vitro. To study the effect of flunixin meglumine on short circuit current (Isc) in equine right ventral colon in vitro. Methods: Intestinal mucosa from healthy horses and ponies. Methods: Isc was measured in mucosa from the right ventral colon mounted in Ussing chambers. In experiment 1, collection and incubation solutions were: control (no additions); flunixin meglumine, 4 micrograms/ml; indomethacin, 10(-6) M; and flunixin meglumine (4 micrograms/ml) with 10(-6) M prostaglandin E2. In experiment 2, incubation conditions were: control [plain Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate [KRB] solution]; flunixin meglumi...
Successful transfer of biopsied equine embryos. Embryo biopsy has been used to detect inherited disorders and to improve the phenotype by analyzing of linkages between marker loci and the desired characteristics. Unfortunately, early procedures required the removal of a large portion (one-half) of the embryo for analysis, and the transfer of bisected equine embryos has not been particularly successful. Recent discovery of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has made possible the detection of specific DNA sequences from only a few cells. We investigated whether the removal of a small biopsy would allow for successful PCR and normal embryonic...
Exercise modifies the age-related change in crimp pattern in the core region of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. One of the current concepts with regard to equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis is that cumulative subclinical microscopic damage weakens the structure, predisposing the tendon to partial or complete rupture. This microtrauma is likely to affect the waveform or crimp of the collagen fibrils, which are the units of tensile strength. Collagen fibril crimp morphology characteristics were determined in superficial digital flexor tendons of 18 horses presented for necropsy. Horses were separated into exercised (n = 9) and non-exercised groups (n = 9), based on recent function. Five of the e...
Pharmacology of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors BAY Y 1015 and BAY X 1005 in the horse. Calcium ionophore A23187 induced time and concentration dependent production of immunoreactive leukotriene (LT) B4 by equine heparinized whole blood in vitro. Time dependent production of immunoreactive LTB4 by equine neutrophils and immunoreactive LTC4 by equine eosinophils in vitro was also demonstrated. The 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors, BAY X 1005 and BAY Y 1015, produced concentration dependent inhibition of ionophore-induced LTB4 synthesis by equine whole blood (mean +/- SEM IC50s n = 5; 6.14 +/- 0.28 microM vs. 12.30 +/- 0.75 microM for BAY Y 1015 and BAY X 1005, r...
Detection of equine arteritis virus in the semen of carrier stallions by using a sensitive nested PCR assay. A nested PCR, developed for the detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in semen, detected less than 2.5 PFU of EAV per ml of naturally infected seminal plasma. Based on results from testing 88 semen samples from 70 stallions, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 100 and 97%, respectively.
Adjunctive methods in equine gastrointestinal surgery. The medical management of postoperative abdominal disorders remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the equine clinician. Recent advances in the development of techniques and medications to offset or attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxemia, and ileus are encouraging and potentially will decrease the incidence of additional complications.
The use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays to investigate the prevalence of Trypanosoma equiperdum in Ethiopian horses. A field study involving 309 horses was undertaken in the provinces of Arsi and Bale in the Ethiopian highlands to investigate the prevalence of Trypanosoma equiperdum infections using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of both trypanosomal antigen and antibody. Adult horses of both sexes were examined for clinical signs of T. equiperdum infection and serum samples were collected for the assays. One hundred and one horses showed the presence of trypanosomal antibodies in their serum and 70 animals showed typical clinical signs of dourine. Nineteen horses showed the pr...
Muscarinic signaling pathway for calcium release and calcium-activated chloride current in smooth muscle. We investigated the muscarinic activation of Ca(2+)-activated Cl- currents [ICl(Ca)] in voltage-clamped equine tracheal myocytes. The threshold of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) required for activation of ICl(Ca) was 202 +/- 22 nM, and full activation of the current occurred at 771 +/- 31 nM. Hexahydro-sila-difenidol (M3 antagonist) inhibited the methacholine-induced phasic [Ca2+]i increase and ICl(Ca) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas methoctramine (M2 antagonist) only slightly attenuated the [Ca2+]i increase and ICl(Ca) (14.8 and 21.4%, respectively), consistent with ...
Estrogen concentrations in semen of the stallion. Large amounts of estrogens are secreted by the tests of the mature stallion. In a recent study by Claus et al. [Claus, Dimmick, T., Gimenez, T., Hudson, L.W., 1992. Estrogens and prostaglandin F2 alpha in the semen and blood plasma of stallions. Theriogenology 38, 687-693.], it was stated that high levels of estrogens were also present in semen. As a preliminary step to study possible implications for fertility in the stallion, we have measured estrone sulphate (E1S), the principal estrogen in blood, in both seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Semen was collected from four Standardbred stallions a...
Sepsis of the common digital extensor tendon sheath secondary to hemicircumferential periosteal transection in a foal. A 4-month-old Quarter Horse was admitted for evaluation of infection that developed following bilateral hemicircumferential periosteal transection and elevation. Sepsis of the common digital extensor tendon sheath was diagnosed. Treatment included lavage of the tendon sheath, placement of an indwelling drain for lavage after surgery, establishment of drainage, and administration of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs. Three months after treatment, the foal was clinically normal.
Field study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine. To determine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine. Methods: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Methods: 316 pregnant Thoroughbred mares during the first year of the study and 311 during the second year. Methods: During the first year, mares received 3 doses of vaccine or placebo, IM, at 8, 9, and 10 months of gestation. Serum neutralizing antibody titers were measured before vaccination and 1 and 35 days after foaling. Antibody titers were measured in foals 1, 7, 35, 60, 90, and 120 days after birth. During the second year, mares that had been v...
