Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
The Journal of physiologyFebruary 15, 1995
Volume 483 ( Pt 1), Issue Pt 1 201-209 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020578
Hartmann J, Scepek S, Lindau M.1. We have investigated the granule size distributions in human and horse eosinophils by time-resolved patch-clamp capacitance measurements. 2. During exocytosis of single granules the electrical capacitance of the plasma membrane increases in discrete steps. The steps in horse cells are about six times larger than those in human cells in accordance with the difference in granule size. 3. In both species a multimodal capacitance step size distribution is observed with a first peak at 6-7 fF corresponding to granules with a diameter of about 450-500 nm and a surface area of about 0.7 microns2, ...
Breukink HJ, Eysker M.Now and then cases have been reported where horses died suddenly after intravenous application of Ivomec. Lethal anaphylactic reactions in horses are known to occur incidentially after intravenous application of drug dissolved in propyleneglycol or glycerolformol. Since Ivomec is registered for use in cattle, sheep and pig, its use in horses has to be regarded as 'off label use'. It is concluded that in the treatment of inhibited stages of cyathostomes ivermectin has no effect whether or not it is applied intravenously or orally. Since lethal anaphylactic reactions can occur, intravenous appli...
Hildebrand DP, Burk DL, Maurus R, Ferrer JC, Brayer GD, Mauk AG.The spectroscopic and structural properties of the His93Tyr variant of horse heart myoglobin have been studied to assess the effects of replacing the proximal His residue of this protein with a tyrosyl residue as occurs in catalases from various sources. The variant in the ferric form exhibits electronic spectra that are independent of pH between pH 7 and 10, and it exhibits changes in absorption maxima and intensity that are consistent with a five-coordinate heme iron center at the active site. The EPR spectrum of the variant is that of a high-spin, rhombic system similar to that reported for...
Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD.Confinement of horses with their heads elevated for periods up to 24 hours was used to evaluate the extent and the effects of bacterial contamination of the equine lower respiratory tract. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in bacterial numbers (up to 10(9) colony forming units/mL in transtracheal aspirate derived samples) occurred within 6 or 12 hours in most horses. Pasteurella/Actinobacillus spp and Streptococcus spp were most commonly isolated. Lowering of the head for 30 minutes every 6 hours to facilitate postural drainage did not prevent multiplication of organisms to levels equivalent...
Ladefoged O, Stürup S.A case of copper deficiency or molybdenum toxicosis in cattle, sheep and horses after heavy pollution of a pasture with fly ash is described. If the pastures had not been grazed by cattle and sheep as well as the horses, it would have been difficult to identify the reason for the intoxication in the horses. It is argued that molybdenum intoxication, although seldom seen in non-ruminants, was the cause of the deaths of the horses. It is suggested that the bioavailability of molybdenum in fly ash is high and therefore can cause equine intoxication.
Pelletier N, Leith DE.Thoroughbred horses (TB) have no ventilatory response to added CO2 during near-maximal exercise. To see whether that reflects mechanical limits to ventilation or the control of breathing, we examined the effects of varying inspired O2 fraction (0.16, 0.21, or 0.30) in five normal TB standing quietly and galloping at 10 and 14 m/s on a level treadmill. We measured gas exchange (O2 consumption and CO2 production) and ventilation with a flow-through mask system. We also measured PO2, PCO2, and O2 contents in arterial and mixed venous blood and calculated cardiac output by using the Fick equation....
McDowell KJ, Adams MH, Franklin KM, Baker CB.A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A) RNA obtained from Day 14 nonbred equine endometrium. A cDNA probe for porcine retinol-binding protein (RBP) was used to screen the library, and a complete cDNA sequence (1133 bp, excluding the poly(A) tail) was obtained. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from cycling, nonbred mares at Days 0, 1, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 15 and from pregnant mares at Days 11, 13, 15, and 17 after ovulation (n = 2 mares each day). Endometrial biopsies were also taken from 18 noncycling anestrous mares after the following treatments: C (vehicle control for 1 day, n = 3), ...
van der Woerdt A, Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Strauch SM.Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured, using applanation tonometry, in both eyes of 20 horses after topical application of 0.5% proparacaine to the cornea. Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure central, mid-peripheral, and peripheral corneal thickness (CT) in all 4 quadrants of both eyes of 25 horses. All measurements were repeated after auriculopalpebral nerve block, sedation by IV administration of xylazine, or combination of nerve block and sedation. Mean IOP after topical anesthesia of the cornea was 20.6 +/- 4.7 mm of Hg for the left eye and 20.35 +/- 3.7 mm of Hg for the right eye....
Nishita T, Ohohashi T, Asari M.The concentration of carbonic anhydrase III isoenzyme (CA-III) in serum samples from 216 clinically normal Thoroughbreds was determined by use of an enzyme immunoassay. The concentration range of CA-III was from 16.0 to 254.5 ng/ml (mean, 56.5 +/- 11.9 ng/ml). Significant differences were not detected according to age or sex. To confirm whether serum CA-III concentration was high in horses with muscle disease, serum samples of 11 horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Their serum CA-III concentration was about 56 times (3,136 +/- 2,610 ng/ml) that of healthy...
Schumacher J, Mullen J, Shelby R, Lenz S, Ruffin DC, Kemppainen BW.Duodenitis/proximal jejunitis syndrome (DPJ) is a small intestinal disease of horses that is associated with depression and copious gastric reflux. Since an infectious cause for DPJ remains unsubstantiated, these studies were designed to investigate the possible role of Fusarium moniliforme toxins in this disease. Fusarium moniliforme was isolated by culturing 2 samples of feed that had been fed to horses with clinical signs of DPJ. These isolates (AU 2/3) were subsequently grown concurrently on autoclaved corn and their toxicity evaluated in a feeding trial utilizing horses. Isolates of F mon...
Blunden AS, Smith KC, Binns MM, Zhang L, Gower SM, Mumford JA.Equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) infection was diagnosed as the cause of interstitial pneumonia in a 6-week-old conventionally reared Welsh pony foal, by cocultivation and immunolabelling with specific monoclonal antibodies, EHV-4 specific amplification of viral DNA, and immunohistological examination of infected tissues. The case was novel in that replication of the EHV-4 isolate in endothelial cells and in the synovial epithelium was a feature. Restriction digests of this isolate were compared with those of seven respiratory and one abortigenic EHV-4 isolate, and no differences in restriction pat...
Bechthold I.Cauterization in horses is a painful method to enable the identification of horses. This method is not allowed (section 17 Nr. 2b Tierschutzgesetz, FRG), because recent findings have found a painless method to identify horses.
McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Tengelsen LA.The clinical, virological and serological responses of seven female donkeys (Equus asinus) to inoculation with the KY-84 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV), a strain that causes moderate to severe clinical signs in horses, was investigated. In the donkeys, the only clinical signs observed were fever (mainly 3-9 days after inoculation), mild depression in four animals, and a slight nasal or ocular discharge in three. All of the donkeys became infected with EAV as shown by recovery of the virus for periods of up to 14 days from the nasopharynx and buffy coat and, in three out of four donkeys...
Taylor DS, Pascoe JR, Meagher DM, Honnas CM.The medical records of 50 horses examined because of lacerations of the tendon of the superficial or deep digital flexor muscle were reviewed to determine whether any injury or treatment factors could be associated with outcome. Median age of horses treated was 4.5 years (range, 1.5 years to 15 years), and the median follow-up time was 5 years (range, 1.5 to 16 years) after injury. Horses were considered to have survived if they were alive more than 1 year after injury. Twelve of 16 horses that had 1 or the other tendon transected survived; 13 of 16 horses that had both tendons transected surv...
Kikuchi N, Blakeslee JR, Hiramune T.Plasmid profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from horses were examined. Thirty-nine strains of K. pneumoniae capsular type 1 (K1) isolated from cervical swabs of mares suffering from metritis, and from semen of stallions showed similar plasmid profile patterns, and all strains possessed a 125 megadaltons (Md) plasmid. There was no difference in plasmid profiles between the heavily-encapsulated and the less heavily-encapsulated strains of K. pneumoniae K1. Non-capsulated variants derived from the strains of K1 showed the same plasmid profile pattern as the parent strains. Plasmid profiles...
Monahan CM, Chapman MR, French DD, Klei TR.During a series of dose-titration experiments designed to evaluate the efficacy of moxidectin oral gel against equine gastrointestinal parasites, infection with Onchocerca cervicalis was diagnosed in 25 of 82 ponies prior to treatment. Microfilariae were identified in full-thickness skin biopsies taken from the ventral midline. Treatment with moxidectin in single doses of 300, 400, or 500 micrograms/kg of body weight was 100% effective in eliminating microfilariae from 20 skin biopsies taken 14 days posttreatment, whereas 5 microfilaria-positive ponies in 2 control groups remained positive fol...
Ott EA, Asquith RL.Thirty-three Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse yearlings were used in two experiments (18 in Exp. 1 and 15 in Exp. 2) to determine the influence of trace mineral (TM) supplementation on growth and bone mineral content in young growing horses from 340 to 452 d of age. In each experiment the yearlings were assigned at random within breed and sex outcome groups to one of three treatments. Horses were fed assigned concentrates individually to appetite for two 1.5-h feeding periods, daily and group-fed Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay in drylot paddocks at a rate of 1.0 kg/100 kg BW daily. ...
Schelp C, Böse R, Micha A, Hentrich B.High-titre equine immune sera were used to screen a lambda gt 11 expression library of Babesia equi cDNA fragments. Two cDNA clones which did not cross-hybridize to each other were studied. Both clones hybridized specifically to DNA from B. equi but not to DNA from B. caballi, B. divergens or B. ovis. Recombinant proteins were expressed as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins with apparent molecular weights of 40 kDa and 75 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies directed against the 40 kDa and 75 kDa recombinant proteins detected native antigens of 55 kDa and 50 kDa respectively in crude lysate...
Daugschies A, Epe C.In Lower Saxony approximately 3500 veterinarians were asked to fill in a questionnaire focused on the prevalence of parasitic infections in cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, the preferred control measures and the antiparasitic drugs in use. Although the disappointing low number of only 48 veterinarians that participated in this survey prevented any representative conclusions the following trends were remarkable: gastrointestinal strongyles were the most prevalent parasites in cattle (34.8%), sheep (28.0%), and horses (42.3%). In pigs, ascarids were most often diagnosed (41.9%) followed by the s...
Hanson PD, Markel MD, Vanderby R.We evaluated the single-cycle structural properties for axial compression, torsion, and 4-point bending with a central load applied to the caudal or lateral surface of a diaphyseal segment from the normal adult equine humerus, radius, third metacarpal bone, femur, tibia, and third metatarsal bone. Stiffness values were determined from load-deformation curves for each bone and test mode. Compressive stiffness ranged from a low of 2,690 N/mm for the humerus to a high of 5,670 N/mm for the femur. Torsional stiffness ranged from 558 N.m/rad for the third metacarpal bone to 2,080 N.m/rad for the fe...
Keller H, Grundmann S.X-rays of 205 horses having navicular disease and having been reexamined up to six times are evaluated. For this, the x-rays of each foreleg are evaluated in the dorsopalmar (Oxspring) and lateromedial view. Additionally to changes of the navicular bone, changes of the distal part of the toe are also assessed. Differences can be found in the radiographic process in view of the limitation of vascular foramina and cyst-like lesions. Vascular foramina with sclerotic rim grow less frequent than poorly defined ones and therefore allow for easier prognostication. Cyst-like lesions with sclerotic rim...
van Duijkeren E, Vulto AG, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Kessels BG, van Miert AS, Breukink HJ.In the present study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of a trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine preparation following intravenous administration, administration by nasogastric tube and administration with concentrate were determined in the horse. Eight adult horses were dosed at 1 week intervals in a sequentially designed study at a dose of 5 mg/kg trimethoprim (TMP) and 25 mg/kg sulphachlorpyridazine (SCP) on all occasions. Plasma concentrations of both drugs were measured serially for 48 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters of clinical importance (distribution and elimination half-lives, clearance, bi...
Walker RL, de Peralta TL, Villanueva MR, Snipes KP, Madigan JE, Hird DW, Kasten RW.Isolates of Salmonella choleraesuis serotype ohio (S. ohio) recovered during an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis on a Thoroughbred farm were compared with isolates of the same serotype from various animal, feed and environmental sources. Biochemical profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptibility, plasmid profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping were used to compare relatedness of the strains. A total of 46 outbreak and non-outbreak associated isolates of S. ohio were studied. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptib...
Singh V, Chaudhari SS, Kumar S, Chhabra MB.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi antigens in serum samples of field cases of buffaloes and horses in northern India. In 323 naturally infected/suspected buffaloes, circulating antigenaemia was detected in 180 (55.72%), whereas parasitaemia by wet blood smear examination was found in 62 (19.19%) only. The antigen-ELISA was positive in 47 of the 62 parasitologically proven cases and in 86 of the 116 cases with anti-trypanosome antibodies detected by ELISA. Of the 80 horses examined antigen-ELISA was positive in 45 (56.75%) sera. Th...
Alef M, Oechtering G.Capnography measures carbon dioxide concentration or partial pressure of the respiratory gas continuously and non-invasively. The endtidal value is of great diagnostic value, it corresponds approximately to the arterial value, except for ventilation-perfusion-mismatching (horse), shunting (horse), or increased dead-space-ventilation (panting in the dog). Capnography primarily serves for monitoring of spontaneous and artificial ventilation, it is a reliable method for detecting hypo- and hyperventilation. Because metabolism and circulation influence the amount of carbon dioxide eliminated in th...
Coudry V, Jean D, Desbois C, Tnibar A, Laugier C, George C.Ventricular dysrhythmias are more commonly associated with myocardial disease than are supraventricular dysrhythmias. Management of arrhythmias under general anesthesia is difficult because of the dysrhythmogenic effects of the anesthetic drugs. This report describes a severe ventricular dysrhythmia observed in a pony under general anesthesia, with a severe and old myocardial fibrosis found on postmortem examination. Fibrose du myocarde chez un cheval présentant de la tachycardie ventriculaire polymorphe observée au cours d’une anesthésie générale. Les dysrythmies ventriculaires sont pl...
Spoormakers TJ, Heim C, Vermunt L, Fürst A, Rovel T.To describe clinical and imaging features and surgical treatment of equine mandibular aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) with β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Methods: 3 horses (cases 1, 2, and 3) and 1 pony (case 4) with histologically confirmed ABC. Methods: All cases had mandibular swelling with intact adjacent skin. Cases 1 to 3 had a body condition score of 3/5 and case 4 had 2/5 and showed quidding during mastication and, at oral examination, large interdental spaces and loose elements adjacent to the swelling. Radiography or CT was performed in all cases. In cases 1, 3, and 4, an expansile sept...
Patterson-Kane JC, Bain FT, Donahue JM, Harrison LR.A neonatal Thoroughbred foal was presented with rib fractures and left forelimb lameness secondary to dystocia. Results: The foal developed a head tilt, seizures and watery diarrhoea during hospitalisation and died at 7 days of age. Histological examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed a suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis with vasculitis, and numerous intralesional, gram-negative bacilli. Similar microscopic lesions were noted in the lungs, renal medullary interstitium, and umbilicus. Bacilli in the brain, spinal cord and umbilicus were identified immunohistochemically as Salmonella...
Barker WH, Wright IM.Accurate description of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is lacking and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to undertake morphologic and morphometic evaluations of these structures to assist in elucidating their functional and pathogenic roles in displacement of the SDFT from the calcaneal tuber. Methods: Dissections were performed on 10 normal cadaveric hindlimbs. The anatomy was photographed to allow measurements at repeatable locations and differences in SDFT dimensions at the various locations were compared using a paired student t-test. Results:...
Holland C, Vollrath F, Gill HS.Our comparative study of the knees of horses and cows (paraphrased as highly evolved joggers and as domesticated couch-potatoes, respectively) demonstrates significant differences in the posterior sections of bovine and equine tibial cartilage, which are consistent with specialisation for gait. These insights were possible using a novel analytical measuring technique based on the shearing of small biopsy samples, called dynamic shear analysis. We assert that this technique could provide a powerful new tool to precisely quantify the pathology of osteoarthritis for the medical field.
Riley CB, Cruz AM, Bailey JV, Barber SM, Fretz PB.Many uncomplicated umbilical hernias have been managed successfully in foals by the application of a hernia clamp. Isolated reports of complications following clamp application have led some authors to suggest that it is an unsuitable method of treatment. Little information has been published comparing the complication rates associated with the use of hernia clamps and herniorrhaphy in the treatment of umbilical hernias. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the characteristics of clinical cases of umbilical hernia and to compare the complication rates following these 2 treatme...
Carter BG, Schneider RK, Hardy J, Bramlage LR, Bertone AL.Fractures of the humerus were diagnosed in horses at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Twenty-four horses (44.4%) were destroyed after radiographic assessment (mean age of 5.0 years). Surgical treatment was elected in 13 horses (24.1%, mean age of 0.42 years). Conservative management, consisting of prolonged stall rest, was chosen for 17 horses (31.5%, mean age of 2.2 years). In the surgically treated group, 3 foals (23.1%) all less than 2 months of age at the time of fracture and treated with intramedullary stack pinning, survived and became athletically sound. After con...
Brown CM, Holmes JR.The paper reports observations on the duration of various phases of the cardiac cycle using a bipole ECG record as a time base from which to measure the timing of pressure changes in the chambers of the heart and great vessels. From the findings the likely sequence of mechanical events during the cardiac cycle in the atria and ventricles is described.
Sokół R, Raś-Noryńska M, Michalczyk M, Raś A, Rapacz-Leonard A, Koziatek S.Studies were carried out in year 2014 during the pasture period (from April to October) in Warmia and Mazury Region. Fecal samples were taken from cold- and warmblood horses from individual and agrotouristic farms with the different housing, feeding and pasture- care practices. Total of 512 horses were examined (320 mares, 170 geldings and 22 stallions). In the group of 185 horses from individual farms, 119 animals (64.3%) were infected with gastro-intestinal parasites. Among the 372 horses from agrotouristic farms 169 (51.7%) were infected with parasites. Most of the animals expelled the eggs...
Grünig G, Witschi U, Winder C, Hermann M, von Fellenberg R.Supernatants of equine respiratory secretions enhanced the migration of equine neutrophils into the lower compartments of Boyden chambers. Checkerboard analysis revealed that the neutrophil migration promoting activity (NMPA) of secretion specimens was in great part caused by chemokinesis, irrespective of the neutrophil score of the specimen. The NMPA of respiratory secretions was correlated neither with the neutrophil score of the secretion specimen nor with the severity of the chronic pulmonary disease. Respiratory secretions collected while horses were kept under low dust or under dusty hou...
Grauerholz H.Interrelations between respiration and changes in amplitudes of the QRS-complex of the ECG of horses were investigated. The value of the R-vector and both its components Rx and Ry decrease during inspiration and increase in the expiration phase. It means, that the R-waves in leads from cranial to caudal (y, II, aVF) and from right to left (I) become smaller with inspiration and larger with expiration. The difference of the amplitudes may be important, especially in horses with respiratory problems, so that it has to be noted when evaluating electrocardiograms. For that purpose it is not necess...
Chalmers HJ, Viel L, Caswell JL, Ducharme N.To describe the ultrasonographic changes in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) and cricoarytenoideus lateralis (CAL) muscles of horses before and at various times during the 32 weeks after unilateral neurectomy of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. Methods: 28 healthy Standardbreds. Methods: For each horse, the appearance of the CAD and CAL muscles on the right (neurectomized) and left (control) sides was serially monitored ultrasonographically by percutaneous (CAD and CAL) and transesophageal (CAD) approaches. The ultrasonographic images were assessed to determine the mean pixel intensity...
Carstanjen B, Lepage OM, Hars O, Langlois P, Duboeuf F, Amory H.The purpose of this longitudinal in-field study was to evaluate the influence of exercise, age, and gender on superficial cortical bone of the third metacarpal bone (MC III) in young Thoroughbreds by measuring speed of sound (SOS) values with an axial transmission technique (Omnisense, Sunlight Ltd, Israel). Both MC III of 75 racehorses, 2 to 4 years old, were monitored with SOS measurements in 5- to 7-week intervals during a 9- month physical exercise period. Medical data and training programs (slow gallop, canter, and high-speed work) of each horse were recorded. SOS measurements began befor...
Stoppini R, Gilger BC, Malarkey DE, Ratto A, Brigati G.A Russian jumper horse presented because of an ocular perilimbal conjunctival mass and, on clinical examination, two bilateral conjunctival masses were found, of different size and conformation. Attempts at complete excision of the left eye mass and excisional biopsy of the right eye mass were performed. The left eye mass recurred rapidly, but resolved completely after topical corticosteroid therapy. The two lesions had similar histopathologic features, characterized by focal, chronic, primarily lymphocytic conjunctivitis with follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. Special histopathologic staining t...
Cozzi MC, Valiati P, Longeri M, Ferreira C, Abreu Ferreira S.The Lusitano Horse (LH) originates from Portugal, but is reared worldwide. Since 1994, the University of Milan has routinely tested the LHs bred in Italy for parentage control. This study aims to assess the genetic variability of the LH reared in Italy using 16 microsatellites markers. Moreover, the genetic variability changes over the years in the total population (n.384) and in unrelated horses (n.47) were evaluated. Horses were grouped according to their date of birth (1975-1990, 1991-2000, 2001-2010, 2010-2019). Standard genetic diversity parameters, including observed (Ho) and expected (H...
Hildebrand SV, Howitt GA, Arpin D.Atracurium besylate, a recently developed, intermediate-duration acting, neuromuscular-blocking agent, was given to 15 halothane-anesthetized ponies to produce surgical relaxation (95% to 99% reduction of hoof twitch). All 15 ponies were given 3 injections; 8 of the 15 ponies were given 2 additional injections. Initial dosage of 0.11 +/- 0.01 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) and all subsequent injections of 0.052 mg/kg produced desired relaxation. Paralysis phase (maximum twitch reduction to 10% twitch recovery) lasted 24 +/- 5 minutes for the initial injection. Paralysis from subsequent injections lasted ...
Igel P, Fürst AE, Jackson MA.Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is an increasingly diagnosed degenerative dental disease in aged horses. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of EOTRH in horses admitted to the Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, for dental procedures from 2004 to 2017. A secondary goal was to measure and compare interincisal angles on two-dimensional radiographs of horses with EOTRH to determine whether the interincisal angle is associated with age and severity of the disease. Radiographs were assessed for the presence of lysis and/or...
Lescun TB, Adams SB, Main RP, Nauman EA, Breur GJ. The objectives of this study were to validate a finite element model of the equine distal limb transfixation cast and to determine the effect of six transcortical pin parameters on bone-pin interface (BPI) stresses in the third metacarpal bone. Methods: A transfixation cast finite element model was developed from a computed tomography scan of the third metacarpal bone and modelled pin elements. The model was validated by comparing strain measured around a 6.3-mm transfixation pin in the third metacarpal bone with the finite element model. The pin parameters of diameter, number, location,...
Tsukada T, Kojima AY, Sato K, Moriyoshi M, Koyago M, Sawamukai Y.The concentrations of androstenedione, estradiol-17β, progesterone and PGF2α contained in the follicular fluid produced by the follicles in collected ovaries of mares that have had estrous phase during the breeding season were measured and analyzed the relation between the growth stage of follicles and the hormone levels in the follicular fluid. An ultrasonographic diagnostic instrument was used to measure the diameter of the follicles in order to categorize the follicles into three groups the following: 8 small follicles (from 1.0 to less than1.5 cm), 8 medium follicles (from 1.5 to less th...
Brugmans F, Deegen E.To determine the efficacy of laparoscopic surgical techniques for repair of rectal lacerations in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Thirty-two segments of equine bowel placed in an equine pelvitrainer, 8 equine cadavers, and 3 normal horses. Methods: In experiment 1, 3 laparoscopic intestinal-repair techniques were evaluated in an equine pelvitrainer: suturing with needle holders, with an automatic suture device, and stapling with a hernia stapler. In experiment 2, descending colon lacerations were sutured laparoscopically using needle holders in a pelvitrainer and in equine cadave...
Beelitz P, Gothe R.In this epidemiological study 127 horses from five breeding farms in Upper Bavaria were included. The horses were coproscopically examined in intervals of four weeks over a 16-month period. Since 1992 in all farms regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. In 127 horses at least five species were established, such as Parascaris equorum, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Gasterophilus intestinalis and small strongyles, whose third stage larvae were characterized by eight or twelve intestinal cells. Infections with small strongyles occurred most frequently, followed by G. ...
Lindsell CE, Hilbert BJ, McGill CA.Osteochondrosis dissecans was diagnosed clinically and radiographically in 31 joints of 21 horses. The horses ranged in age from 8 months to 5 years at the time of presentation. The usual age of onset of clinical signs was 18 to 24 months. Presenting complaints included joint effusion and lameness of either gradual or sudden onset. In Thoroughbred horses, the stifle joint was the most common site of lesions and in Standardbred horses lesions occurred more commonly in the hock. In 16 of the 21 horses, the contralateral joint was radiographed and 9 of these horses had bilateral lesions. Thorough...
Magnarelli LA, Van Andel AE, Ijdo JW, Heimer R, Fikrig E.To diagnose granulocytic ehrlichiosis in horses, compare results of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining procedures with those of immunoblot analysis, and compare serologic test findings with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. Methods: 69 horses with high rectal temperatures (> or = 39 C) and lethargy, anorexia, or limb edema. Methods: 43 convalescent serum samples obtained from 38 horses 2 to 18 weeks after onset of illness were analyzed by use of immunoblot procedures and IFA staining methods, using the NCH-1 or BDS ehrlichial strains. Blood samples from 69 acutely ill horse...
Lloyd DR, Rose RJ.Sodium bicarbonate given by nasogastric tube has been used by some trainers as the key ingredient in a 'milkshake'. It has been suggested that such treatment given 3-5 h prior to racing may enhance a horse's racing performance by increasing the blood buffering capacity and enhancing lactate clearance from skeletal muscle, thereby delaying the onset of fatigue. Several experiments were conducted to examine the effects on fluid, electrolyte and acid-base values of 0.5 g kg-1 dose of sodium bicarbonate, were examined. The effects of fasting, the simultaneous administration of glucose (0.5 g kg-1)...
Yamashita J, Oki H, Hasegawa T, Honda T, Nomura T.To investigate the breeding structure in the Japanese Thoroughbred population, we applied a demographic analysis to the populations of foals produced from 1978 to 2005. The migration rate estimated from the proportion of foals produced by imported breeding horses was around 40% over the investigated period. After early 1990s, the migration rate through stallions imported from USA sharply increased. The average generation interval was within range of 10.5-11.5 years. The longer generation interval of Thoroughbred was considered to be a reflection of the fact that Thoroughbred horses begin breed...
