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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
The validity of swimming training for two-year-old thoroughbreds. To investigate the validity of swimming training, the following matters were considered: 1) changes in the performance capacity, 2) changes in the constitution and 3) frequency of locomotor diseases. These were evaluated during a training program including both conventional exercise on a track and swimming. In this study, 24 two-year-old thoroughbred horses were studied, and divided into the following three groups: Group A, trained by only running; Group B, trained by running plus a gradual increase in swimming; Group C, trained by running plus constant swimming. As a result of standardized ex...
Evaluation of laser Doppler flowmetry for measuring coronary band and laminar microcirculatory blood flow in clinically normal horses. Once daily for 3 days, laser Doppler flowmetry was used in 5 healthy, nonsedated adult horses to evaluate coronary band and laminar microcirculatory blood flow (MBF) in both forelimbs. The coronary band had significantly (P < 0.05) higher MBF than did the laminae on the days evaluated. Significant variation in MBF was not found over the 3-day measurement period in any one site. Significant (P < 0.05) variation was found in coronary band MBF among horses. This variation was not observed in laminar MBF. On occlusion of the digital arteries at the level of the fetlock, marked decrease in coronary...
In-situ hybridization for demonstration of equine herpesvirus type 1 DNA in paraffin wax-embedded tissues and its use in horses with disseminated necrotizing myeloencephalitis. The detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in infected cell cultures, and in tissues taken at necropsy, by the in-situ hybridization technique is described. A 4.9 kb Bam HI fragment of EHV-1 vaccine strain RacH was used as a probe after labelling with [alpha-32P] thymidine 5'-triphosphate ([32P]TTP) or digoxigenin-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (dUTP). Both probes specifically detected EHV-1 DNA in either cytospin or paraffin wax-embedded preparations of infected cells. The digoxigenin-labelled probe was further used to examine tissue sections of equine fetuses which had been aborted due...
Examination of the foal. Recent advances in veterinary diagnostics have improved our ability to diagnose and treat foal diseases. However, these advances do not replace the physical examination as the most valuable diagnostic aid available to the equine practitioner. The basic physical examination provides the majority of information needed to make a presumptive diagnosis, provide a direction for ancillary tests, and formulate a plan for emergency therapy if needed.
Expression of functional protease and subviral particles by vaccinia virus containing equine infectious anaemia virus gag and 5′ pol genes. Cells infected with vaccinia viruses expressing the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) gag gene (VGag) or gag plus the 5' pol encoding protease (VGag/PR) were evaluated with monoclonal antibody to a p26 capsid protein linear epitope (QEISKFLTD). Both recombinant viruses expressed Gag precursor protein (55K) whereas only VGag/PR expressed a detectable Gag-Pol fusion protein (82K) with a functional protease, shown by subviral particles containing processed p26. Horses inoculated with VGag/PR produced antibodies reactive with EIAV Gag proteins.
Control of cambendazole-resistant small strongyles (Population S) with oxibendazole in a pony band: an 8 year field test (1984-1992). Studies in a band of ponies harboring Population S benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were initiated in 1974 and have continued for 18 years. Treatment (bimonthly) was with cambendazole for the first 4 years and with oxibendazole (OBZ) for the next 14 years. Data on the first 10 years have been published. The present investigation includes the last 8 years (4 October 1984-11 September 1992), which are the seventh through fourteenth years, of treatment with OBZ. Pre- and posttreatment mean counts of strongyle eggs (epg) and larvae (lpg) per gram of feces were determined biweekly during th...
Effect of time and storage temperature on cholinesterase activity in blood from normal and organophosphorus insecticide-treated horses. Delays between time of sampling and time of testing are common; therefore, the length of time that blood can be stored at various temperatures was evaluated for effects on cholinesterase activity. Six horses were treated with 16 g of trichlorfon per os, 6 horses were treated with 15 g of dichlorvos per os, and 10 horses were untreated controls. The cholinesterase activity in whole blood from each horse was measured using an adaptation of the Ellman colorimetric method. The blood from each horse was then divided into 3 groups and stored at 5 C (refrigerated), 20 C (room temperature), or 38 C (i...
Update on neonatal septicemia. Septicemia is the second most commonly diagnosed problem in the equine neonate, superseded only by the problem of inadequate transfer of maternal antibodies. This article reviews the factors that may put a foal at high risk for developing sepsis, the diagnostic tools used to identify these animals, some of the sequelae of sepsis, and the therapeutic modalities available to the clinician.
Identification of diagnostic antigens for South American Babesia caballi infections. Sera from 60 horses held in breeding herd in Brazil were examined monthly by ELISA, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and Western blot. All foals had maternal antibodies detectable by ELISA and IFAT, and sero-conversion took place between the 2nd and 5th month of age. The 48 and 50 kDa antigens were recognized first in the course of infection. Of 79 sera taken after sero-conversion 78 reacted with the 48 kDa antigen, 76 with the 50 kDa, 50 with the 70 kDa, 54 with the 112 kDa, 72 with the 141 kDa antigen. In general, sera from horses older than 1 year reacted with all 5 diagnostic antige...
Humane destruction of horses with a mixture of quinalbarbitone and cinchocaine. One hundred and-two horses requiring to be euthanased for a variety of reasons were killed by the intravenous injection of a mixture of quinalbarbitone sodium (400 mg/ml) and cinchocaine hydrochloride (25 mg/ml). The dose rates used were 1 ml/10, 15, 20 and 30 kg bodyweight, and the time of injection was varied between 5 and 25 seconds. The average time to collapse from the start of the injection was 34 seconds and the average time to clinical death was 230 seconds. Slow injection (particularly of the low dose rates) and premedication with detomidine resulted in a longer time to collapse (medi...
Alternative modes of polymerization distinguish the subunits of equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase. A comparative study of recombinant 51- and 66-kDa subunits comprising equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase (EIAV RT) is reported. Both polypeptides sedimented as stable homodimers (molecular mass, 102 and 132 kDa, respectively) when analyzed by rate sedimentation through glycerol gradients. Consistent with their dimer composition, each preparation displayed considerable levels of both RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity on different homopolymeric template/primer combinations. However, a detailed analysis of the polymerization products indicated qualitative difference...
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 3 foals. In 2 foals (No. 1 and 2), diagnosis was by histologic evaluation of pulmonary tissue. On retrospective evaluation, P carinii cysts were found on sediment smears of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 1 foal (No. 1). A different foal (No. 3) was diagnosed as having pneumocytosis by finding P carinii cysts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and was treated successfully. Definitive diagnosis of pneumocytosis in animals is usually made at necropsy. However, careful cytologic evaluation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sediment can provide a diagnos...
Selection of quarter horses affected with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis by show judges. Thirty offspring of a Quarter Horse sire, affected by hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP), were examined electromyographically. On the basis of the detection of or lack of spontaneous activity with high frequency myotonic or pseudomyotonic discharges, the horses were diagnosed as being affected (14 horses) or unaffected (16 horses) with HPP. The show performance of these horses was evaluated for the first 3 to 9 years of their life by use of American Quarter Horse Association records. Horses affected with HPP performed significantly (P < 0.01) better in halter classes than did unaffected ...
Formation of sulphmyoglobin during expression of horse heart myoglobin in Escherichia coli. Expression of recombinant horse heart myoglobin in Escherichia coli has been found to result in the production of both native and variable amounts (approximately 16-17% total) of two sulphmyoglobin isomers. The recombinant sulphmyoglobin produced consists primarily of the A and B isomers as identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy with no evidence for production of the C isomer. Conversion of recombinant sulphmyoglobin to the native protein can be achieved by reconstitution with protohaem IX. The possible relationship of this observation to recombinant expression of other heme proteins is discussed.
Transendoscopic electrocautery-induced gastric ulcers as a model for gastric healing studies in ponies. The ponies were apparently healthy and 6-20 months of age. In Study 1, gastric lesions were created by transendoscopic electrocautery in the non-glandular gastric mucosa, adjacent to the margo plicatus in 9 ponies which were then treated with water, 12 mg cimetidine HCl/kg bwt or 18 mg cimetidine HCl/kg bwt per os every 12 h for 35 days. In Study 2, gastric lesions were similarly induced in 9 ponies in the non-glandular mucosa and also in the glandular mucosa just below the non-glandular lesion on the greater curvature of the stomach. The ponies were treated with water, 8 mg cimetidine/kg bwt ...
Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a horse. A 6-year-old Thoroughbred mare had a 7-cm ulcerated mass on the cranial aspect of the left cervical area. Ultrasonography revealed the mass to be < 1 cm thick and composed of small lobules that were filled by material hypoechoic to the surrounding muscle tissues. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass yielded blood, and cytologic examination revealed a few epithelial cells with neoplastic changes. Thoracic radiography revealed an interstitial pattern with several disseminated nodules. A diagnosis of cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with pulmonary metastases was made. The diagnosis was confirmed at necrop...
Evaluation of partial arytenoidectomy as a treatment for equine laryngeal hemiplegia. The efficacy of partial arytenoidectomy was assessed in 6 Standardbred horses, with surgically induced laryngeal hemiplegia, at rest (Period A) and during exercise at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate (Period C) and 75% of maximum heart rate (Period B). Peak expiratory and inspiratory airflow rate (PEF and PIF), and expiratory and inspiratory transupper airway pressure (PUE and PUI) were measured and expiratory and inspiratory impedance (ZE and ZI) were calculated. Simultaneously, tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) were acquired using a respiratory function computer. Indices de...
[Restraint devices for animals–historical and animal welfare aspects]. A historical review is given on the reasons to use restraint measures in animals, their definitions and classifications as well as their mode of action. An attempt is made to give an assessment of these measures according to animal welfare aspects formerly and today. Special emphasis is put on considerations in conformity with the "reasonable reason", as required in the German Animal Welfare Act.
Epidemiologic and immunologic characteristics of Streptococcus equi infection in foals. A 2-phase study was performed to characterize the effects of Streptococcus equi infection in unexposed and previously exposed foals. In phase I, 22 weanling foals involved in a naturally occurring S equi epizootic were studied, along with a comparison group of 11 unexposed foals, matched for age, sex, and breed. Six months later (phase II), an epizootic was experimentally induced in previously exposed and unexposed foals from phase I. The prevalence and duration of clinical signs, the relative risk of developing disease, bacteriologic culture results, hematologic responses, and mucosal and ser...
Effects of neutralization of pregnant mares’ serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) shortly before or at the preovulatory LH surge in PMSG-superovulated heifers on follicular function and development. Normally cyclic heifers (n = 34) received 2500 iu pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) i.m. at day 10 of oestrus, and 15 mg prostaglandin (PG) i.m. at day 12. Thereafter, a monoclonal antibody against PMSG was administered i.v. before (n = 24), at (n = 6) or shortly after (n = 4) the preovulatory LH surge. Peripheral blood concentrations of LH and oestradiol were compared; follicular development was monitored by daily ultrasound scanning; and the numbers of preovulatory-sized follicles and ovulations were counted 96 h after injection of PG following death. Anti-PMSG treatment before the ...
Blood cell deformability in horses with intestinal colic. Hematologic and rheologic variables were examined in a group of 13 horses with intestinal colic and a control group of 6 horses. All horses had been recently transported to the veterinary teaching hospital, and blood samples were obtained during initial examination. There were no significant differences in blood neutrophil count or plasma fibrinogen concentration between the groups, and PCV was significantly increased in horses with intestinal colic. Cell filterability was measured by passing uniform concentrations of blood, erythrocytes, and neutrophils through micropore filters. There were n...
Morphological, histochemical, and myosin isoform analysis of the diaphragm of adult horses, Equus caballus. The horse provides an interesting model for study of the structure and function of the mammalian diaphragm. Multiple regions of diaphragm from seven adult horses were prepared for histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, myosin heavy chain electrophoresis, and native myosin electrophoresis. Two additional adults were dissected to demonstrate myofiber and central tendon morphology and stained for acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate motor endplates. All regions of the adult diaphragm were histochemically characterized by a preponderance of type I fibers with some type IIa fibers. Type IIb fibers wer...
Measurement of gastric emptying of water in foals by impedance epigastrography. Impedance epigastrography was used to measure gastric emptying rates on two occasions in each of three foals. After smoothing of the raw data, emptying of water appeared to obey an exponential model. The mean emptying rate constant (SEM) was 0.171 +/- 0.038 min-1 (mean emptying half time 4.9 +/- 1.0 min).
Alterations in blood viscosity in horses competing in cross country jumping. Packed cell volume and plasma total protein (TP), serum albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glb), and plasma ionized calcium (PCa) concentrations, blood viscosity (BV), and plasma viscosity (PV) were measured in 42 horses at rest and after the cross country jumping phase of a horse trial competition. The BV and PV were determined at 6 shear rates (230, 115, 46, 23, 11.5, 5.75 s-1), using a digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer. A paired t-test was used to determine differences between PCV, TP, Alb, Glb and PCa values at rest and after exercise. The PCV, TP, Alb, and Glb values increased (P...
Equestrian injuries: a five-year review. A retrospective chart review was conducted to define the demographic and injury patterns of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). The setting is a rural/small urban tertiary care center with approximately 40,000 visits per year. All patients presenting to the ED from January 1986 through December 1990 with equestrian-related injuries were enrolled in the study. Measurements included age, sex, mechanism of injury, injury or injuries diagnosed, admission to the hospital, morbidity, and mortality. A total of 142 patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority of injuries occurre...
