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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Macrophage clearance of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone in the horse: effect of ovarian steroids and persistent endometritis. The rate of clearance of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) from blood was measured in mares as an indicator of macrophage function. In three out of four cycling mares, PVP clearance was slower during oestrus than dioestrus. Similarly, administration of oestrogen to four ovariectomised mares tended to depress PVP clearance compared with clearance from the same mares before they received oestrogen. However, the effect of oestrogen was not statistically significant. Mares susceptible to persistent endometritis had rates of PVP clearance which were similar to those of genitally normal mare...
Congenital inguinal hernias associated with a rent in the common vaginal tunic in five foals. Five foals were admitted because of colic that developed within 24 hours after birth. Physical examination revealed swelling from the inguinal region to the cranial aspect of the prepuce. Through the skin overlying the swelling, distended loops of bowel could be palpated. The hernias could be reduced with the foals restrained in dorsal recumbency. Surgical exploration showed the swelling to be an inguinal hernia with small bowel herniation through a rent in the common vaginal tunic. Concurrent rupture of the vaginal tunic should be suspected when a congenital inguinal hernia is associated with...
Use of a monoclonal antibody to evaluate integrity of the plasma membrane of stallion sperm. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm that a monoclonal antibody (F79.3E2; class IgG1 kappa) was specifically localized to an antigen in the acrosomal ground substance of stallion sperm. This antibody was used to develop and validate an indirect immunofluorescent procedure to evaluate integrity of the plasma-acrosomal membranes of stallion sperm. The concept was that primary monoclonal antibody would be "shielded" from its acrosomal antigen by an intact plasma membrane. Conversely, sperm with damaged plasma-acrosomal membranes would exhibit green acrosomal fluorescence when view...
A comparison of enterotomies through the antimesenteric band and the sacculation of the small (descending) colon of ponies. Three pairs of longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the small colon of 10 ponies. Each pair consisted of one enterotomy through the antimesenteric band and one through the sacculation. The ponies were destroyed 96 h after surgery. The enterotomies in the two sites were compared for: speed of surgery, adhesions, bursting wall tension, neovascularisation by micro-angiography, and histological reaction. Enterotomies made through the antimesenteric band were superior because they were quicker to perform, stronger, more accurately apposed, and had less inflammation than those made through th...
Surgical repair of urethral transection in a horse. A recently castrated horse was examined because of preputial and ventral abdominal swelling, prolapse of the preputial fold, and serosanguinous fluid dripping from the external urethral orifice. After a poor response to initial medical management, a urethral laceration was found during exploratory surgery. Half of the ventral portion of the corpus cavernosum penis had been transected. Primary closure was followed by healing without complications.
Equine neutrophil locomotion in response to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The neutrophil is involved in the defence of the mare's uterus against micro-organisms. The ability of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and its growth products to induce shape changes or directional locomotion (chemotaxis) of equine neutrophils was investigated; no effect was found.
Hydrocortisone secretion: production rate and pulse characterization by numerical deconvolution. Based on serial blood sampling over 24 h, hydrocortisone was shown to be secreted episodically in the horse. The purpose of the present experiment was to characterize peaks and troughs by analyzing the instantaneous secretion rate profile obtained by a deconvolution technique rather than from the plasma concentration time profile. Kinetic parameters of hydrocortisone were determined following intravenous bolus and intravenous perfusion of hydrocortisone. Stationary and nonlinearity of hydrocortisone disposition were demonstrated. With the use of clearance values calculated from constant perfus...
Biotransformation of 1-dehydrotestosterone in the equine male castrate: identification of the neutral unconjugated and glucuronic acid conjugated metabolites in horse urine. The in vivo biotransformation of (1,2(n)-3H)1-dehydrotestosterone was studied in three equine male castrates and a number of neutral metabolites were identified in the urinary unconjugated and glucuronic acid conjugate fractions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The metabolites were extracted from aliquots of the 0-24 h urine samples by Amberlite XAD-2 and separated into combined unconjugated plus glucuronic acid conjugated and sulphoconjugated fractions by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronides, the crude neutral unconjugated steroids plus ...
Influence of furosemide treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in horses. Alterations in electrolyte and acid-base balance were studied in 6 horses for 8 hours after furosemide administration (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM), and the results were compared with those for 5 healthy untreated horses (controls) kept under identical environmental conditions. In the treated group, decreases in plasma potassium, chloride, and calcium concentrations and increases in total plasma protein content persisted for the 8-hour observation period, whereas there was no change in plasma sodium concentration, osmolality, or packed cell volume. Plasma bicarbonate concentration and PCO2 rema...
Prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti (Flesch, 1883) and intensity of faecal oocyst output in a herd of horses during a summer grazing season. The prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti infection and the intensity of faecal oocyst output were determined in a herd of 14 mares and their foals in northwest Germany using a sedimentation technique at weekly intervals during a summer grazing season from May to September. None of the mares, but all foals shed oocysts on at least one occasion. The patent periods lasted up to 16 weeks. The mean intensity of oocyst output (0.1-33 o.p.g.) was very low. No clinical signs of gastrointestinal disorder were noticed in any of the foals during this study.
Opsonins in uterine washings influencing in vitro activity of equine neutrophils. Uterine washings were found to promote neutrophil mediated killing of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Depletion of complement and/or specific antibody from the washings significantly reduced bactericidal activity. Phagocytosis of yeast by uterine washings was complement dependent. Inhibition of the classical pathway significantly reduced opsonic activity indicating that, in addition to direct activation via the alternate pathway, antibody may also be involved in yeast phagocytosis.
The nutritional status of pregnant and non-pregnant mares grazing South East Queensland pastures. It has been reported that the increasing nutritional demands from mid to late pregnancy of grazing mares may not be met when these stages of gestation coincide with pastures being affected by frost. It was established in this study that grass/legume pastures could support the nutritional requirements of brood mares by providing digestible energy intakes of 68.0 and 91.7 MJ/day and digestible nitrogen intake of 91.2 and 138 g/day during mid and late pregnancy, respectively.
World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. These guidelines have been designed to assist in the planning, operation and interpretation of studies which would serve to assess the efficacy of drugs against internal parasites of horses. Although the term anthelmintic is used in the title and text, these guidelines include studies on drug efficacy against larvae of horse bot flies, Gasterophilus spp, which are non-helminth parasites commonly occurring in the stomach of horses. The advantages, disadvantages and application of critical and controlled tests are presented. Information is also provided on selection of animals, housing, feed, do...
An immunochemical demonstration of a pregnancy-specific protein in the horse and its use in the serological detection of early pregnancy. Two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis of sera from pregnant and non-pregnant horses, using antisera developed against early pregnant mare serum, revealed the presence of two immunologically related proteins one of which appeared to be specific to the pregnant state. This pregnancy-specific protein had beta 2-electrophoretic mobility and was first detectable at Day 6 after successful mating with a stallion. The second protein had gamma 2-electrophoretic mobility and was present in sera from pregnant and non-pregnant horses. The proteins were termed beta 2-horse pregnancy protein and gam...
Endotoxin-induced procoagulant activity in equine peripheral blood monocytes. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the importance of monocyte procoagulant activity (PCA) in the pathogenesis of coagulopathies in a variety of diseases. Because endotoxin precipitated coagulopathies are common sequelae to intestinal ischemia/endotoxemia in the equine species, we investigated the ability of equine peripheral blood monocytes to express PCA. Monocytes isolated from five healthy adult horses were incubated in vitro with Escherichia coli endotoxin (10 micrograms), and the PCA was measured by the ability of cellular lysates to accelerate the clotting times of equine plasma in a m...
Characteristics of milk ejection, associated intramammary pressure changes and oxytocin release in the mare. The neuroendocrine reflex theory of milk ejection was investigated in the horse under natural suckling conditions. To this end 12 lactating mares were provided with acute jugular catheters and with intramammary pressure (IMP) recording catheters. The foal had free access to the contralateral mammary complex. Intramammary pressure could thus be recorded while blood was drawn simultaneously for oxytocin analysis from the undisturbed animal. Suckling periods associated with a characteristic increase in IMP lasted significantly longer than unsuccessful nursing attempts. Elements of successful suck...
Attempts to prevent equine post neurectomy neuroma formation through retrograde transport of two neurotoxins, doxorubicin and ricin. Digital neurectomies, performed to relieve pain and lameness, are often complicated postoperatively by formation of painful neuromas. In this study attempts were made to deliver lethal doses of neurotoxin to the cell bodies of the transected digital nerve fibres via long-distance retrograde axon transport and, thereby, prevent the regenerative changes that lead to neuroma formation. After applying doxorubicin in various ways to the digital nerve stumps of ponies, degenerating or necrotic neurones appeared only sporadically in the spinal ganglia. Although doxorubicin was largely ineffective in ...
Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials in the horse. Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) were recorded from thoracic and pelvic limbs in 15 horses (13 Thoroughbreds and 2 Quarter Horses). Ulnar nerve SEP were evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral palmar branch of the ulnar nerve at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Recordings were taken between electrodes at 2 cm lateral to the vertex (contralateral to the stimulated limb) and the midpoint of the interorbital line. Four peaks were found in all recordings: N1, P1, N2, and P2. Latencies to the peaks were 39.0 +/- 2.7, 45.5 +/- 5.3, 50.4 +/- 5.2, and 62.3 +/- 3.7 ms (...
Kairi virus identified from a febrile horse in Argentina. A virus isolated from the blood of a febrile horse in Argentina was identified as a strain of Kairi virus. This is the fifth Bunyamwera serogroup virus isolated from livestock and wild animals in the Americas. Bunyamwera serogroup viruses have been isolated from febrile humans in the Americas and Africa.
Equine juvenile mandibular ossifying fibroma. Benign proliferative fibro-osseous lesions of the rostral mandible in six young horses are classified as equine juvenile mandibular ossifying fibroma. Histologically there is a characteristic abrupt transition from subgingival fibroblastic stroma to a zone of proliferating osteoblasts that form irregular spicules of osteoid. The layer of proliferating osteoblasts blends with a deeper zone of bony trabeculae rimmed by osteoblasts and separated by intertrabecular spaces of moderate cellular density. Incomplete surgical excision resulted in local recurrence, while rostral mandibulectomies resulte...
Clinical, histopathological, and immunological responses of ponies to Ehrlichia sennetsu and subsequent Ehrlichia risticii challenge. Ehrlichia risticii has a close antigenic relationship to E. sennetsu. Sera of ponies experimentally infected with E. risticii, the etiologic agent of Potomac horse fever, consistently reacted with E. sennetsu, a human pathogen, in indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) testing, while human E. sennetsu convalescent serum reacted with E. risticii by IFA testing and immunoferritin labeling of cells infected in vitro. Two ponies injected intravenously with live E. sennetsu did no develop clinical illness. Subsequent injection with live E. sennetsu did not develop clinical illness. Subsequent injectio...
Delayed repair of an extensive lip laceration in a colt using an Estlander flap. A vascularized full-thickness Estlander flap was used to repair a defect involving approximately 40% of the left lower lip of a colt. Postoperative problems were (1) providing nutritional support, (2) minimizing movement at the surgical site, and (3) partial wound dehiscence resulting in a salivary fistula. The surgical site healed well and the colt was left with a fully functional and cosmetic lower lip.
Prognostic index for acute abdominal crisis (colic) in horses. Selected physical and laboratory findings in 29 horses with acute abdominal crisis were evaluated retrospectively with a logistic regression equation to predict survival or death. Of 17 variables examined, 2 were found to have good predictive correlation. Serum lactate and packed cell volume had a combined predictive value of 94%. Packed cell volume mean values of 43 and 50%, respectively, differentiated survival from death. Serum lactate values of 28.18 mg/dl and 51.28 mg/dl differentiated survival and death. Analysis of data from a previous study of 36 horses with the logistic regression equ...
The use of intraneural doxorubicin in association with palmar digital neurectomy in 28 horses. Painful neuroma formation after palmar digital neurectomy in the horse is common. Experimentally, injection of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) into the proximal transected nerve stump has been shown to prevent axon sprouting and neuroma formation for up to 5 months. This procedure was used in 28 horses with navicular disease, preexisting painful neuroma, or wing fractures of the distal phalanx. At 1 month, 16 horses had incisional complications. At 1 year, 15 horses were sound. Eight horses were lame, although three were improved. Three horses required a second surgical procedure, two of which became...
