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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Sequence analysis of trinucleotide repeat microsatellites from an enrichment library of the equine genome. Microsatellites are useful tools for the construction of a linkage map and parentage testing of equines, but only a limited number of equine microsatellites have been elucidated. Thus, we constructed the equine genomic library enriched for DNA fragments containing (CAG)n repeats. The enriched method includes hybridization-capture of repeat regions using biotin-conjugated oligonucleotides, nucleotide substrate-biased polymerase reaction with the oligonucleotides and subsequent PCR amplification, because these procedures are useful for the cloning of less abundant trinucleotide microsatellites. ...
Primary nucleotide structure of predominant and alternate splice forms of equine insulin-like growth factor I and their gene expression patterns in tissues. To isolate, clone, and determine primary nucleotide sequence of equine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and to examine IGF-I gene expression in tissues and cartilage from horses. Methods: Horses of various ages. Methods: Total RNA was isolated from tissues and purified. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was derived by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and subcloned to plasmid vectors for sequencing and comparison with other species. Total RNA from various tissues was probed with radiolabeled cDNA or complimentary RNA constructs by use of northern blotting, tube...
Factors associated with time until first race and career duration for Thoroughbred racehorses. To determine whether sex or foaling period were associated with time to first race start and whether sex, age at time of first race start, or inter-race period were associated with career duration for Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia. Methods: 553 Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: Race records through to the end of the 6-year-old racing season were obtained for each horse. Product-limit survival analysis was used to determine whether sex or foaling period was associated with time to first race start and whether sex or age at first race was associated with career duration. A Cox proportiona...
Osteoclastic resorption of equine cranial and postcranial bone in vitro. To address possible differences in the resorbability of cranial and postcranial bone, slices of equine frontal bone and leg (first phalanx or third metacarpus) were seeded with embryonic chick bone cells and cultured for 20-24h. After removing the cells and drying the specimens, the areas and volumes of more than 800 resorption pits in each set were measured using a video-rate reflection confocal microscope system. Relative mineralization densities were determined by quantitative electron backscattering analysis. The mean mineralization density was greater in the leg bone, but the mean depths ...
Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the equine tarsus: normal anatomy. The objective of this study was to define the normal gross anatomic appearance of the adult equine tarsus on a low-field magnetic resonance (MR) image. Six radiographically normal, adult, equine tarsal cadavers were utilized. Using a scanner with a 0.064 Tesla magnet, images were acquired in the sagittal, transverse and dorsal planes for T1-weighted and the sagittal plane for T2-weighted imaging sequences. Anatomic structures on the MR images were identified and compared with cryosections of the imaged limbs. Optimal image planes were identified for the evaluation of articular cartilage, subch...
Cardiorespiratory impact of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME in the exercising horse. To investigate the role of nitric oxide, NO, in facilitating cardiorespiratory function during exercise, five horses ran on a treadmill at speeds that yielded 50, 80 and 100% of peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (V(O(2)) peak) as determined on a maximal incremental test. Each horse underwent one control (C) and one (NO-synthase inhibitor; N(G)-L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 20 mg/kg) trial in randomized order. Pulmonary gas exchange (open flow system), arterial and mixed-venous blood gases, cardiac output (Fick Principle), and pulmonary and systemic conductances were determined. L-NAME red...
Scintigraphic characterization of distal radial physeal closure in young Standardbred racehorses. A longitudinal scintigraphic and radiographic study of distal radial physeal activity in 14 Standardbred trotters was conducted to quantify and visually evaluate physeal uptake around the time of physeal closure. Initial intense 99mTc-HDP uptake was seen, followed by a rapid decrease of activity starting at a mean age of 20 months. Mean physeal to distal diaphyseal ROI and line profile ratios compared to ratios of mature horses decreased from 2.8 to 1.4 at the time of radiographic closure at 24-32 months. Ratios then gradually decreased until values of mature horses were reached at the end of ...
Blood lactate responses to submaximal field exercise tests in thoroughbred horses. The associations between velocity during a standardized, submaximal 800-m exercise test and blood lactate concentration after exercise were investigated in Thoroughbred racehorses on sand and grass racetracks. Predicted lactate concentrations for each horse's exercise test velocity were calculated from the line of best fit derived from results at each racetrack. The repeatability of the differences between the measured and predicted blood lactate response to exercise was also investigated. Exercise tests were conducted at speeds ranging from 12.8 to 16.6 m/s. The variability of velocity within...
Binding of equine infectious anemia virus rev to an exon splicing enhancer mediates alternative splicing and nuclear export of viral mRNAs. In addition to facilitating the nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral mRNAs, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Rev regulates alternative splicing of the third exon of the tat/rev mRNA. In the presence of Rev, this exon of the bicistronic RNA is skipped in a fraction of the spliced mRNAs. In this report, the cis-acting requirements for exon 3 usage were correlated with sequences necessary for Rev binding and transport of incompletely spliced RNA. The presence of a purine-rich exon splicing enhancer (ESE) was required for exon 3 recognition, and the addition of Rev inhibited exon 3 sp...
Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ethyl acetate extracts of equine serum, containing 0-5 microg/ml of hydrocortisone (HYD), dexamethasone (DEX), oxyphenbutazone (OPB), indomethacin (IND), phenylbutazone (PB) and probenecid as internal standard, were evaporated with nitrogen, resuspended in methanol and analyzed by HPLC, using a C-18 column equilibrated with 51:49 acetonitrile-water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, at 1 ml/min. The eluate was monitored at 254 nm. The selectivity (inter-assay C.V.<4%), sensitivity (limits of quantitation of 0.25 microg/ml for HYD, DEX and IND, 0.5 microg/ml for PB and 1 microg/ml for OPB, despite ...
Meiotic competence in horse oocytes: interactions among chromatin configuration, follicle size, cumulus morphology, and season. Horse oocytes were collected from an abattoir over a 15-mo period. After classification of follicle size and cumulus morphology, oocytes were either fixed immediately (0 h) or matured in vitro (24 h). There was no effect of season on the number of antral follicles present on the ovaries, or on oocyte maturation rate for any class of oocyte. The proportion of oocytes having condensed chromatin at 0 h increased with increasing follicle size. The oocyte maturation rate also increased with follicle size, and for follicles </= 20-mm diameter, was higher for oocytes initially having expanded cumu...
Cross-species and intraspecies morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum. A cross-species morphometric study of the corpus callosum was performed in the rat, rabbit, cat, dog, horse, cow and human. Across species, the results indicate a strong, although less than linear, dependency of callosal size on brain weight. This relation tends to lose significance within species. This is consistent with other morphometric studies indicating a tendency to decrease the correlations between morphometric variables in within-species analyses as compared to between-species analyses. There are species differences in the relative size of some callosal segments particularly in the po...
Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill. To determine kinematic movements of the vertebral column of horses during normal locomotion. Methods: 5 Dutch Warmblood horses without apparent lameness or problems associated with the vertebral column. Methods: Kinematics of 8 vertebrae (T6, T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, L5, and S3) and both tuber coxae were determined, using bone-fixated markers. Horses were recorded while walking on a treadmill at a constant speed of 1.6 m/s. Results: Flexion-extension was characterized by 2 periods of extension and flexion during 1 stride cycle, whereas lateral bending and axial rotation were characterized by 1 p...
Association of high-speed exercise with racing injury in thoroughbreds. To determine the association between high-speed exercise and risk of injury while racing among Thoroughbreds in Kentucky. Methods: Matched case-control study. Methods: 206 Thoroughbreds that sustained a musculoskeletal injury while racing and 412 Thoroughbreds that were not injured during the same races. Methods: Data regarding official timed workouts and races and the Beyer's numbers for the 3 races before the race during which injury occurred were extracted from past performance charts and compared between injured horses and control horses. Results: For injured horses, cumulative distance of...
Effect of single bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise and training on equine peripheral blood neutrophil function. The effects of single bouts of moderate (30 to 40 per cent VO(2)max) and high (115 per cent VO(2)max) intensity exercise on equine peripheral blood leucocyte function were evaluated by determining neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity before and after treadmill exercise and training. Prior to all exercise tests, the possible effect of diurnal variation was evaluated in samples obtained from four resting horses. Subsequently eight horses underwent moderate and high intensity exercise protocols and then commenced a 17-week training period. High intensity exercise tests were repeat...
Equine osteoclast-like cells generated in vitro demonstrate similar characteristics to directly isolated mature osteoclasts. We report on novel methods to isolate osteoclasts (OC s) and generate osteoclast-like cells (OCL s) from the bone and bone marrow of the equine femur. OC s were successfully isolated from bone scrapings taken from the endosteal surface of the femurs of three horses. OCL s were generated from bone marrow cells taken from the same animals. The validity of using the formation of OCL s as a method for studying OC differentiation and activity was confirmed by the similar characteristics of these two cells. In particular, they both were multinuclear, expressed the enzyme tartrate resistant acid phos...
