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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Procedure for granulokinetic studies in the horse with chromium-51. A procedure with chromium-51 (51Cr) as the cell label that maintains high-cell viability for studying granulocyte kinetics in horses is described. The procedure combines and modifies several methods for isolating leukocytes and granulocytes for use in the horse when a large volume of labeled cells is required. Also described is an improved technique for measuring granulocyte specific activity in large serial blood samples, using a Ficoll-sedimentation method. The procedure should be useful for determining granulocyte kinetics in the horse, the only major domestic species for which such data ar...
Two equine true hermaphrodites with 64,XX/64,XY and 63,XO/64,XY chimerism. The karyotypes of a Welsh pony and a Standardbred were 64,XX/64,XY and 63,XO/64,XY respectively. Both intersexes were true hermaphrodites with bilateral ovotestes. Neither intersex showed stallion-like behaviour. Each one had an underdeveloped penis, bilateral seminal vesicles and uterine tissue. It would appear that the chimerism in these equine intersexes resulted from double fertilization or fusion of blastocysts. Mosaicism in the Standardbred is a possibility, resulting from loss of a Y chromosome by anaphase lag in an early embryonic XY cell.
The actual cautery — myth and reality in the art of firing. The historical development of "firing" as a treatment for various complaints in animals and man is followed from the first surviving written account by Vegetius (approximately AD 500) to the present day. Changing concepts as to the mechanism of action of the actual cautery are examined in relation to physiological understanding at various times and conflicting views and evident fallacies are discussed. It is of particular interest that firing of "sinewes" (tendons and ligaments) was expressly forbidden until the 18th century. It is concluded that "firing" is an outmoded practice for which ther...
Method for the automation of equine differential leucocyte counts. A technique for automating equine differential leucocyte counts by analysis of volume distribution curves using the Coulter Channelyzer has been developed and evaluated. A comparison between the results obtained by this method and standard microscopic techniques showed good agreement in most cases. Blood samples can be analysed for both differential and total leucocyte counts at a rate of 25/h. For each sample an average 16,000 leucocytes are classified by the Channelyzer. The method of volume analysis is suitable for the precise counting of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosin...
Potential blood supply to muscles in horses and dogs and its relation to athletic ability. A modification of the histochemical reaction to demonstrate myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in skeletal (striated) muscle was used to define the density of capillaries in transverse sections of 3 muscles (semitendinosus, diaphragm, and pectoralis transversus) of horses and dogs. Thoroughbred horses and Greyhound dogs, breeds noted for their speed in running, were compared with other members of their respective species. Thoroughbred cross horses were grouped with non-Thoroughbreds for comparison with Thoroughbreds. The area of muscle supplied by a capillary was remarkably similar in mu...
Effect of calcium and fatty acids on the isolation of stallion spermatozoa in BSA. Fifty ejaculates, ten from each of 5 mature stallions, were utilized to study the effects of calcium and fatty acids on equine spermatozoa which were isolated in 3% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The ejaculates were evaluated for percent motile spermatozoa, rate of forward movement, debris, primary abnormalities and secondary abnormalities. The isolation procedure consisted of layering 2 ml of diluted semen (100 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml) over 6 ml of 3% BSA in 13 x 125 mm columns in a water bath (37 degrees C). After 30 min., the top semen layer and upper half of the BSA layer were withdrawn from a...
Perspectives in perissodactyls. The world-wide foaling rate in the mare is low and in the Hannoverian breed has remained asymptotic at about 50 per cent for over 150 years. In an attempt to discover some of the possible reasons for this low fertility rate, the evolutionary history of the perissodactyls, the odd-toed ungulates, is reviewed here. Of the 156 genera of this order, 152 are in the fossil record; this gives them the highest extermination rate of all the mammal groups. Some of the unusual and unique features of the reproductive physiology of the mare and their possible association with low fertility are considered.
GnRH localization in the equine brain and infundibulum: an immunohistochemical study. Immunohistochemical localization of the decapeptide gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in neural structures in the pony brain and infundibulum (INF) was conducted at the light-microscopic level. This procedure utilized an antiserum generated against GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin. In the rostral INF, GnRH was distributed mainly in the external layer, with greatest concentrations adjacent to the long capillary loops of the hypophyseal portal system. The intermediate portion of the INF contained the hormone throughout the external layer, especially in the dorsolateral regions just ve...
The effect of equine coital exanthema on the fertility of mares covered by stallions exhibiting the clinical disease. The effect on the fertility of mares during two outbreaks of equine coital exanthema have been described. Conception was not prevented, nor was pregnancy terminated in mares showing active lesions of coital exanthema. Normal pregnancy rates occurred in mares served during active infection of the stallions. Origin of the disease was not determined.
[An analysis of stallion fertility based on the number of matings per heat]. The fertility problems were studied in the herd of the English Thoroughbred horse on the Napajedla stud farm. Breeding records for the period from 1880 to 1972 were used as the starting data. The survey comprised 32 stallions. The relationship between fertility and the number of matings was calculated by the chi 2 quantity. The calculated values are highly variable. However, it is generally seen in most of the stallions that the number of matings per heat (i. e. one or several matings) had no significant influence on the pregnancy of mares and on the fertility values of the stallions. A higher...
Studies on the chromosomes and sex chromatin in the horse. This study provides accumulated data to assist the definition of karyotypes from normal and infertile horses. The normal karyotype of the horse (2n = 64) was characterized following Giemsa staining and C- banding, and 23% aneuploidy was found among chromosome counts of cells prepared from 44 clinically normal horses and 24 equine embryos. These expected variations in chromosome counts are especially important in the evaluation of potential mosaicism. Centromere staining was shown to be a valuable aid for the identification of specific chromosomes, in particular the sex chromosomes. Sex chromat...
The cleavage of the Met-Lys bond in a bradykinin derivative by glandular kallikreins. The synthetic tridecapeptide Gly-Leu-Met-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg was used as a model substrate for horse urinary and porcine pancreatic kallikreins. The Met-Lys bond is hydrolyzed selectively by both enzymes. Oxidation of the methionine residue to sulfoxide made the peptide resistant to both kallikreins. Substitution of either the methionine or lysine residues by norleucine led to peptides in which the Nle-Lys or the Met-Nle bonds, respectively, were susceptible to the urinary kallikrein. The esterolytic and Met-Lys bond-splitting activities of both enzymes were inhibited simil...
Growth rates at the extremities of limb bones in young horses. Measurements were made of growth at the extremities of all the long bones of the left limbs of 23 horses between 52 and 104 days of age. Growth rates were more rapid in the younger than in the older animals. Growth was more rapid in the hind limb than in the forelimb. Growth rates were greater for males than in females. Although this age group represents only two of the 60 or so months necessary for maturity to be reached, oxytetracycline bone-labelling produced results which are more precise than measurements obtained by other methods. This study provides a substantial amount of data for an a...
Rapid-scanning spectral evidence for catalytically nonequivalent but interconvertible forms of equine liver alcohol dehydrogenase. These rapid-scanning stopped-flow kinetic studies of the equine liver alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reduction of p-nitrobenzaldehyde by NADH and (4R)-4-deuterio NADH (NADD) under single turnover conditions establish : (1) The reaction is biphasic using NADD as coenzyme, k1 approximately 200 sec-1, k2 = 0.5 sec-1 and the amplitude ratio (A1)/(A1 + A2) approximately equal to 0.5. (2) Each phase of the reaction involves the oxidation of enzyme-bound reduced coenzyme. (3) The recycling of sites in the presence of 20 mM pyrazole is negligible. (4) The rates of E(NAD-pyrazole) complex formation at...
