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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Grassland management for horses. The pasture needs for horses as compared to those for farm livestock are reviewed. The differing preferences of various types of grasses and other plants, and the patterns of grazing seen on"horse-sick" pastures, are discussed. Suggestions for practical management include frequent collection and removal of droppings, the use of grazing by cattle, adequate rest from horses and the application of cattle manure. Methods for controlling weeds and renovating horse-sick paddocks are discussed and compared to ploughing up. Finally, the place of fertilisers is considered for use on pastures for horses...
Morphometric estimation of pulmonary diffusion capacity in two horse lungs. The lungs of two half-bred geldings were fixed in situ by instillation of a glutaraldehyde solution into the airways during deep anaesthesia. The body weight of both animals was 510 kg and their average lung volume about 38 l. Stratified random samples from 22 regions were morphometrically analysed from electron microscopic films. Eighty-six per cent of the total lung volume was gas exchange parenchyma. It contained 26.9 l air space and 5.6 l interalveolar septa which were composed of equal parts of capillaries and tissue. The average alveolar and capillary surface areas were 2457 m2 and 1663 ...
Response of plasma LH and FSH to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pony foals and ovariectomized pony mares. Plasma FSH and LH response to a synthetic GnRH analog was measured in adult ovariectomized pony mares (OVX) and in pony foals (<70 days of age) during late spring (May-June). FSH and LH responded in a similar fashion (200% increase) in the OVX mare, which is different from other reports for intact mares. There was a greater mean response to a comparable dose of GnRH in the prepubertal foal for both FSH (500%) and LH (900%) than in the OVX mare. There was a positive correlation between age and the maximum FSH response to GnRH in male and female foals. The LH response was positively correlate...
Comparison of muscle fiber types from 2-year-old fillies of the Belgian, Standardbred, Thoroughbred, Quarter horse and Welsh breeds. The percentages of three muscle fiber types in the biceps femoris and triceps brachii were determined in five breeds of horses: Belgians, Standardbreds, Thoroughbreds, Quarter Horses and Welsh ponies. Biopsies were taken from the two muscles from each of four 2-year-old untrained fillies of each breed. Percentages of red, white and intermediate fiber types were determined from tissues stained for succinic dehydrogenase activity. Intermediate fibers were the most numerous for all breeds. The difference between red and white fibers varied significantly with breed. Thoroughbreds had the highest p...
Collection of semen from stallions at stud. Semen was collected from 222 stallions of 13 breed or colour types in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. A total of 648 collection attempts were made, using an artificial vagina, during 4 consecutive breeding seasons (1974/5 to 1977/8). Modifications were made to the techniques used by previous workers because collections were made at commercial studs using minimal animal restraint. Of all collection attempts, 621 (96%) were successful, while at least one semen sample was collected from each of 216 stallions (97%). There were no significant relationships between stallion collect...
Evidence for Sarcocystis as the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) was diagnosed in 10 horses. By electron microscopy, schizonts were found in intact host cells of the spinal cords or, more frequently, free in the extracellular spaces. Developmental stages of schizonts differed morphologically, and the late stage of schizogony was characterized by endopolygeny. These findings permitted tentative identification of the protozoon as a Sarcocystis sp. Free merozoites were present in the extracellular spaces or in cells of the spinal cord. Pericytes of capillaries were most frequently parasitized by merozoites were present ...
Maturation of equine epididymal spermatozoa. Spermatozoa from four regions of the epididymis and from ejaculated semen were evaluated for their resistance to cold shock, progressive motility, and structural stability. Spermatozoa were incubated at 38 C and their percentage of eosinophilia was compared with that of spermatozoa cooled to 0 C in 2 minutes, 10 C in 12 minutes, or 4 C in 22 minutes. Spermatozoa motility was estimated visually under phase-contrast microscopy and was recorded by cinematography. Structural stability of spermatozoa incubated in 0.05 M sodium borate buffer, 0.035 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.002 M dithiothrei...
The complete amino acid sequence of horse muscle acylphosphatase. The amino acid sequence of horse muscle acylphosphatase is given in the present paper. The carboxymethylated enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain of 98 amino acid residues with an acetyl group blocking the NH2 terminus and a tyrosine at the COOH terminus. The calculated molecular weight of the native protein, a mixed disulfide with glutathione, is 11,365. The carboxymethylated protein was cleaved by cyanogen bromide. The three expected fragments were purified; moreover, an additional fragment, derived from a partial failure of cleavage at methionine-24, was purified and characterized....
Principles of drug administration in the horse. This paper is an introduction to a series of commissioned articles on therapeutic medicine to be published in Equine Veterinary Journal under differing authorship, during the next 2 years. It presents an account of fundamental concepts common to the use of all drugs and introduces some pharmacokinetic principles to which reference will be made in later articles.
Incidence and morphology of equine and murine chondrocytic cilia. The incidence and structure of equine and murine chondrocytic cilia were studied using serial sections and transmission electron microscopy. Overall, 96% of all equine chondrocytes and 100% of all murine chondrocytes had one cilium. The structure of these cilia included rootlets, basal feet, alar sheets, and an axoneme of nine peripheral doublets which progressively bent and terminated as they coursed towards the tip of the ciliary shaft. Together with the previous studies on neonatal and adult canine chondrocytic cilia, we conclude that the structure and incidence of chondrocytic cilia does n...
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive, quantitative method has been developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine. Thin-layer chromatography is used to screen for the presence of the drug in unknown samples. The TLC screening methods described provide minimum detection limits of 50 ng/mL in plasma and 25 ng/mL in urine. A silica micro chromatography column is used to clean up ethyl acetate extracts for HPLC analysis and mass spectral confirmation. An internal standard, trichloromethiazide, is used to derive quantitative data at concentrations as low as 25 ng/mL for plasma disappearan...
Preliminary studies on the use of an oral progestogen to induce oestrus and ovulation in seasonally anoestrous Thoroughbred mares. Daily oral administration of 30 mg allyl trenbolone (Regumate) for 10 to 15 days to 61 barren, maiden and lactating Thoroughbred mares which were exhibiting either deep anoestrus, shallow anoestrus, prolonged spring oestrus or lactation anoestrus, resulted in 54 mares (88 per cent) showing oestrous behaviour within 8 days, and 51 mares (84 per cent) ovulating within 18 days, after the last dose of compound. Response rate was lowest in mares in deep anoestrus. Of the 38 Regumate-treated mares which were covered during the induced oestrus, 21 (55 per cent) conceived. The practical value of this ...
Identification by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of 4-O-acetyl-9-O-lactyl-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, a new sialic acid from horse submandibular gland. The novel sialic acid 4-O-acetyl-9-O-lactyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid has been identified as a constituent of horse submandibular gland glycoproteins in addition to the already known equine sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 4-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, 4,9-di-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, 4-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid and 9-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The structure has been established by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Peritonitis in horses associated with Actinobacillus equuli. Actinobacillus equuli was the cause of peritonitis in 5 horses. In 3 the onset was sudden with intestinal stasis and acute abdominal pain as predominant findings. Two others presented with chronic disease and weight loss. Characteristically the peritoneal fluid had a high nucleated cell count with non-degenerate neutrophils as the predominant cell type. Four horses were treated and recovered.
Purification and characterization of donkey chorionic gonadotrophin. Serum of the pregnant donkey, like that of the mare, contains a gonadotrophin of chorionic origin. The chorionic gonaditrophin of the donkey (dCG) has been isolated in purified form from the serum of pregnant donkeys using methodology previously employed for the purification of pregnant mare chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). Unlike eCG, dCG is predominatly an LH in biological tests. In the in-vitro rat Leydig cell assay, dCG was as active as eCG, but in the in-vitro rat seminiferous tubule assay for FSH and in the augmentation assay, dCG was considerably less potent than eCG (1-10%). Specific rat...
The effect of varying the temporal distribution of conditioning trials on equine learning behavior. Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying the temporal distrbution of conditioning sessions on equine learning behavior. In the first experiment, 15 ponies were trained to clear a small hurdle in response to a buzzer in order to avoid a mild electric shock. Three treatments were used. One group received 10 learning trials daily, seven times a week; one group was trained in the same fashion two times a week and one group was trained once a week. The animals conditioned only once a week achieved a high level of performance in significantly fewer sessions than the ones conditi...
[The effect of inbreeding on the manifestations of some physiological traits in the Kladrub Black Horse strain]. Inbreeding was used in the regeneration process in the breeding of the Kladrub Black Horse. Inbreeding rate is realized in practice, as related to the manifestation of the selected characteristics of this unique horse population. The evaluation of the effect of inbreeding on conception rate and fertility did not demonstrate any differences between the group of inbred mares and non-inbred mares. The study was conducted in mares used for breeding for 10 years. The results provide evidence that inbreeding causes no depression in this characteristics in the Kladrub Black Horse which would otherwis...
