Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Montgomery PC, Dorrington KJ, Rockey JH.Three independent methods have been used
to determine the molecular weights of the heavyand light-polypeptide chain subunits of equine yGab-,
yGc-, and yT-immunoglobulins. Extensively reduced
and alkylated proteins were filtered through standard
columns of Sephadex G-100 or G-200 in 8 M urea405
M propionic acid. Subunit molecular weights were obtained from the linear elution volume, V,, us. logarithm
molecular weight relationship defined for each column
with rabbit yG-globulin heavy and light chains and
horse heart cytochrome c. Molecular weights also were
determined by equilibrium se...
Guèrand M, Mahla R, Lagneaux D, Amigues Y, Palmer E, Bézard J.Paternity analysis was performed on the DNA of 21 equine embryos collected nonsurgically 10 days after ovulation from known mares, but involving 3 possible sires. After extraction, the DNA of each embryo was typed by radioactive PCR amplification using 10 characterised microsatellites; HMS 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8 (Guérin et al. 1994) and HTG 3, 4, 6 and 10 (Marklund et al. 1994). The 21 dams and 3 sires were genotyped using DNA extracted from blood and amplified by PCR. After electrophoresis and autoradiography of the PCR products of the embryo and parents, the alleles of the embryo were compared...
Hanák J, Chvátal O, Janda J.Sixty seven thoroughbred race horse of various age categories were examined electrocardiographically by bipolar leak-apex of the heart -- withers; length of training corresponded to the age categories. Basic time and voltage criteria of EKG were statistically evaluated according to electrocardiographic curves: TF = 35.1 = %/- 6.82 pulses per min., time P = 0.16 +/- 0.03 sec., PQ = 0.03 +/- 0.04 sec., QRS = 0.12 +/- +/- 0.01 sec., TQc = 0.50 sec., R = 2.83 +/- 0.63 mV, Q = 0.38 +/- 0.31 mV. Repolarization phase of the chamber complex, mainly the T wave, is the most variable component of the who...
Listoni AJ, Arruda I, Maia L, Barberini DJ, Martins I, Vasconcellos FC, Landim-Alvarenga FC.Nanotechnology techniques have a prominent role in the current technical and scientific scene. The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition allows obtaining nanostructures with sophisticated multilayer, using a simple, but versatile technique. This procedure, which is used to coat and functionalize surfaces with nanometer- thick films, has applications in bioengineering, medicine, chemistry, materials and chemical engineering among other areas. Chitosan is a biomaterial, coming from the chitin, a very abundant polymer in nature, which has been recently tested as scaffolds. In this experiment we test th...
Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C.Two simple and rapid LC/MS methods with direct injection analysis were developed and validated for the quantification and identification of hydrocortisone in equine urine using the same sample preparation but different mass spectrometric systems: ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The main advantage of the proposed methodology is the minimal sample preparation procedure, as particle-free diluted urine samples were directly injected into both LC/MS systems. Desonide was used as internal standard (IS). The linear range was 0.25-2.5 microg ml(-1) for...
Degueurce C, Chateau H, Pasqui-Boutard V, Pourcelot P, Audigié F, Crevier-Denoix N, Jerbi H, Geiger D, Denoix JM.A method is detailed allowing the computation of three-dimensional (3D) joint angles. Each joint of the equine digit is modelled as a sequence of three single axis rotary joints. The Joint Coordinate System was used; it involves a specific sequence of cardanic angles. The decomposition of the angles was chosen so that the three elementary angles coincide with the flexion/extension, passive abduction/adduction and lateral/medial rotations. The algorithms and kinematic procedures were described for the equine front digital joints. This method was tested in vitro on four forelimbs. For each limb,...
Akkus T, Korkmaz Ö, Emre B, Zonturlu AK, Yaprakci Ö.This study was carried out to determine the time-dependent changes in the ultrasonographic image of the ovary with computer-assisted analysis programs at certain intervals after ovulation and to determine whether computer-assisted analysis programs and ovulation programs can be managed in cases where the ovulation time is unknown. The study included 40 purebred Arab mares. The study was subdivided into 4 different time periods of 6 (Group 1), 12 (Group 2), 18 (Group 3) and 24 (Group 4) hours following ovulation. In addition, after ovulation and ultrasonographic examination, natural inseminatio...
Butudom P, Foreman JH, Kline KH, Whittem EL.Some methods of lactate (LA) measurement have not been validated appropriately for use in horses. Objective: To validate 2 LA analysers (YSI 2300 Stat Plus and TDx Lactic Acid Assay) for use with equine plasma and to compare plasma [LA] determined by the 2 methods. Methods: Both instruments were evaluated for linearity, parallelism, recovery and precision using serial dilutions of standard LA solutions and equine plasma and then comparing results with linear regression or paired t tests. Plasma [LA] results were compared in 275 blood samples collected from horses exercising at various intensit...
Yu DT, Gale RP, Kacena A, Pearson CM.Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and horse red blood cells could be promoted by a low pH medium, overnight incubation and a temperature of 4 degrees C. The percent of sheep, horse and human rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood were 71.7 +/- 1.8, 30.5 +/- 2.8 and 28.3 +/- 3.4 respectively. However, their percentages in thymuses were 97.1 +/- 1.1, 91.4 +/- 2.4 and 89.0 +/- 3.4. Using preparations of isolated subpopulations, it was observed that the horse and human red cell rosette-forming cells were probably also "early" sheep red cell rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation...
Horteloup MP, Threlfall WR, Funk JA.The horse early conception factor (ECF) test is designed for qualitative determination of the ECF glycoprotein in the mare that has conceived. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance of the horse ECF test for the detection of the non-pregnant mare, and to determine the agreement among subjects or "readers" regarding the interpretation of the test. Blood samples from 60 mares were collected on Days 0, 5, 8, 11 and 18 following ovulation. Pregnancy status diagnosed with the ECF test was compared (2 x 2 table) to pregnancy status diagnosed by palpation per rectum and ultras...
Karatt TK, Sathiq MA, Laya S, Philip M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB.An effective alternative to testosterone therapy is selective androgen receptor modulators, a class of compounds that has a tissue-specific effect on muscle and bone. These drugs, which enhance performance, pose a severe abuse risk in competitive sports. GLPG0492 is one of the selective androgen receptor modulators discovered in recent decades. This compound has a unique tissue-specific action for muscle and bone against steroid receptors and acts as a partial agonist for androgen receptors. This study examined GLPG0492 and its metabolites in vitro using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromat...
Cheng HW, Chik TK, Weir J, Chan BP.Damage to the hyaline cartilage of the joint surface and osteochondral fractures are key factors leading to the development of osteoarthritis in racehorses, representing a significant cause of racehorse retirement. To tissue-engineer an osteochondral unit that is suitable for joint repair, incorporation of a zone of calcified cartilage should be considered so as to mimic itscounterpart. To date, equine mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) have been reported to have multilineage differentiation potential. Yet the generation of a zone of calcified cartilage using eMSCs has not been reported. This work...
Riley CB, Jenvey CJ, Baker FJ, Corripio A. To determine if an ELISA for measurement of IgA in equine serum could be used to measure concentrations of IgA in foal faeces and to determine correlations with concentrations in the milk of the dam. Faeces from 20 Welsh Cob and Welsh Pony foals and milk from their dams were collected within 12 hours (Day 0) and at 6 days after parturition (Day 6). On Day 6, faeces could not be collected from 2/20 foals, and milk samples could not be collected from 3/20 mares. An equine IgA ELISA validated for serum and plasma was used to measure concentrations of IgA in all samples in triplicate. The preci...
Divers TJ, Radcliffe RM, Cook VL, Bookbinder LC, Hurcombe SDA.Blood products, crystalloids, and colloid fluids are used in the medical treatment of severe hemorrhage in horses with a goal of providing sufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs. The fluid treatments for hemorrhage will vary depending upon severity and duration and whether hemorrhage is controlled or uncontrolled. Methods: With acute and severe controlled hemorrhage, treatment is focused on rapidly increasing perfusion pressure and blood flow to vital organs. This can most easily be accomplished in field cases by the administration of hypertonic saline. If isotonic crystallo...
Curtis S, Ferguson DW, Luikart R, Ovnicek G.Several of the technical approaches applied to the foot overlap with regard to intent. Frog or solar support, for example, may be provided either to stabilize the distal phalanx within the hoof capsule or in an effort to unload regional pain arising from the solar surface of the foot. It is likewise obvious that some techniques such as lowering the heels to achieve phalangeal realignment and raising the heels to relieve deep digital flexor tendon tension are contradictory. In these instances, it is not that one technique is always correct but that differences exist among horses. Currently, it ...
McDowell KJ, Adams MH, Williams NM.Proteins synthesized and released in vitro by oviducts collected from horse mares during estrus and at day 4 after ovulation for bred and nonbred mares were examined by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D SDS PAGE) and fluorography. Ampullary and isthmic regions both produced a wide array of nondialyzable proteins in culture. Major proteins or groups of proteins identified according to relative molecular weight (kDa) and apparent isoelectric point (pI) were at 100 kDa, pI 8; 100-200 kDa, pI 6; 150 kDa, pI 4.5; 60-100 kDa, pI 4; and an array of polypep...
Johnson L.A new approach to quantification of Sertoli cells is described. The number of Sertoli cells per testis was calculated from the number of spermatids per testis, the number of spermatids per Sertoli cell apex, and the correction for the lifespan of spermatids enumerated per testis. To evaluate this method under different physiological conditions, testes from 28 adult (4-20-year) stallions obtained in the nonbreeding season (December-January) and from 28 adult stallions in the breeding season (June-July) were compared. Number of Sertoli cells per gram parenchyma was similar between seasons. Howev...
Sod GA, Martin GS.To compare the biomechanical properties of a prototype intramedullary pin-plate (IMPP) implant specifically designed for equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthrodesis with a dynamic compression plate (DCP) system. Methods: In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine forelimbs with a simulated traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus, stabilized by one of two methods for MCP arthrodesis. Methods: Twenty-one pairs of adult equine cadaveric forelimbs. Methods: Each forelimb had the distal sesamoidean ligaments severed to create a disrupted suspensory apparatus. For each forel...
Pomorska-Zniszczyńska A, Szczepanik MP, Kalisz G, Adamczyk N, Tarach M, Sobuś M, Abramowicz B.Videodermoscopic examinations have only recently started to be used in veterinary medicine and usually involve a small group of animals. The aim of this study was to compare specific dermoscopic parameters in selected areas of the body of Arabian horses in the summer and winter seasons. The research was conducted between 2018-2019. The procedure was performed on the left side of the horse's body in seven areas: head, neck, chest, flank, rump, mane, and tail. 42 purebred Arabian horses aged 1-25 (median), 39 mares and 3 stallions were qualified for the study. An Italian Video-Dermascope 7 (Medi...
Kramer KJ, Kagan IA, Lawrence LM, Goff BM, Smith SR.An excess of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) can present a risk for horses prone to pasture-associated laminitis or some other metabolic conditions. Determining WSC concentrations in commonly grazed cool-season grasses, at different times of day and under different fertilization treatments, can help optimize grazing times and management strategies. The goals of this study were to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration curve for WSC and to apply it to four cool-season grass species. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass (10 cultiva...
Gowen RR, Lengel JG.The control of drug use in performance horses and the policing of rules and regulations to prevent unauthorized drug use are important tasks for agencies overseeing equestrian events. This article describes the roles of the American Horse Shows Association, the Federation Equestre Internationale, and the Association of Racing Commissioners International, Inc, in the policing of drug use in horses competing in events under their control.
Canisso IF, Ellerbrock RE, Wilkins PA.An 18-hour-old colt was presented for abdominal discomfort, preputial swelling, and frequent posturing to urinate. Examination of the scrotum confirmed 2 testes and no scrotal or inguinal hernia. Transabdominal ultrasound identified a distended bladder and no free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Inspection of the preputial cavity revealed that the internal lamina of the prepuce was mostly attached to the glans penis. The preputial cavity was lubricated and manual traction was applied to detach the internal lamina of the prepuce from the glans penis. The colt urinated spontaneously 1 hour after...
Burns SJ, Irvine CH, Amoss MS.This study was undertaken to determine if fertility could be improved by increasing the interval from foaling to breeding. Forty-two mares, not bred during normal post-partum oestrus, were injected with a prostaglandin analogue on Day 6 or 7 following ovulation. Mares were mated artifically with antibiotic-treated semen during the resulting oestrus and, if necessary, for the following 4 cycles. Their fertility was compared, by cycles/pregnancy and rate of fetal loss, to mares bred by the same methods on 86 normal post-partum oestrous periods. The interval from foaling to the onset of breeding ...
Colborne GR, Lanovaz JL, Sprigings EJ, Schamhardt HC, Clayton HM.A method is described for the estimation of segmental powers and power flow during the stance phase in the equine forelimb, to demonstrate the sources and paths of energy flow through the limb segments. S-VHS video and force platform data were collected for 5 walking trials in a sound Dutch Warmblood horse. Two camera views were combined using direct linear transformation and the resultant sagittal plane positional and angular data used together with the vertical and cranio-caudal ground reaction forces to calculate moments about the ends of the 4 lowermost segments of the forelimb, and the re...
McKeever KH.This article has presented information on the importance of the sympathetic nervous system in the response to exercise. The authors have reviewed the very limited information on the effects of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs on exercise performance in the horse. Most of these drugs are specifically prohibited under the rules of racing, and they have significant side effects that either decrease performance or make their use dangerous to both the horse and horse-man. Additionally, all of these drugs or their metabolites are readily detected by current drug testing protocols. Further inf...
Ralston SL, Baile CA.The hypothesis that changes in blood glucose concentrations and(or) utilization rate affect feeding behavior in ponies was tested. Ponies (n = 4) were fasted for 4 h, then given iv injections of 50% glucose [.2 g glucose/BW.75 kg (low dose, LD) or 1.0 g glucose/BW.75 kg (high dose, HD)] or an equal volume of normal saline (HDS; LDS) 5 min before being allowed access to pelleted feed. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals pre- and post-treatment and analyzed for plasma glucose (PG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon concentrations. All glucose-treated animals immediately ate mea...
Ruiz L, Echegaray A, Lafuente A.The aim of this study was the optimization of the sperm freezing protocols for the Pure Breed Andalusian Horse (AH) stallions. The study was performed in 84 ejaculates from 14 stallions (6 ejaculates per stallion). We examined the effect of individual stallion, centrifugal force and centrifugation extender on post-thaw sperm quality. Neither centrifugal force nor centrifugal extender had any significant effect on post-centrifugation or post-thawing sperm quality. Stallion was the principal source of variation in our experiments, showing individual significant differences (p < 0.05) in all para...
Thomason JJ, Bignell WW, Sears W.The relative contribution of a number of random and fixed variables to variation in surface strain magnitudes on the hoof capsule was assessed for healthy feet under normal conditions. Principal strains were recorded in vivo from 5 rosette gauges glued around the circumference of the right forefeet of 4 horses on 4 occasions over a 9 month period. Recordings were made at every other trimming and reshoeing. During each session, gauges were positioned with a template for repeatability. Strains were recorded at the trot and canter (at consistent speeds), for straight motion and turns, and before ...
Hayden LR, Stoker AM, Johnson PJ, McCracken MJ.To determine the following: (1) whether an irrigation solution that is hyperosmolar (HYPER) relative to synovial fluid decreases tissue extravasation during an arthroscopic protocol when compared to a relatively hypoosmolar solution, (2) the safety of a HYPER solution based on viability of joint tissues following joint irrigation, and (3) if the use of a HYPER solution decreases water content in stifle joint tissue. Methods: 8 adult horses. Methods: A prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed to compare lactated Ringer's solution (LRS; 273 mOsm/L) and a HYPER (600 mOsm/L)...
Wessel MT, Ball BA.Osmotic stress is an important component of the damage to spermatozoa during cryopreservation. Osmotic injury, due to hyperosmolar freezing extenders, changes in relative solute concentration in the extra cellular medium during freezing and differences in the relative permeabilities of penetrating cryoprotectants, such as glycerol, and water occur when cryopreserved spermatozoa are diluted into isosmotic media or when spermatozoa are placed in the female reproductive tract. The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate the effect of step-wise dilution for the removal of the permeating...
Cunha Dos Santos FC, Morrell JM, Nunes MM, Nogueira CE, Curcio BR, Malschitzky E.Epididymal sperm cryopreservation represents the ultimate option to preserve spermatozoa of valuable stallions. Objective: The study aims to evalute whether single layer centrifugation (SLC) prior to cryopreservation or after post-thawing improves the quality of stallion epididymal sperm. Methods: Epididymal sperms of stallions were harvested (N=20). Sperm samples were subjected to treatments: conventional centrifugation, SLC prior to cryopreservation (SLC-PC) or SLC post-thaw (SLC+). All samples were cryopreserved, thawed and evaluated. SLC+ were thawed, single layer cenrifuged and resuspende...
