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Topic:Equine Studies
Equine Studies encompasses the scientific exploration and analysis of various aspects related to horses, including their physiology, behavior, genetics, nutrition, and management. This interdisciplinary field integrates knowledge from veterinary medicine, animal science, and equine management to enhance understanding of horse health and welfare. Topics within equine studies often include the study of equine anatomy, disease prevention, breeding practices, and performance optimization. Researchers and scholars contribute to this field by conducting experiments, field studies, and reviews that provide insights into improving equine care and management practices. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate diverse areas within equine studies, offering comprehensive insights into the complexities of horse biology and management.
Equine whole saliva: variability of some major constituents. Whole saliva was collected from six horses over a period of five weeks in sufficient volume for the analysis of 10 constituents. There was considerable variation in the concentration of the analytes both between horses and between different days in the same horse. The most variable constituent was sodium, and the least variable was glucose, but this was derived from the sweet used to stimulate salivation. The use of whole saliva as a fluid for investigation would depend on achieving the minimum variability possible.
Arthroscopic anatomy of the intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of the horse. Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine intercarpal and radiocarpal joints was documented in six cadaver limbs and on observations made during surgical treatment of horses with carpal osteochondral fractures. Instrument positions and arthroscopic visualisation were recorded. The cadaver limbs were dissected and iatrogenic lesions recorded. A single arthroscopic portal examination was adequate in both joints; however, a second arthroscopic portal improved visualisation. The intercarpal joint was more easily examined than the radiocarpal joint because of anatomical differences. Iatrogenic lesions wer...
Effects of exercise and level of dietary protein on digestive function in horses. Rates of passage of fluid and particulate digesta markers and apparent digestibility estimated by three methods were compared in yearling horses fed high (14 per cent) or low (8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). Mean retention times (MRT) of the fluid marker (51Cr-EDTA) were shorter than those of the particulate marker (ruthenium-phenanthroline). There were no significant effects of dietary protein level on passage of either marker or on apparent digestibility of dry matter. Exercise increased voluntary feed intake and ap...
The development of the canadian veterinary profession. A proposal for the development of Canadian veterinary education and of the organization of the profession is described. There should be one veterinary school with four branches (the current colleges). A student would train at any college in comparative medicine for two and one-half years and then train for 12 months or more in a specialty taught at one or more colleges. These specialties are general veterinary practice, poultry practice, public health and regulatory medicine, ruminant practice, swine practice, equine practice, small animal practice, fish medicine, fur-bearing and exotic animal...
Neonatal ophthalmology. This discussion of normal and abnormal findings on routine ophthalmic examination of the foal should prove useful to the equine practitioner who must provide counsel to the concerned owner and/or breeder. Early diagnosis and treatment of ocular abnormalities improve the prognosis for continued function and aid determination of the significance of lesions observed in later life.
Community people-pet programs that work. Excellent models exist for people-pet programs in institutions and in the community. Veterinarians should assess the needs of their local communities and adapt a model program to fit these needs.
Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation of bone healing in the horse: in vivo study with a Salter type IV osteotomy model with stainless steel surface electrodes. The use of capacitively coupled low-voltage signals for stimulation of osteogenesis has been reported in a variety of animal models. Electrically induced osteogenesis was investigated with a capacitively coupled electric field on a radius (distal-lateral orientation) osteotomy model, in conjunction with internal fixation and postoperative loading. Twelve adult horses of either sex were allotted to 2 groups of 6; 1 group was given electrical stimulation and the other served as controls. A low-voltage high-frequency capacitively coupled electrical signal was locally and continuously applied to t...
Force development during sustained locomotion: a determinant of gait, speed and metabolic power. This paper develops three simple ideas about force development during sustained locomotion which provide some insights into the mechanisms that determine why animals change gait, how fast they can run, and how much metabolic energy they consume. The first idea is that the alternate stretch-shorten pattern of activity of the muscles involved in locomotion allows muscle-tendon units to function as springs, affecting the amount of force a given cross-sectional area of muscle develops, and the metabolic requirements of the muscles for force development. Animals select speeds and stride frequencies...
Assignment of foal paternity when a mare is bred to two stallions. Accuracy of assigning foal paternity to the second serving stallion for foals whose dams had been bred to two stallions within an interval of 1 to 45 days was investigated using breeding dates from 108 equine paternity cases solved by blood typing. One hundred two of the foals were sired by the second stallion but six foals (5.5%) were excluded as being by the second sires. Thus, breeding dates are not reliable as a sole source of information to assign equine paternity accurately.
Effect of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on sexual and aggressive behavior in male horses. Males horses castrated prepubertally occasionally display stallion-like sexual and aggressive behavior as adults. A retrospective survey of 140 horse owners was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on objectionable sexual and aggressive behavior. Of 94 geldings that had been castrated prepubertally (before 2 years of age), 20% to 30% displayed stallion-like sexual behavior and aggression toward horses, and 5% were aggressive toward people in a stallion-like manner. This occurrence of problem behavior was not significantly different from the occu...
Social facilitation of feeding and time budgets in stabled ponies. Eight pairs of pony mares were observed. Members of a pair were housed in adjacent stalls and fed hay ad libitum. The behavior of both ponies was recorded simultaneously in the morning (1000 to 1200 h) and afternoon (1400 to 1600 h) for a total of 117 h. The time budget was: 70.1 +/- 8.6% eating; 17.8 +/- 7.4% standing (including stand rest, stand alert and stand nonalert); 5.2 +/- 7.0% pushing hay; 2.9 +/- 1.2% walking; 1.9 +/- 2.9% drinking; 1.3 +/- 1.1% self-grooming; .2 +/- .3% defecating; .06 +/- .1% chewing nonfood items; .06 +/- .03% urination; .06 +/- .1% licking salt; .07 +/- .1% pawi...
Distribution of enzymes of purine metabolism in lymphocytes of horse, Equus caballus. A microassay requiring as few as 2 X 10(5) cells per assay was developed for systematic analysis of 9 purine enzymes in lymphocytes from equine peripheral blood, spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow. The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), adenosine kinase (AK), deoxyadenosine kinase (dAK), deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), 5'-nucleotidase (5'-N), AMP deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) were measured by this microassay in lymphocytes from peripheral blood from four ...
Blood group and protein polymorphism gene frequencies for seven breeds of horses in the United States. Gene frequencies at 20 blood group and protein polymorphism loci (A, C, D, K, P, Q, U, Al, Tf, Pi, Xk, Es, Gc, PGD, CA, Cat, PGM, AP, Hb and PHI) are given for seven horse breeds in the United States (Thoroughbred, Arabian, Standardbred, Morgan, Quarter Horse, Paso Fino and Peruvian Paso). These data are used to calculate that the battery of tests is at least 96% effective for recognizing incorrect paternity in these breeds. In addition to paternity testing, these tests can be applied to studies of breed relationships.
[Electrocardiography in the horse (1). Principles and normal picture]. The physiological and technical basis of the electrocardiography are shortly explained. The electrodes used for the recording of bipolare thoracal leads, their fixation on the horse, the practical procedure of a ECG-recording, its appearance and variation are described and illustrated. A recommendation for a systematic evaluation and interpretation is being proposed.
Feed preferences of ponies. Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatl...
Standardised terminology for the description and analysis of equine locomotion. Terminology for the analysis of equine locomotion is reviewed and the most appropriate terms selected for use by research workers in this field. Each cycle of limb movement comprises a stance phase, when the hoof is in contact with the ground, alternating with a swing phase. The stance phase is subdivided at the mid-stance position into an initial decelerative phase followed by a propulsive phase. When the stance phases of different limbs occur concurrently, the term overlap refers to the duration of simultaneous ground contact. Single support is the term used to describe the phase when the li...
