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Topic:Equine Studies
Equine Studies encompasses the scientific exploration and analysis of various aspects related to horses, including their physiology, behavior, genetics, nutrition, and management. This interdisciplinary field integrates knowledge from veterinary medicine, animal science, and equine management to enhance understanding of horse health and welfare. Topics within equine studies often include the study of equine anatomy, disease prevention, breeding practices, and performance optimization. Researchers and scholars contribute to this field by conducting experiments, field studies, and reviews that provide insights into improving equine care and management practices. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate diverse areas within equine studies, offering comprehensive insights into the complexities of horse biology and management.
An energetic basis of equine performance. Although different physiological and behavioural attributes are needed for various types of equine competition, successful racing depends primarily on the animal's metabolic ability to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy--the function of muscle. Components of these energetic processes include the rate, efficiency and interaction of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in muscle and the supply and utilisation of fuel. In anaerobic work like racing, fatigue processes may be largely regarded as a function of an intramuscular fuel (phosphogen) depletion, despite the fact that substrates are s...
A review of research on equine locomotion and biomechanics. A review of the literature about equine locomotion and biomechanics is presented to summarise available knowledge and provide perspective to current and proposed research programmes. It is evident that much past research has failed to provide sufficient information on basic principles of these two disciplines and that information is now required before progress can be made on more applied research topics. However, useful contributions have been made in gait typology, analysis of racetrack surface and design and limb kinetics, kinematics and coordination.
Kinematics of the equine thoracolumbar spine. At least three types of movement take place in the joint complexes of the equine thoracolumbar spine: dorsoventral flexion and extension, axial rotation and lateral bending. Using the standard right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, these movements may be defined as rotation about the x, y and z axes respectively. Except in cases of intervertebral fusion, all three types of movement occur in each joint complex of the equine back. The greatest amount of dorsoventral movement takes place at the lumbosacral and the first thoracic intervertebral joints. The greatest amount of axial rotation and ...
Plasma cortisol variations induced in the stallion by mating. Plasma cortisol variations have been determined by radioimmunoassay in 5 stallions during mating and in 2 teasers during oestrous female exposure. In all the animals, cortisol plasma levels consistently increase (71.1 ng/ml vs 44.0 and 63.0 ng/ml vs 35.1, in the stallions and in the teasers, respectively) 7-30 min after female exposure; 120 min after exposure, cortisol concentrations are again low.
[Economic importance of protecting draft horses used in forestry against blood-sucking dipterous insects]. The adverse effect of blood-sucking dipterous insects (gadflies, gnats, black flies, midges) was determined and checked, as exerted on the working performance of draft horses working in forests; the possibilities of protecting horses with repellents were studied at the same time. The trial was conducted under field conditions in the territory of the Broumov Forest Establishment in the Náchod and Trutnov districts. A 10% water emulsion of the repellent, diethyltoluamide, was used; the horses were treated with the emulsion in a 24-hour interval. Over the seventy working days from the 1st of Jul...
Marker characteristics of Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains isolated before and after epidemics and equine epizootics in Middle America. Ninety-four strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus isolated from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Middle American countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras were examined for the presence of virions with marker characteristics of strains that cause large epidemics and equine epizootics. Thirty-four strains came from before and 60 strains came from after the Middle American epidemics and equine epizootics of 1966 and 1969-1972. Twenty-three virion clones that resembled epizootic strains by hydroxylapatite chromatography and Vero monkey kidney cell plaque size determinations wer...
[Dynamics of the functional, biochemical and hormonal indices of racehorses]. Parallel physiologic, biochemical, and hormonal investigations of racehorses were carried out within the time period of a training cycle. The changes found in the physiologic and biochemical indices were said to be in a general relationship with the amount of physical training of the animals, at the same time reflecting some seasonal variations. The changes in the level of T-4 and cortisol were found to be in direct relationship with the continuation of training.
Sound speed in pulmonary parenchyma. The time it takes audible sound waves to travel across a lobe of excised horse lung was measured. Sound speed, which is the slope in the relationship between transit time and distance across the lobe, was estimated by linear regression analysis. Sound-speed estimates for air-filled lungs varied between 25 and 70 m/s, depending on lung volume. These speeds are less than 5% of sound speed in tissue and less than 20% of sound speed in air. Filling the lung with helium or sulfur hexafluoride, whose free-field sound speeds are 970 and 140 m/s, respectively, changed sound speed +/- 10% relative to a...
Geometric properties of equine metacarpi. Paired equine metacarpals were harvested, cleaned and sectioned transversely every 20 mm, and the bone geometry analyzed with a computer program. The cross-sectional area is largest in the middle third of the bone, and tapers off at either end. The principal axes are typically within 15 degrees of the anatomical axis, with the distal end rotated internally relative to the proximal end. At midshafts the bending stiffness in the antero-posterior plane is about 2/3 of the stiffness in the medio-lateral plane. The torsional stiffness is highest proximally. The equine third metacarpal appears to be...
Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. Longitudinal stresses acting in the cranial and caudal cortices of the radius and the dorsal and palmar cortices of the metacarpus in the horse were determined using two independent methods simultaneously. One approach involved the use of rosette strain gauges to record in vivo bone strain; the other involved filming the position of the horse's forelimb as it passed over a force plate. Agreement between the two analyses was better for the radius than for the metacarpus. Both methods showed the radius to be loaded primarily in sagittal bending, acting to place the caudal cortex in compression a...
[Topographico-anatomic data on the testicular artery, ductus deferens artery and cremaster artery in the stallion]. To study the vascularization of the testis of stallions we used 96 testes. We examined its topography and anatomy by roentgenography, stereoroentgenography, by the corosive method, and by means of gel and China ink injections. To make the roentgeno-arteriograms we used minimum emulsified in glycerine as contrast medium. The branching off of the Aa. testiculares from the Aorta abdominalis is variable in stallions. We observed also a peculiar age-dependent arrangement of the loops of the convolution. In the adult stallion, the shape of the convolution is either cylindrical or conical, spindle-sh...
Reproducibility and the influence of age on interspecimen determinations of blood pressure in the horse. 1. The reproducibility of blood pressure determinations on 103 male horses gave an average coefficient of variation of 5.0%. 2. Different parameters affecting the methodology of blood pressure measurements were separately analysed; i.e. size of specimen, size of cuff in relationship to tail circumference and temperature of the environment. 3. A strong positive linear correlation between age and blood pressure in the horse was established for two breeds with widely varying genetic background--Swedish Warmbloods and Arabians.
Correlation of parvalbumin concentration with relaxation speed in mammalian muscles. The physiological role of the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin in skeletal muscle has been investigated by measuring the parvalbumin content by HPLC in a variety of mammalian muscles, including man, and comparing the results with the respective muscle relaxation properties and fiber type compositions. The parvalbumin concentrations were highest in the skeletal muscles of the smallest animal investigated (mouse, gastrocnemius: 4.9 g/kg), which has the highest relaxation speed, and lowest in the larger animals (horse, deep gluteal muscle: less than or equal to 0.001 g/kg) and man (vastus, tricep...
Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers. The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reve...
[Sarcocystis bertrami Doflein, 1901, a sarcosporidia of the horse. Equus caballus]. No abstract available
Periosteal transection for correction of angular limb deformities in foals. Seventeen foals with angular limb deformities of the distal end of the radius (valgus: 26 limbs), distal end of the tibia (valgus: 6 limbs), and distal end of the 3rd metacarpal bone/metatarsal bone (varus: 4 limbs) were treated surgically by means of hemicircumferential division of the periosteum proximal to the involved growth plate, at the concave side of the bone. There was some correction in all cases. The best results were seen in the radius, where 22 of 25 limbs were corrected to a deviation of 4 degrees or less. Satisfactory correction was obtained in the 6 tibias, the 2 third metacarp...
