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Topic:Horse Breeds
Horse breeds represent the diverse genetic and phenotypic variations found within the species Equus ferus caballus. These breeds are categorized based on characteristics such as size, conformation, coat color, and temperament, which have been selectively bred over centuries to fulfill specific roles and functions. Common classifications of horse breeds include light horses, draft horses, and ponies, each serving different purposes ranging from riding and racing to work and companionship. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetics, history, and functional attributes of various horse breeds, as well as their impact on equine management and breeding practices.
Effect of oral L-carnitine on its concentration in the plasma of yearling Thoroughbred horses. After an oral dose of 10 g of L-carnitine the plasma concentrations of free and total carnitine increased in five yearling thoroughbred horses, reaching a peak two to four hours after administration, but in two horses there was no increase. In the five which responded, the mean (+/- sd) peak increase in total carnitine concentration was 15.1 +/- 6.9 mumol/litre from a predose mean of 18.8 +/- 3.4 mumol/litre, and the mean peak increase in free carnitine concentration was 13.5 +/- 3.1 mumol/litre from a pre-dose mean concentration of 12.5 +/- 2.2 mumol/litre. These changes were similar to those...
The primary structure of equine serum amyloid A (SAA) protein. The complete amino acid sequence of equine serum amyloid A (SAA) was elucidated. The protein consists of 110 amino acid residues and contains an 8-amino acid residue insertion tentatively located between positions 69 and 70, as compared with human SAA. Microheterogeneities were detected at positions 16, 44, and 59, compatible with the existence of more than one SAA gene in the horse. This corresponds to the situation in man and mouse. Pronounced homology with SAA from man and several animal species was observed, thus confirming the conserved structure of this acute phase reactant and apoprotei...
The lead status of horses from central Europe depending on breed, sex, age and living area. The breed of horses took a significant effect on the Pb content of animals with a normal Pb supply. Warm-blooded horses stored more Pb in skeleton, kidneys, liver and cerebrum than heavy horses. The sex only had the trend of influencing the Pb status. Mares with a normal Pb supply incorporated more Pb than geldings. Age only took a slight effect on the skeleton. Older horses stored more Pb in the metatarsal bone than younger ones. The Pb content of horse meat was not influenced by Pb exposure. Pb was not additionally deposited in the musculature. The Pb offer of the living area took a signific...
The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion. The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors...
Temporal appearance of seasonal changes in numbers of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells in stallions. The temporal appearance of seasonal changes in numbers of Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells was evaluated to determine if seasonally increased daily spermatozoan production might be preceded by changes in numbers of either of two somatic testicular cells. A significant increase in numbers of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells preceded the significant increase in number of Leydig cells in the approaching breeding season. Seasonal changes in parenchymal weight and in numbers of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells were maximal in May and June. Numbers of A or B spermatogonia in June were 2.4 t...
Evolution of the ECG from Spanish bred foals during the post natal stage. A study of electrocardiograms recorded from foals during the first two weeks of life has been made in order to detect any changes of the cardiac activation and recuperation processes during this period. A stepwise discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between the first and second week of age, fundamentally on the basis of the T and P wave amplitudes which gave the lowest values at 14 days, and on the PQ segment duration that showed the highest values at the same age.
Multifactorial inheritance of white facial markings in the Arabian horse. The hypothesis was tested that white facial markings in the Arabian horse show multifactorial inheritance. The hypothesis assumes that (1) alleles at different loci acting in a cumulative manner influence the variation in white facial markings, (2) the amount of whiteness is correlated with the number of genes, and (3) interacting nongenetic factors influence the variation. The study was based on computerized data obtained from the Arabian Horse Registry of America, Inc. The facial region was divided into five areas, and each horse was given a score according to the number of areas with a whit...
Evaluation of three strip tests for measuring electrolytes in mares’ pre-partum mammary secretions and for predicting parturition. Three strip test kits which measure calcium and/or magnesium in mares' mammary secretions were compared and assessed for their accuracy in:- 1) measuring these electrolytes compared to standard laboratory measurements, and 2) predicting the time of parturition. Daily samples of mammary secretions were obtained pre-partum from 35 Thoroughbred mares and allocated a score. Measurement of mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium by the strip tests and laboratory methods correlated significantly (P less than 0.001). The results obtained for prediction of parturition were analysed by two methods. ...
A spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of objective measurements of equine spermatozoan motility. A spectrophotometric procedure was developed and evaluated for the objective measurement of equine spermatozoan motility. A 100 mul sample of a sperm suspension, prepared by the removal of seminal plasma, was layered under a column of optically clear medium in a specially designed spectrophotometric cuvette maintained at 37 degrees C. Changes in light transmittance above the interface of the sperm suspension and medium were recorded on chart paper. As sperm cells swam into the medium, a decrease in light transmittance was recorded as a deflection on the chart paper. Chart recordings were analy...
[Training of the immune system of foals against ERP virus infections by frequent vaccination with presently available commercial vaccines]. During 3 foaling seasons around 150 Lipizzaner foals were vaccinated against ERP with commercial vaccines and groups thereof were serotested in CF and SN for their humoral immune response. In addition, 6 horses of cheaper common breeds were vaccinated on the University premises, were continuously serologically screened and subjected to virulent nasal test infection. The live-virus vaccine Prevaccinol interfered so profoundly and up to the 20th week of life with maternal antibodies that its further use was discontinued. The inactivated vaccine Pneumabort-K proved to be of impressive immunogenic...
Colostral volume and immunoglobulin G and M determinations in mares. Colostral volume and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in 6 multiparous mares at foaling and them every 2 hours from 16 to 20 hours after parturition. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations at foaling also were determined in each mare. The rate of mammary secretion was 292 +/- 26 ml/h (range, 202 to 389 ml/h), and the colostral volume was 5.1 +/- 0.5 L (range, 3.2 to 7.0 L). The colostral IgG and IgM contents were 440 +/- 106 g (range, 199 to 855 g) and 3.1 +/- 0.9 g (range, 0.7 g to 7.1 g), respectively. There was no significant correlation between serum and initial colostral IgG and IgM c...
Relationship of intratesticular testosterone content of stallions to age, spermatogenesis, Sertoli cell distribution and germ cell-Sertoli cell ratios. Testes were obtained from 47 1-20-year-old stallions during the natural breeding season. Total testicular testosterone and testosterone/g testis increased with age (P less than 0.005), and total testicular testosterone was associated with larger testis size (P less than 0.05). Neither testosterone per gram nor per paired testes were related to total Sertoli cell number (P greater than 0.05), but greater testosterone per paired testes was associated with fewer Sertoli cells per unit of seminiferous tubule length (P less than 0.005) or basement membrane area (P less than 0.02) and with a higher ...
Comparison of partial amino acid sequences of two protamine 2 variants from stallion sperm. Structural evidence that the variants are products of different genes. Protamine 1 and two protamine 2 variants were isolated from stallion sperm and separated by acetic acid-urea gel electrophoresis. After electroblotting onto polyvinyldifluoride filters, their amino-terminal amino acid sequences were determined by pulse-liquid peptide sequencing. The sequences of the two protamine 2 variants are homologous but slightly different in length and amino acid composition and indicate for the first time the existence of two different genes for this protamine species.
Diagnosis of avian tuberculosis in a horse by use of liver biopsy. A 15-month-old Appaloosa colt had pyrexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and dependent edema. Abnormal laboratory findings included anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Activities of liver-specific enzymes in this colt were high. Analysis of a liver biopsy specimen resulted in a presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis. We recommend that liver biopsy be used as a diagnostic procedure if the differential diagnosis in a horse includes avian tuberculosis or granulomatous enteritis, especially if serum activities of liver-specific enzymes are high.
Genetic polymorphism of horse serum protein 3 (SP3). Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum samples, followed by general protein staining, revealed genetic polymorphism of an unidentified protein tentatively designated serum protein 3 (SP3). The SP3 fractions appeared distinctly when a 14% concentration of acrylamide was used in the separation gels. The 2-D mobilities of SP3 fractions were quite similar to that of albumin. Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed SP3 phenotypes were controlled by four co-dominant, autosomal alleles (D, F, I, S). Evidence...
[Effect of selection on heterozygosity of farm animals]. A stabilizing selection which is made in cattle according to phenotypic characters affects simultaneously a genetic character--the level of individual heterozygosity++. As a result animals with mean (modal) level of heterozygosity++ have the least probability of elimination. Similarly, the driving selection in pigs and horses leads to a change in both phenotypic characters and genetic character, the level of individual heterozygosity++. In this case the most heterozygous animals have the least probability of elimination.
Displacements, malpositions, and miscellaneous injuries of the mare’s urogenital tract. Although they are pivotal events in the continued production of new generations of horses, breeding and foaling are not without risk to the mare. This article reviews the accidents that can occur and result in injury, displacement, and malpositions of the urogenital tract of the mare.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of functional obstruction of the right dorsal colon in a horse. Functional obstruction of the right dorsal colon was found at surgery in a 6-year-old American Saddlebred gelding with a history of anorexia, depression, weight loss, and intermittent colic. Side-to-side anastomosis of the right dorsal colon to the small colon was done to bypass the obstruction. Histopathologic findings of the right dorsal colon and regional colonic lymph nodes were unremarkable. Surgical treatment was successful.
Ultrastructure of junctional epidermolysis bullosa in Belgian foals. Ultrastructural examination of a mechanobullous disease of probable hereditary nature in Belgian foals, confirmed light microscopic findings that separation of the dermo-epidermal junction occurred through the lamina lucida of the basement membrane, leaving the intact lamina densa adherent to the dermis and the plasmalemma of the basal epithelial cells intact. The location of the cleft and the presence of small hemidesmosomes in adjacent intact skin are additional characteristics which make this condition similar to junctional epidermolysis bullosa of man.
The effect of artificial photoperiod at the end of the breeding season on plasma testosterone concentrations in stallions. Testosterone concentrations in stallions showed a seasonal trend with peak concentrations in the spring (April and May in Britain) and lowest concentrations in the period from December to February. The effect on this pattern of changing the length of the photoperiod at the end of the normal breeding season (mid-summer's day) was studied in 2 experiments. In the first experiment artificial illumination was organised from 21 June to mimic the effect of transfer to a southern hemisphere spring and summer, that is short days becoming longer. The stallions had low concentrations of testosterone in ...
Pericardial haemangiosarcoma in a horse. A primary pericardial haemangiosarcoma with metastasis to the parietal pleura and left adrenal gland is described in a 22-year-old Clydesdale x Percheron gelding. Although haemangiosarcomas have been reported in horses, the pericardium has not hitherto been described as the primary site of origin.
Y chromosome length variation and its significance in the horse. The results of Y chromosome measurements in 31 horses are presented. The Y chromosome was identified using G-, R-, and C-banding techniques. From G-banded metaphase spreads, total X and Y chromosome and separate proximal (P) and distal (D) Y-band measurements were made. Within this group, the Y/X ratio (%) for each animal varied from 18.93 to 43.95, with an overall mean of 34.85 and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16.12. The overall mean P/X ratio (%) was 23.57 with a CV of 20.57, compared with an overall mean D/X ratio (%) of 11.26 with a CV of 15.18. The group studied included 27 Thorough...
