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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Retinal detachment in horses. Ten horses with partial or total retinal detachment were investigated using light and electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). Several lesions were observed and compared with normal retinal morphology. Three weeks after the initial retinal detachment, hypertrophy of the pigment epithelium with transformation of the apical microvilli could be observed. The lesions were accompanied by progressive degeneration and atrophy of the sensory retina, starting at the photoreceptor outer segments. Hypertrophy of Müller cells was a concomitant finding. Retinal detachment represents a sequel either to inflammatory...
Lymphocyte subsets in the endometrium of genitally normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. The density and distribution of MHC Class II positive cells and subpopulations of lymphocytes were studied in the endometrium of genitally normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. In genitally normal mares, more MHC Class II positive cells were present in the epithelium and stratum compactum during oestrus than dioestrus. Significantly more CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were present in the stratum compactum than in the stratum spongiosum. CD4+ lymphocytes were present in greater numbers than CD8+ lymphocytes in the stratum compactum but approximately equal numbers were present in the st...
The effects of irradiation dose on the stiffness of cartilage grafts. Various centers report irradiated cartilage graft absorption rates that differ quite widely. We postulated that a major factor governing this phenomenon might be irradiation dose. Irradiation produces collagen cross-binding and increased resistance to absorption of such material when implanted. Since cross-binding produces stiffening of collagen, cartilage grafts were exposed to increasing doses of irradiation and their elastic modulus was measured. The postulate was that increasing radiation doses will produce grafts of increasing stiffness. Sternal cartilage, harvested from horses, was cut i...
Radiographic and arthroscopic findings associated with subchondral lucency of the distal radial carpal bone in 71 horses. Case records and radiographs of 71 horses with subchondral lucency, without radiographic evidence of fracture, located on the distal radial carpal bone were examined retrospectively. All horses had lameness and/or joint effusion referable to the carpus. Distal radial carpal bone subchondral lucency was found as a solitary lesion or as a lesion concurrent and symmetric to a contralateral distal radial carpal bone chip fracture. The lesion appeared radiographically as a lucency or shadow on the distal dorsal margin of the radial carpal bone and was most evident on the flexed lateromedial and dor...
Tissue and serum concentrations of amikacin after intramuscular and intrauterine administration to mares in estrus. Concentrations of amikacin in endometrial tissue and plasma were studied in mares in estrus after intrauterine infusion of 1.0 or 2.0 g once a day for 3 consecutive d, and after 9.7 or 14.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) had been injected intramuscularly once a day for 3 consecutive d to determine concentrations of amikacin sulfate in plasma and endometrial tissues, and whether parenteral administration provides any advantages over intramuscular infusion. No amikacin was detected in serum at the 1.0 g dose. At the infusion dose of 2.0 g once a day, very low levels of serum amikacin were detected at 1 ...
Risk factors for history of previous colic and for chronic, intermittent colic in a population of horses. To identify risk factors for recurrent colic and chronic, intermittent colic in horses. Methods: Case control study. Methods: The population included 768 horses examined by veterinarians for emergencies other than colic (control group). Methods: Horses with colic that had history of colic (n = 232) were compared with those without such history (n = 536), using logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for history of previous colic and to determine odds ratios (OR) for these associations. Among the 232 horses in the history of colic group, 58 horses that had chronic, intermittent co...
Role of heme axial ligands in the conformational stability of the native and molten globule states of horse cytochrome c. One unique aspect of cytochrome c folding concerns the involvement of the covalently attached heme group and its axial ligands. To elucidate the role of the ligands in stabilizing the native and molten globule states, we studied the conformational and thermodynamic features of the iron-free derivative of horse cyctochrome c (porphyrin-cytochrome c). At neutral pH, far-UV circular dichroism suggested that porphyrin-cytochrome c has native-like alpha-helices, whereas near-UV CD suggested that the side-chains are flexible. Its stability against heat or denaturants was much less than that of the i...
Pharmacokinetics of lignocaine in Icelandic horses after infiltration anaesthesia. The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine was studied in four Icelandic horses after infiltration anaesthesia. A total of 240 mg of the drug was injected on either side of the left foreleg, over the medial and lateral branches of the palmar nerve. Blood samples were collected up to seven hours after injection and the concentrations of the drug in plasma were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that lignocaine was rapidly absorbed. A mean maximum concentration of 232 ng/ml was observed after 20 minutes. In three of the horses the decline in the plasma concentration o...
Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodosis. Whole worm extract (WWE) and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of Anoplocephala perfoliata were characterised by SDS-PAGE and their use in the serodiagnosis of equine cestodosis was evaluated. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to compare WWE and E/S antigen as the capture layer in an antibody capture ELISA. E/S antigen gave the best differentiation between sera from tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative horses. The E/S-ELISA was optimised and validated against sera from horses of known tapeworm status. This assay gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 68% (n = 38) and a specif...
Cloning and analysis of the cDNA for the common alpha-subunit of the donkey pituitary glycoprotein hormones. Reverse transcription-PCR was used to clone the coding region of the donkey (Equus asinus) glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit transcript from pituitary gland RNA. The donkey alpha-subunit sequence demonstrated considerable identity with the horse (97% at the nucleotide level), confirming the very close evolutionary linkage between these two species. The predicted amino acid sequence revealed that the donkey alpha-subunit has the same unusual C-terminus as the horse alpha-subunit, when compared with all other mammalian alpha-subunits, including a Tyr-His transposition between positions 87 and 9...
Phospholipid composition of erythrocyte membranes and plasma of mammalian blood including Australian marsupials; quantitative 31P NMR analysis using detergent. The phospholipid classes of erythrocyte membranes and plasma from several domestic animals and marsupials were quantified by 31P NMR using detergents. Washed erythrocyte samples were thoroughly haemolysed by tip-sonication and dissolved in sodium cholate; plasma samples were dissolved in Triton X-100. The species studied were: common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), black-striped wallaby (Macropus dorsalis), bandicoot (Isoodon macrocarpus), Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballu...
Lymph pathways associated with three types of follicle structure found in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of horse ileum. In the horse ileum, lacteals in the villi are continuous with prelymphatic intercellular channels and a plexus of lymphatic sinuses in the lamina propria that encircle the domes of the follicle/dome structures and proprial follicles. These sinuses may act as the major entry site for many of the lymphocytes migrating from gut-associated lymphoid tissue via the lymphatic system. Vessels from this plexus penetrate the muscularis mucosae and lymph flows into lymphatic vessels within the interfollicular tissue between the follicles of both follicle/dome structures and lymphoglandular complexes (LGC...
The gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex: quantitative evidence of anisomorphic surface expansion during phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. Describing the shapes of 3D objects has proved to be as problematical in biology as in other areas. In an attempt to tackle this problem, established stereological methods (the Cavalieri principle and vertical sectioning) have been used to estimate a 3D shape-dependent quantity which can detect anisomorphic changes and is related to the degree of cortical convolution or gyrification. This isomophy factor is employed to assess phylogenetic and ontogenetic changes in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Gross anatomical differences between cerebral hemispheres of adult domestic mammals (horses, oxen, ...
In vitro maturation and fertilization of equine oocytes recovered during the breeding season. The aim of this study was to develope an efficient and reproducible procedure for in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF) in the horse. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered from the ovaries of mares slaughtered during the breeding season were morphologically evaluated, and those showing a compact cumulus and homogeneously appearing cytoplasm were selected for culture. Effects on the maturation of estrous mare serum (EMS) versus estrous cow serum (ECS) as medium supplement were also evaluated (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes with froz...
Characterization of a sterile soft-tissue inflammation model in thoroughbred horses. This paper describes the use of subcutaneously-placed tissue chambers as a sterile soft-tissue inflammation model in Thoroughbred horses. Acute, non-immune inflammation was initiated by injecting a sterile lambda carrageenan solution into a tissue chamber. This model was used to study the temporal changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH, bicarbonate, protein, albumin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) concentrations, cell counts and differential counts in tissue fluid from inflamed tissue chambers and control chambers. Skin temperatures over control and inflamed chamb...
Surgical treatment of navicular syndrome in the horse using navicular suspensory desmotomy. Seventeen horses diagnosed as having navicular syndrome on the basis of history, clinical findings, regional local anaesthesia and radiography were subjected to bilateral navicular suspensory desmotomy. Before surgery, the duration of navicular lameness ranged from 6 weeks to 4 years. Previous unsuccessful treatments prior to surgery included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, corrective shoeing, rest and isoxsuprine. For the seventeen horses subject to surgery, twelve horses were sound, one horse was improved and four horses were lame at a minimum of 6 months after surgery.
Correlation between DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki and host animal source. Isolates (n = 147) of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki from cattle, swine, horses, and wildlife were analyzed by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified in DNA digested with HpaII, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms were correlated with the host animal source of the isolates. These results will be useful in understanding the epidemiology of serovar pomona infections in livestock.
[Luxation of the shoulder joint in a horse. A case report]. Etiology, diagnosis and therapy of the luxation of the shoulder joint in the horse are described. The traumatic luxation is diagnosed by physical examination and radiography. Without complicating changings (like fractures) and in case of early correction the prognosis is good.
Plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of methylprednisolone acetate and isoflupredone acetate after intra-articular administration in horses. OBJECTIVE--To document plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of 2 common intra-articularly administered steroid preparations, methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) and isoflupredone acetate (IPA). DESIGN--Descriptive investigation. SAMPLE POPULATION--100 mg of MPA or 4 mg of IPA was administered to 2 groups of 4 healthy sound radiographically normal female horses. PROCEDURE--Blood samples were collected at time 0 (before) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of the designated steroid. Complete urine collection for measurement of designated steroid was ac...
Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in horses. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefoperazone (CPZ) were studied following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration of single doses (30 mg/kg) to horses. Concentrations in serum, urine and synovial fluid samples were measured following IV administration. CPZ concentrations in serum, synovial fluid and spongy bone samples were measured following IM administration. After IV administration a rapid distribution phase (t1/2 (alpha): 4.22 +/- 2.73 min) was followed by a slower elimination phase (t1/2(beta) 0.77 +/- 0.19 h). The apparent volume of distribution was 0.68 +/- 0....
Lack of virulence of the murine fibroblast adapted strain, Kentucky A (KyA), of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in young horses. The virulence of the cell culture adapted KyA strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which lacks at least six genes by deletions in its genome, was assessed by intranasal inoculation of six young horses that were serologically negative for EHV-1. No horses showed clinical signs, and a neutralizing antibody response against EHV-1 was detected in two horses which had antibodies against EHV-4 prior to the inoculation. A challenge experiment using a highly virulent strain of EHV-1 conducted 4 weeks later against 4 of the 6 horses inoculated intranasally with the KyA strain and 2 control hors...
Analgesic, hemodynamic, and respiratory effects of caudal epidurally administered xylazine hydrochloride solution in mares. To examine effects of 0.25 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight diluted to a total volume of 6 ml/450 kg with sterile 0.9% NaCl, administered into the epidural space of the sacrococcygeal joint on perineal analgesia, sedation, ataxia, and respiratory and cardiovascular function in standing mares. Methods: Randomized, blinded study, using xylazine (treatment) and 0.9% NaCl (controls). At least 2 weeks elapsed between the treatments. Methods: Eight healthy mares. Methods: Blood samples were drawn. Systemic hemodynamics were determined, including cardiac output and pulmonary arterial, systemic arteri...
Intestinal ciliates found in the feces of Japanese native Tokara pony, with the description of a new genus and a new species. The composition of intestinal ciliates excreted in the feces of 20 Tokara native ponies kept in Iriki farm of Kagoshima University was surveyed. Eleven genera consisting of 18 species were identified based on the description of Strelkow. One new genus including a new species, Wolskana tokarensis n. gen., n. sp., of the family Buetschliidae was recognized and described. The average ciliate density of all horses was 13.8 x 10(3)/ml. Those of stallions (n = 5), mares (n = 11) and foals (n = 4) were 3.9, 16.1 and 43.3 x 10(3)/ml respectively. The value of stallions was significantly lower and that...
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay to determine serum and urine dexamethasone concentrations in thoroughbreds after intravenous administration of the steroid. To develop a simple and sensitive ELISA for detection of dexamethasone in horse serum and urine. Methods: Blood and urine samples from 3 thoroughbred mares. Methods: A dexamethasone oxime was prepared and conjugated to hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin and to horseradish peroxidase. One- and two-step double-antibody ELISA methods, as well as a radioimmunoassay method, were performed. The one-step ELISA was used to test urine from 3 Thoroughbred mares injected with 5 mg of dexamethasone, IV. Results: The ELISA could detect dexamethasone in the range of 0.01 to 50 ng/ml, with intra- and interassa...
