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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Marked Acantholysis Associated with Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in Two Horses. Resumen- Dos caballos adultos manifestaron un cuadro prurítico y de dolor asociado con una dermatitis generalizada de evolución rápida y consistente en la presencia de pápulas, pústulas y costras. El examen microscópico de extensiones citológicas a partir del exudado purulento reveló la presencia de numerosos queratinocitos acantoliticos, neutrófilos no degenerados y ausencia de microorganismos, lo que sugirió un diagnóstico de pénfigo foliáceo. Las biopsias de piel mostraron dermatofitosis, marcada acantolisis y crecióTrichophyton equinum en cultivos fúngicos. Las lesiones en a...
Pulmonary vascular pressures of strenuously exercising thoroughbreds after administration of flunixin meglumine and furosemide. High-intensity exercise results in a dramatic increase in mean pulmonary capillary blood pressure of horses, and administration of furosemide 4 hours before exertion significantly attenuates this exercise-induced increment. To test whether this effect of furosemide is mediated via release of prostaglandins, right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures were measured in 8 healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbreds at rest and during incremental-step exercise on a treadmill. Horses were studied on 3 separate occasions: after i.v. administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, after administr...
[The metabolism of foreign substances in the horse with reference to other animal species]. In this paper, the metabolism of xenobiotics in the horse, including differences to other species, is discussed. The most important metabolic reactions of phase I (oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis of substrates), as well as of phase II (conjugation of substrates with glucuronic acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, alkyl groups, amino acids, amino acid derivatives, glutathione etc.), are discussed and enzymes involved in the metabolic reactions are considered.
A comparison between the effects of conventional and selective antiparasitic treatments on nematode parasites of horses from two management schemes. Little information exists concerning the presence of nematode parasites of horses in South Africa. Limited studies are available which compare the parasites in horses originating from differing management schemes. The aim of the present study was to compare the nematode parasites of 2 groups of horses which had been managed differently. Group 1, chiefly Nooitgedacht adult ponies, consisted of cycling or early pregnancy mares. They were maintained chiefly on zero grazing, given supplemental feed and treated 4 times a year with antiparasitic remedies. The horses in Group 2 were mostly Thoroughbr...
Mycoflora of the toxic feeds associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks in Brazil. The mycoflora of 39 feed samples associated with 29 Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks was studied from 1988 to 1990, in Brazil. Microbiological examination indicated Fusarium spp. as the most frequent mold which occurred in 97.4% of samples followed by Penicillium spp. in 61.5% and Aspergillus spp. in 35.9%. The moisture content of feed implicated in death of horses was above 15% which can favor the development of Fusarium spp. From the genus, F. moniliforme was the predominant species with an occurrence of 82.0%. Two additional species, not commonly associated with animal toxicosi...
Weight, water, and cation losses in horses competing in a three-day event. Body weight of 48 horses competing in a 3-day event was measured the day before the event (baseline), following the dressage phase of the event (day 1), after the endurance phases of the event (day 2), and 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases (day 3). Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured the evening before, immediately after, and 10 minutes after the endurance phases. Total body water, water loss, and net exchangeable cation loss were then calculated. Body weight and total body water were significantly decreased, compared with baseline values, at all times during the e...
Plasma concentrations of prolactin, glucose, insulin, urea nitrogen, and total amino acids in stallions after ingestion of feed or gastric administration of feed components. Concentrations of prolactin, glucose, insulin, urea N, and total amino acids in plasma of stallions after ingestion of pelleted feed were compared to those after direct gastric administration of water, NaCl, egg albumin, or corn starch (Exp. 1) or water, egg albumin, hydrolyzed casein (Amicase), or a mixture of indispensable amino acids (Exp. 2). Stallions were fed once daily (75% pellet and 25% hay) at 1500 for 30 d. On d 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30, blood samples were collected every 30 min from 1 h before through 4 h after treatment, which occurred at 1100. In Exp. 1, there was a positive secret...
Diagnostic and operative arthroscopy of the coxofemoral joint in horses. Arthroscopic examination of the hip joint was performed in mature and juvenile horses, using a lateral approach and standard or long instruments depending on body weight. Nine hip joints were examined in three cadavers and four anesthetized horses. The lateral, cranial, and caudal regions of the femoral head and acetabulum were accessible, and, after distraction of the limb, the ligament of the head of the femur and the acetabular notch were also visible. In small horses, the medial regions of the hip joint were visible but were inaccessible in larger horses. Iatrogenic injury to the sciatic n...
Radiographic geometric variation of equine long bones. As more sophisticated research is performed to refine fracture fixation techniques for horses, it is important that normal values for the geometric properties of the bones of the appendicular skeleton be determined and that suitable controls be available. We evaluated the geometric properties of total bone width, cortical bone width, and medullary canal/trabecular bone width measured from 2 radiographic projections of equine long bones (humerus, radius, third metacarpal bone, femur, tibia, and third metatarsal bone) obtained from a general population of horses. Measurements were performed on s...
Short-term secretion patterns of corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and ACTH as shown by intensive sampling of pituitary venous blood from horses. To characterize the short-term ACTH secretion pattern and to investigate factors regulating it, pituitary venous (PV) blood was collected using our nonsurgical method from 8 unperturbed horses every 20 or 30 s for approximately 1 h. In all but 1 horse, sampling occurred during the broad circadian maximum in plasma cortisol concentrations. Concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; n = 7 horses), arginine vasopressin (AVP), ACTH and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay. In all horses, CRH, AVP and ACTH secretion patterns appeared irregular in time and amplitude. The mean (+/-...
African horse sickness and the overwintering of Culicoides spp. in the Iberian peninsula. The presence at different latitudes and the seasonal distribution of two known or potential vectors of African horse sickness (AHS) virus--Culicoides imicola and C. obsoletus--were investigated in the Iberian peninsula using light trap collections. Culicoides imicola was present as far north as 41 degrees N but not at 43 degrees N (Asturias, Spain), whereas C. obsoletus was found at all latitudes. In the northern part of the distribution of C. imicola, adults of this species were present for only a few months of the year, but adults were continually present further south. Culicoides obsoletus ...
Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis in a horse. A 6-year-old female Quarter Horse became inappetent, lost weight, was febrile, and had abdominal enlargement and infrequent bouts of mild colic. Palpation per rectum detected a prominent, smooth-walled mass adjacent to the pelvic flexure of the colon. Analyses revealed the peritoneal fluid was apparently normal except for a high protein concentration. By the use of ultrasonography, the mass was observed adjacent to the body wall in many locations throughout the abdomen, appearing as an irregular, multiloculated structure composed of innumerable cysts of various sizes with interspersed, circula...
Phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes lavaged from the lungs of horses with clinically diagnosed chronic pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to compare phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) from the bronchoalveolar lavage of clinically healthy horses and those with severe chronic bronchiolitis. Research was carried out on 28 horses. Chronic inflammation of the lower airways was diagnosed in nine horses. Cells from the respiratory tract were lavaged according to accepted methods. For comparison, PMNs were isolated from peripheral blood of all investigated horses. The phagocytic activity of PMNs was determined in relation to two standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staph, aureus Smith w...
[Sporotrichosis in a horse]. A 9-year old male Arabian horse was referred to the Department of Large Animal Surgery of the University of Utrecht because of multiple nodules on the inner side of the right hind leg. The nodules seemed to follow a cutaneolymphatic pattern. Histopathology of a nodule showed a granulomatous inflammation with the presence of multinucleated giant cells. In PAS- and Grocott-stained sections, spheroid yeast-like organisms with some budding were found throughout the tissue. A preliminary diagnosis of sporotrichosis was made. A fresh nodule was cultured and the presence of Sporothrix c.f. schenckii ...
Effect of betamethasone and exercise on equine carpal joints with osteochondral fragments. Osteochondral fragments were created arthroscopically on the distal aspect of both radial carpal bones in 12 horses. On day 14 after surgery, one middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with 2.5 mL Betavet Soluspan (3.9 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate and 12 mg betamethasone acetate per milliliter) and the contralateral joint was injected with 2.5 mL saline as a control. Intra-articular treatments were repeated on day 35. On day 17, six horses began exercising 5 days per week on a high-speed treadmill. The other six horses were kept in box stalls throughout the study as nonexercised c...
Camera speeds for optoelectronic assessment of stride-timing characteristics in horses at the trot. Quantitated locomotion analysis is increasingly being used during assessment and treatment of gait disorders in human beings. Locomotion analysis is also thought to have potential for enhancing the assessment of lameness in horses. Availability of high-speed video recording systems has simplified the process of quantitated locomotion analysis; however, the high cost of such systems has limited their use for routine clinical assessment in horses. The temporal resolution of 500- to 1,000-images/s (Hz) recording systems is beyond what has been considered necessary for precise quantitation of shor...
Proximodorsal first phalanx osteochondral chip fragmentation in 336 horses. The results of arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of osteochondral fragmentation of the proximodorsal aspect of the first phalanx and the influence of other fetlock joint lesions on prognosis were evaluated in 336 horses. Horses were classified as: 1) returning to previous use at the same or higher class of performance; 2) returning to previous use (regardless of class of performance); or 3) failing to return to previous use. Ninety-six horses (29%) had fragmentation alone; 140 horses (42%) had fragmentation and additional fetlock lesions, and 100 horses (29%) underwent concurrent carpal ar...
The anatomic features of the normal tarsus of the live horse as perceived by the sense of sight. A description is given of 75 features present in the normal tarsus of the standing horse which are apparent due to visible skin contours overlying them. Depending on whether or not the pelvic limb is supporting full weight or resting, some contours alter their configuration. Therefore the contour of each underlying feature is described separately for each stance of the limb. It is considered that visual inspection and identification of the apparent superficial features of the normal equine tarsus form the basis of orientation and clinical inspection. Furthermore, these features provide referen...
Prepartum adrenocortical maturation in the fetal foal: responses to ACTH. The present study was carried out on 19 chronically catheterized mares and fetuses in late gestation (term > 320 days). In six animals which were monitored up to the time of delivery of a live foal, plasma and amniotic fluid cortisol concentrations remained low until 4-5 days before parturition when there was a rapid, significant rise (P < 0.05) which was not accompanied by any corresponding changes in maternal plasma cortisol. Circulating fetal ACTH concentrations became more variable close to delivery and ANOVA revealed no significant increases during this critical period, although a n...
Proteins induced by recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 within equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) as well as embryonic equine dermal fibroblasts and the equine fibroblast line E. Derm which were used as controls, were treated with recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (rEqIFN-beta 1) in vitro which induced the expression of different proteins in these cells. A 74 kDa protein was induced in PBMC and an 82 kDa protein was additionally found in the equine fibroblast E. Derm cell line following treatment with rEqFN-beta 1. Both proteins reacted with anti-mouse and anti-human Mx protein antisera in im...
Beta-glucuronidase and trypsin inhibitor capacity of tracheal lavage fluid as indicators of seasonal airway irritation in the horse. The health of the respiratory tracts of 19 horses was studied for 11 months. The horses were placed into 3 groups (healthy, periodically diseased and continuously diseased) based on the measurements of blood gases, intrapleural pressure and on neutrophil content of tracheal mucus. Lysosomal enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase) and reflectors of the proteolytic system (plasmin, plasminogen, trypsin inhibitor capacity) were determined. beta-glucuronidase appeared to be a good indicator of the presence of disease of the respiratory system. High beta-glucuronidase value...
Surgical treatment for epiglottic entrapment in horses: 51 cases (1981-1992). Medical records of 51 horses with epiglottic entrapment were reviewed, and the outcome after surgical treatment was evaluated by use of results from a survey of owners and from race records. Horses with epiglottic entrapment and no additional problem (uncomplicated) of the nares, nasal passages, pharynx, or larynx (upper airway) that were treated by transoral axial division (group 1) or resection via laryngotomy (group 2), and horses with epiglottic entrapment complicated by an additional upper airway abnormality (group 3) were compared. The cost of treatment, duration of hospitalization, time...
Equine demineralized bone matrix: relationship between particle size and osteoinduction. The osteoinductive capability of four particle sizes of equine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) was evaluated. Matrix particles were implanted in brachiocephalicus muscle pouches in six horses and were harvested 8 weeks later. Matrix particle sizes of 2.0 mm3 to 4.0 mm3 and 5.0 mm3 to 10.0 mm3 were associated with osteoinductive activity and minimal signs of local inflammation. The two smaller particle sizes (0.425 mm3 to 0.850 mm3 and 0.850 mm3 to 2.0 mm3) were minimally osteoinductive and were associated with a greater local inflammatory response. Microscopic events associated with new bone p...
In vitro comparison of the standard short limb cast and three configurations of short limb transfixation casts in equine forelimbs. Axial stability of equine oblique proximal phalangeal osteotomies with application of the standard short limb cast or 1 of 3 configurations of transfixation casts was determined in vitro. Transfixation cast methods included use of parallel pins, divergent pins, or parallel pins incorporating a metal walking bar. Displacement at the osteotomy was recorded for each limb at 4,448 N. Standard short limb casts provided significantly (P = 0.0002) less axial stability than did any form of transfixation cast. Significant differences were not found between the 3 transfixation casts.
Pathophysiology of sodium channelopathies: correlation of normal/mutant mRNA ratios with clinical phenotype in dominantly inherited periodic paralysis. It is often suggested that polygenic or environmental factors are responsible for clinical variability between patients with identical mutations. However, most dominant diseases are caused by a change-of-function alteration in the mutant allele's protein product. All patients are heterozygous and presumably express both mutant and normal proteins from the corresponding genes. Thus, a possible molecular mechanism for clinical variability could be the difference in relative levels of mutant vs. normal mRNA in different patients with the same mutation. To investigate this hypothesis, it is necess...
Detection of Ehrlichia risticii from feces of infected horses by immunomagnetic separation and PCR. Potomac horse fever, caused by Ehrlichia risticii, is an important disease of equines. The major features of the disease are fever, leukopenia, and diarrhea. The organism has been detected from the blood mononuclear cells of infected horses, but its presence in the feces has not been known. A method for immunomagnetic separation of E. risticii from the feces of infected horses was developed, and the separated organisms were detected by PCR. Coating immunomagnetic beads (Dynabeads) with a 1:5 dilution of rabbit anti-E. risticii serum and incubating the Dynabeads with fecal samples for 25 min at...
