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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Laboratory transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus to chickens by chicken mites (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Pools of adult female chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), were allowed to feed on chicks that had been inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and that had a viremia level of 10(6.2)-10(6.6) plaque-forming units per milliliter of blood. Virus remained detectable by plaque assay in samples of these mites for 30 d after the infectious blood meal. Virus was not recovered from any of 151 progeny of virus-exposed female mites. Mites that had fed on viremic chicks were allowed to feed on naive chicks 3, 7, 11, 15, or 30 d later. EEE virus was transmitted to chicks by ...
Assay for endogenous heparin in plasma of livestock using a synthetic chromogenic substrate. The levels of endogenous heparin in the plasmas of horses, cows, sheep and pigs were determined with the use of synthetic chromogenic substrate benzoyl-isoleucyl-glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl-p-nitroanilide (S-2222). The lowest heparin concentrations were stated in cattle plasma, the highest ones in the plasma of pigs.
High density lipoprotein metabolism in the horse (Equus caballus). 1. Apolipoprotein A-I dependent lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity was identified in equine lipoprotein deficient plasma (LPDP). 2. LCAT activity showed no breed or sex variation, and was unaltered postprandially. 3. There was no significant cholesteryl ester transfer activity in equine LPDP. 4. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl sepharose failed to unmask transfer activity or identify an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer. 5. In 12 Shetland ponies, plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were positively correlated with those of triglyceride, ...
Equine fasting hyperbilirubinemia. It appears that different mechanisms responsible for fasting hyperbilirubinemia may be operative in different mammalian species (and subspecies). An increase in bilirubin production does not seem to occur in the horse, but a decrease in the hepatic uptake of bilirubin has been supported by a number of studies. Even though the delay in plasma elimination could also result from a decrease in hepatic blood flow, this possibility does not seem to play a major role since the hepatic uptake of compounds with low intrinsic hepatic clearance (e.g., ICG and bilirubin) appear to be affected more during ...
Gallop kinematics of Olympic three-day event horses. Limb contact variables of the gallop of 3-day event horses were determined for competitors in the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games. Horses were filmed during the steeplechase, phase B of the speed and endurance test on day 2 of competition. Two 16-mm high-speed cameras were aimed perpendicularly to the direction of subject motion along a straightaway on the steeplechase track, filmed at 200 frames/s. Thirty-four of 48 competitors were filmed and 108 gallop strides analyzed. Velocity (VEL) averaged 12.09 +/- 0.10 m/s (mean +/- SE), stride length (SL) 6.04 +/- 0.05 m and stride frequency (SF) 2.0...
Shortening of the forelimb in the horse during the stance phase. Compressions in the forelimb of a horse trotting at 3.7 m/s were studied using high-speed cinematography. From a diagram of shortenings it has been concluded that successive loadings in the longitudinal direction from below signify longer impact time and smaller impact forces compared to a theoretically stiff limb. It is proposed that the limb takes up the impact force passively until the onset of loading at the elbow joint, i.e. 30 ms following first contact.
[Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Determination of antibodies in the human population of Municipio Mirand, Estado Zulia, Venezuela]. With the purpose of determining antibodies prevalence against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in the population of Puertos de Altagracia and Sabaneta de Palmas of Miranda county, Zulia State, Venezuela, 199 subjects were studied: 57 from Puertos de Altagracia and 142 from Sabaneta de Palmas. They were classified in older (42.78%) and younger (57.2%) than 15 years. The blood specimens were processed for Hemagglutination Inhibition Test using EEV antigen Goajira strain at pH 6.5. We found that all 57 specimens from Puertos de Altagracia were negative, whereas of 142 specimens from Sabaneta ...
Complexoproductive and antiheparin properties of low density lipoproteins (LDL). VI. Antiheparin activity in blood plasma of different species of vertebrates. Antiheparin activity of plasma of different species of vertebrates depends to a large extent on contents of low density lipoproteins (LDL). High antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of chicken and human corresponds to high contents of LDL and low antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of horse, cow, sheep, dog and pig corresponds to decreased contents of these proteins. Differences in the contents of fibrinogen, acid alfa1-glycoproteins, globulins, alkaline proteins and antithrombin III activity have smaller influence on antiheparin activity in the blood plasma of the examined animals.
Quantification of hind limb lameness in the horse. The three-dimensional optoelectronic locomotion analysis system SELSPOT II was used for kinematic studies of hind limb locomotion patterns. Two groups, 11 sound horses and 15 horses suffering from hind limb lameness, were examined at the trot. Both graphical and quantitative analyses were compared in sound and lame horses. The parameter hip acceleration quotient (HAQ), using the different peaks of vertical acceleration of one hip during one stride, proved to be a suitable value for quantitative analysis of hind limb lameness. In sound horses the HAQ ranged from 1.03 to 1.54, lame horses showed...
Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates of very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramu...
[Efficacy of the oral antiparasitic mebendazole plus trichlorfon (telmin plus trichlorfon) against Gasterophilus in the horse]. The combined drug Mebendazole plus Trichlorfon (Telmin plus Trichlorfon, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse/Belgium) has been tested in a field trial against naturally acquired Gasterophilus spp. infestations in horses. 44 foals (1 to 1.5 years old, 350-450 kg body-weight) originating from different endemic areas of Switzerland, have been randomly allocated to two groups as follows: 28 foals were treated with Mebendazole plus Trichlorfon, 16 animals served as untreated controls. The drug (paste) was administered and dosed according to the user's instruction. Macroscopic examinations of the digestiv...
Detection of antigenemia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in horses with experimental Ehrlichia risticii infection. Four horses were inoculated with Ehrlichia risticii contained in either infected murine P388 D1 cells or heparinized blood from an infected horse. All 4 horses produced serum antibody, plasma antigen, and clinical signs of the disease. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibody in the serum and was also used in conjunction with an anti-E. risticii monoclonal antibody to detect antigenemia. These laboratory and clinical findings were correlated to determine the efficiency of the antigen detection method for discerning E. risticii infection.
A comparison of the traditional Chinese versus transpositional zangfu organ association acupoint locations in the horse. The traditional Chinese (TC) and transpositional (TP) methods of animal acupoint location result in different acupoint charts. Representative TC and TP equine zangfu organ shu-association acupoint charts are compared to each other and to a human chart. Despite their differences, practitioners of both methods appear to achieve equally effective therapeutic results--a phenomenon termed "traditional Chinese/transpositional equal efficacy" (TTEE). Common veterinary acupuncture practices, traditional Chinese medical theory, spinal cord anatomy, and a preliminary equine "association segment" chart a...
Strain of the musculus interosseus medius and its rami extensorii in the horse, deduced from in vivo kinematics. The in vivo strains of the musculus interosseus medius (suspensory ligament) and its rami extensorii (extensor branches) in the forelimb of the horse were determined from angular changes of the metacarpophalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joints. For this purpose, regression models were fitted to strains and joint angle combinations measured in in vitro limb loading experiments. The in vivo strains were computed from the kinematics of 8 horses at the walk, the trot and the canter. It was found that the extensor branches were strained about 1.0% at hoof impact, which indicates that they p...
Further observations on the morphology and sensitive innervation of the retractor penis muscle in several species of ungulates. The retractor penis muscle originates from the vertebrae in pigs, horses, cattle and goats; it arises from the rectum in sheep. In all the species considered, sensitive innervation was found. This was represented by encapsulated receptors. Nervous vegetative supply, made up of isolated or assembled ganglion cells, was also present. Among the numerous sensory nerve endings found in pigs, goats and sheep were Pacinian, Pacinian-like, Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles and Krause's end bulbs (genital corpuscles). Few Pacinian and Pacinian-like corpuscles were found in cattle and horses. A hypothesis on the...
Advancing the time of ovulation in the mare with a short-term implant releasing the GnRH analogue deslorelin. A small, biocompatible and short-term implant releasing 1.5 mg or 2.25 mg of the GnRH analogue deslorelin was evaluated in 140 Hanoverian (warm blooded) mares during the 1990 breeding season (Study I). Mares in oestrus and with a follicle 40 +/- 2 mm in diameter were assigned alternately to treatment (70) or remained as untreated controls. Implants were administered subcutaneously, and intervals to ovulation determined by rectal examination and ultrasound at 12-h intervals. Since results with both doses of deslorelin were similar, data were pooled. Deslorelin implantation resulted in ovulation...
Intraosseous pressure and pathologic changes in horses with navicular disease. Navicular bone intraosseous pressure, gross pathologic, histologic, and histochemical data were collected from 8 horses with navicular disease and 4 control horses. Simultaneous navicular bone intraosseous, medial palmar arterial, and saphenous venous pressures were measured for the left and right forelimbs of each horse under general anesthesia. Gross pathologic evaluation included grading of changes on the flexor surface of the navicular bone. Safranin-O-fast green-stained sections were used for histologic-histochemical grading of the hyaline articular and fibrocartilage surfaces of the navi...
Modulation of the serological response of specific pathogen-free (EHV-free) foals to EHV-1 by previous infection with EHV-4 or a TK-deletion mutant of EHV-1. EHV-1 was inoculated into specific pathogen-free (SPF) foals in order to study uncomplicated primary responses. Infection resulted in a strong serological response recognizing EHV-1-specific antigens; this contrasts with a previous publication where a weak response was recorded in SPF animals. Antibodies to EHV-1 were readily detected by four techniques (virus neutralization, complement fixation, Western blots and immune precipitation), yet there was comparatively little cross-reaction to EHV-4 target antigen. Re-inoculation with the same virus strain stimulated antibodies to EHV-1 but no addi...
Kinetic analysis of D-xylose distribution after intravenous administration to mares. Multicompartmental analysis was applied to study the kinetics of D-xylose distribution after IV administration to healthy mares deprived of food for 12 and 96 hours. Urinary excretion of D-xylose was measured over a 15-hour period after administration. The plasma D-xylose concentrations in this study were in the range found after oral tolerance testing. The disposition of D-xylose was described by a two-compartment model with linear kinetic characteristics. Total volume of distribution decreased significantly (P < 0.025) from 0.270 L/kg of body weight after the 12-hour period of food depriv...
Blood chemistry and skeletal muscle metabolic responses to exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis. Six horses with a history of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) and 7 control horses performed both a 55-min submaximal and later a 10-min near-maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Blood samples were obtained during exercise and gluteus medius muscle biopsies were obtained before and immediately after each exercise test and at 24 h after completion of the submaximal test. Rhabdomyolysis was developed by 3 of 6 RER horses during submaximal exercise and in 1 of the RER horses during near-maximal exercise. Concentrations of potassium, glucose, free fatty acids, ammonia, lactate, cortisol,...
Ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury. The ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in 12 normal and 28 injured superficial digital flexor tendons, with lesions ranging in duration from 2 days to 15 months, were compared. A consistent relationship between the ultrasonographic and histological findings was demonstrated. The echogenicity of lesions, the distinctness of their delineation from the surrounding tissue, and the presence and arrangement of the linear echoes were useful features by which to assess the ultrasonograms. Acute lesions were anechoic, a complex mixture of anechoic and hypoechoic areas, or diffusely hypoech...
Neurones in autonomic ganglia of normal horses contain phosphorylated neurofilaments. Neurofilaments (NF) are composed of three polypeptides of differing molecular size, termed NF-L, NF-M and NF-H. The NF-H and, to a lesser degree, NF-M components are phosphorylated. In the majority of normal neurones, the location of phosphorylated NF is confined to neuronal processes, particularly the axon, and excluded from the perikaryon. Cell bodies of autonomic neurones of the rat do not contain phosphorylated NF. In many disease states, phosphorylated NF accumulate in the neuronal cell body and therefore in most circumstances their presence indicates abnormality. This paper reports that ...
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins of equine serum. Ligand blotting analysis of serum from the horse using radiolabelled IGF-I revealed a protein at 96 kDa which was not present in serum from goat, cow, sheep, deer or donkey. These latter species all displayed five labelled bands in the range 24 to 41 kDa. Conversely, these were only weakly labelled in serum from the horse. Size exclusion chromatography of horse serum pre-incubated with radiolabelled IGF-I revealed reduced binding in the 130-kDa peak compared with goat plasma, and ligand blotting analysis indicated the 96-kDa protein was present in this peak. The 96-kDa protein from horse serum...
Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horses: 58 cases (1980-1990). The case records, radiographs, and nuclear bone scans of 58 horses with stress reactions or stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) were reviewed. There were 47 Standardbreds, 4 Quarter Horses, 3 Thoroughbreds, 2 Arabians, 1 Oldenburg, and 1 Pony of America. Fifty-six of the horses were racehorses or performance horses. The mean and median ages of affected horses were 4 and 3 years, respectively. Lameness ranged from mild to severe. Physical findings were usually subtle and included signs of pain on deep palpation of the proximal palmar aspect of MC3 a...
Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony. Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed in 3 horses and in a pony, ranging in age from 8 to 21 years. There were 2 females, 1 sexually intact male, and 1 gelding. In 3 animals, hypertrophic osteopathy was associated with pulmonary abscesses, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, and ovarian granulosa-cell tumor, respectively, and resulted in death or euthanasia. Duration of the condition ranged from 1 to 4 months. In 1 horse, hypertrophic osteopathy was believed to be secondary to pregnancy, and resolved following uncomplicated delivery of a live foal.
L chain isotype regulation in horse. I. Characterization of Ig lambda genes. Analysis of 10 cDNA encoding lambda L chains of horse Ig indicated that this species may employ a relatively small number of variable region (V lambda) genes in the splenic B cell population. The V lambda sequences of all of the cDNA analyzed were closely related (> 88% identity at the nucleotide level) and were characterized by a deletion of the amino acid residue at position 3 compared with V lambda sequences so far described in other species. The 10 V lambda sequences could be grouped into three groups, V lambda 1 to V lambda 3, on the basis of a number of linked substitutions. Sequences...
