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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Comparative study of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Quantitative studies were made of cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in the horse, dog, cat, pig, sheep, goat, and calf. This nucleus was larger in ruminants than in nonruminants. Some cells in all parts of the nucleus supplied visceral structures in the head, cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions; however, a definite topographic localization did exist within the nucleus. Eighty percent of the cells which supplied the abdominal viscera were in the rostral and rostral-middle regions. The cells which supplied the thoracic viscera were distributed almost equally within the r...
Relationship of protein concentration and water content of equine serum and plasma samples. A highly significant correlation between the water content and protein concentration of equine serum and plasma samples was demonstrated over a wide range of concentrations. A close correlation was also observed between protein concentration as estimated by refractometry and as determined by the biuret procedure for equine serum and plasma samples.
[Comparative electrophoretic study of the molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase in the leukocytes of agricultural animals]. The alkaline phosphatase enzyme, isolated by Morton's method from leukocytes of sheep, goats, and pigs gave after agarose elctrophoresis two isoenzyme fractions moving to the positive pole at the sites of the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of the blood serum. In bovine leukocytes, besides these two fractions there was a third one that moved more slowly in the zone of the beta-globulins. In horses the alkaline phosphatase of leukocytes produced a wide band within the zones of the beta-globulins and the albumins. It was established that the proportion between the individual isoenzyme fractions o...
Strain differences in Echinococcus granulosus, with special reference to the status of equine hydatidosis in the United Kingdom. The genetics of speciation in the genus Echinococcus are briefly discussed. As the organism is a hermaphrodite and multiplies asexually in the larval stage, the genetic mechanism for the ready production of new strains is inherent in the life-cycle. Some biological, biochemical and nutritional differences between the horse and sheep strains are examined. The sheep strain may be grown to sexual maturity, in vitro, in a diphasic system; the horse strain fails to grow in such a system. Differences have also been demonstrated between the soluble proteins of the two strains. The sheep strain is inf...
[Studies on the effects of intravenous administration of glucose, fructose, invertose and sorbitol on various blood constituents of blood plasma (monosaccharides, insulin, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acids as well as glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) in the horse]. Horses were examined for the behaviour of various blood constituents prior to and following infusions of solutions of glucose, fructose, invertose, and sorbitol. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight glucose to six horses was followed by half-life variation between eleven and 23 minutes. Subsequent infusion of invertose to the same animals usually caused prolongation of glucose half-life. Half-life values were between 17 and 33 minutes for fructose and between 21 and 80 minutes for glucose. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight fructose to two horses was followed by half-life values between 17 and 18 mi...
Combined immunodeficiency in foals in Arabian breeding: evaluation of mode of inheritance and estimation of prevalence of affected foals and carrier mares and stallions. Combined immunodeficiency (CID), a defect in both B- and T-lymphocytes, was found to occur in 2.3% of 257 foals of Arabian breeding. All affected foals died by 5 months of age. The belief that CID is transmitted as an autosomal recessive genetic defect was supported by results from matings of dams and sires that had previously produced affected foals. Based on a prevalence of 2.3%, the proportion of carriers of the CID trait among the adult population surveyed was estimated to be 25.7%. Recent descriptions of other immunologic defects in foals emphasized the need for careful differential diagn...
Experimental studies of neurotoxic activity in blood fractions from acute cases of grass sickness. Plasma, serum and cells were prepared from blood taken from acute cases of grass sickness, and plasma was fractionated by gel filtration and salt precipatation. These preparations were all tested for neurotoxic activity by injection into ponies. Plasma and serum were found to produce the neurohistological changes seen in grass sickness, as was a plasma protein fraction of molecular weight 30,000 or greater. Activity was retained following storage at--75 degrees C for 15 months. Plasma given orally to a pony produced no detectable effect, nor was activity demonstrated following the injection of...
Coughing in horses–an historical aspect. A brief historical review is given of the incidence and types of respiratory disease that occurred in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. The significance of poor stabling and overcrowding in the causation and spread of coughing is emphasised and its dramatic reduction by simple methods of hygiene and ventilation.
Rupture of the diaphragm in the horse. Four cases of fatal diaphragmatic rupture in the horse are described. In 2 cases there was no history of injury but the other 2 animals had sustained recent thoracic trauma. Three of the horses had signs of colic and bowel obstruction complicated, in 2 cases, by respiratory embarrassment; the fourth died rapidly, presumably of shock. Previously published cases are reviewed and the causes, clinical effects, diagnosis and treatment of the disorder are discussed.
Epidemiological features of the mycotoxicoses. Although mycotoxicoses attract more and more attention, the epidemiology of these diseases is still not adequately studied. The author devotes his study to certain diseases. In addition to the diseases whose mycotoxic nature is in no doubt, he conditionally includes certain diseases whose mycotoxic causation needs further proof. The author has assigned stachybotryotoxicosis and alimentary toxic aleukia or fusariotoxicosis to the first category and endemic nephropathy and primary liver-cell carcinoma to the second. His intention in adopting this approach is to establish the common features and ...
A method of ether anaesthesia in ponies. A method of inhalation anaesthesia using diethyl ether, following induction with thiopentone, is described in ponies. The high concentrations of ether needed to maintain anaesthesia were obtained by using a Marrett head in circle vaporizer. This methods would only be used in ponies, since the diameter of the tubing is too small for use on larger horses.
Effects of fluoride on livestock. Animals normally ingest small amounts of fluorides in their diet with no adverse effect. An increased ingestion of fluoride can be harmful to animals, and grazing animals can be damaged by the consumption of high-fluoride vegetation. Cattle have been the species most commonly affected, and the symptoms of excessive fluoride ingestion in that species include; lesions in the developing dentition, skeletal lesions, lameness, chemical evidence of tissue fluoride ingestion in that species include: lesions in the developing take and decrease in production. The level of fluoride which can be tolerate...
Rapid heterolysis of indophenyl acetate by a constituent of a preparation of horse serum cholinesterase. A transient phase for the hydrolysis of indophenyl acetate by the commercial preparation of horse serum cholinesterase was observed on a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. It was found that the transient process is a reaction of the ester with a major component of the preparation and is not caused by the serum cholinesterase enzyme. This noncholinesterase component was isolated and the dependence of its concentration and that of the ester upon the transient liberation of the indophenolate ion were determined. Studies with the isolated component and subsequent analyses have led to the tentative id...
A comparative study of experimental and spontaneous emphysema. Normal lung architecture of the rat, mouse, hamster, horse, and human was compared to that of emphysematous lungs from the same species by utilizing a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained by SEM examination of normal and emphysematous lungs corresponded to those obtained with the light microscope. However, the SEM provided a view of alveoli and airway morphology not obtainable with the light microscope. Because of the variability in pore size and number of pores per alveolus, a pore-to-alveolus ratio was determined with the SEM on the normal lungs of ...
Secular trends of annual morbidities of animal infectious diseases. Supposing two mathematical models, additive and multiplicative, the authors estimated the secular trends of annual morbidities (1949 approximately 1975) of twelve infectious diseases of domestic animals. For each diseases ten different trend curves were fitted. It was found that five regression equations, namely, those for bovine trichomoniasis, bovine tuberculosis, equine infectious anemia, pullorum disease in chickens, and foulbrood, gave the coefficient of determination of 97.9, 92.7, 91.0, 93.5, and 85.2%, respectively. Four of them were multiplicative, and the remaining one for equine inf...
Comparative studies on the gastric glycopeptide in eleven animal species. 1. Glycopeptides in the stomachs of eleven mammalian species, including human, rabbit, horse, cow, pig, goat, sheep, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat were assayed by determining the carbohydrate content of materials which remained after proteolysis. 2. The glycopeptide content was higher in the mucosa than in the muscular layer including serosa, especially in the porcine stomach and the fourth stomachs of the ruminants than in the stomachs of any other animals. 3. The glycopeptide, which was stained with both alcian blue and PAS, was absent or sparingly present in the mucosae of the human, rabbit,...
[Outbreak of equine influenza by a new strain of Myxovirus type 2. II. Epizootiology]. During an epizootic of equine acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. Sera examination by hemagglutinin inhibition test and complement fixation test confirmed the etiology of the disease. The first and second outbreak of the disease remained localised. The third outbreak spread within few months to all parts of the country. Horses vaccinated with a commercial equine influenza vaccine remained healthy.
Identification of the PR prealbumin proteins in horse serum. The Pr protein, which is one of the major equine acidic prealbumins and which consists of a large number of phenotypes, has been studied with regard to its chemical identity. Serum samples of known Pr phenotype which had been treated with varying amounts of bovine trypsin were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis at pH 4.8. When a certain amount of trypsin was used, the Pr protein was markedly affected, whereas the other acidic prealbumins retained their normal electrophoreitic pattern. Extracts from three different regions of the acidic prealbumin field were tested by the casein precipitat...
