Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique used to visualize specific antigens in tissue sections of horses through the application of antibodies. This method allows for the detailed examination of the distribution and localization of proteins within equine tissues, providing insights into various physiological and pathological processes. IHC is employed in equine research to study a range of conditions, including infectious diseases, inflammatory responses, and neoplastic disorders. By utilizing specific antibodies that bind to target antigens, researchers can identify cellular and tissue changes, contributing to a better understanding of equine health and disease mechanisms. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of immunohistochemistry in the field of equine research.
Waelchli RO, Winder NC.Endometrial biopsies were obtained from four mares during consecutive oestrous cycles on the first day of oestrus, on the day when ovulation was detected, and four and eight days after ovulation. Cycle stages were confirmed by means of rectal palpation, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone determination. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the formalin fixed biopsy specimens was performed using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(Fc)- and IgG(T)-containing cells were detected in all biopsies; with IgA- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells generally predominating. ...
Crump A, Donaldson WL, Miller J, Kydd JH, Allen WR, Antczak DF.Antibodies to fetal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are routinely detected in the serum of pregnant mares some 2-4 weeks after formation of the endometrial cups at Day 36-38 after ovulation. Several experimental approaches were taken to determine whether paternal MHC antigens are expressed on horse placental tissues. First, absorption of anti-paternal MHC antisera with a large volume of endometrial cup cells removed antibody activity in only 2 of 4 experiments. Second, repeated immunization of horses with endometrial cup tissue recovered from a mare on Day 47 of pregnancy faile...
McEntee M, Summers BA, de Lahunta A, Cummings J.A 3-year-old horse presented with intermittent generalized seizures of 2-month duration. During interictal periods, the horse appeared normal and a cause for the seizures could not be identified. Necropsy revealed opacity of the leptomeninges, covering most of one cerebral hemisphere along with thinning and collapse of the cortex in the ipsilateral pyriform lobe. Histopathology demonstrated leptomeningeal vascular proliferation and meningothelial hyperplasia. Prominent tortuous vessels of the gyri and sulci extended into some regions of the subjacent cortex, where there was neuronal loss, ecto...
Moore PF, Hacker DV, Buyukmihci NC.Angiosarcomas arising in ocular tissues of four aging horses are described. Tumors were locally invasive and eventually metastasized via the mandibular and cervical lymph nodes. Pathologically, the tumors contained well-differentiated regions, in which vascular channels were lined by pleomorphic endothelial cells, as well as poorly-differentiated regions, in which vascular channels were either rudimentary or absent. Red blood cells were scare in vascular structures formed by the tumors. Factor VIII related antigen (VIII:RAg), a blood vascular endothelial marker, was demonstrated by immunohisto...
Sandusky GE, Wightman KA.Specific cell populations in the pituitary glands of the rat, cat, pig, and human being were positive for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). When reacted with prediluted rabbit anti-human TSH, LH, and FSH, antisera were not positive for the demonstration of these hormones in the horse, cow, or dog. Immunocytochemical staining was obtained in the horse, cow, and dog by the use of a primary antiserum against a specific beta-subunit of bovine TSH. The immunocytochemical staining of TSH, LH, FSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth ...
Miller RI, Campbell RS.Pythiosis (204 cases, 77%), basidiobolomycosis (48 cases, 18%), and conidiobolomycosis (14 cases, 5%) were diagnosed morphologically from 266 horses with phycomycosis. All lesions were cutaneous ulcerative granulomas and three horses with pythiosis had metastatic lesions in regional lymph nodes. Lesions of pythiosis contained characteristic yellow, coral-like coagula and had a fibrotic surface containing sinus tract openings. Basidiobolomycosis was characterized by infrequent small yellow coagula and a yellow line of fungal invasion beneath an edematous surface. Lesions of conidiobolomycosis h...
Gosztonyi G, Ludwig H.The brains of eight horses that had suffered from natural Borna disease were examined with virologic, immunohistological, and electron-microscopic methods. All brains harbored infectious virus as shown by inoculation of experimental animals. Regional assessment of the infectivity exhibited the highest titers in the hippocampus and piriform cortex and the lowest in the cerebellum. Conventional histology yielded pathologic alterations very similar to those of the classical description of the disease. Immunohistology demonstrated the highest amounts of Borna disease virus-specific antigen in the ...
Floyd K, Suter PF, Lutz H.Direct staining of the granules of blood eosinophils by anti-immunoglobulin fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugates was observed when feline blood smears were tested for presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen by immunofluorescent antibody. When blood smears of other species including swine, horses, cattle, dogs, sheep, birds, and human beings were examined, direct staining of eosinophils by FITC conjugates was also detected. This FITC staining was restricted to eosinophils and was not observed in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets. Direct FITC staining of eosinophils does n...
Banks KL, Greenlee A.Various cell populations of equine mononuclear leukocytes were identified and isolated. Mononuclear leukocytes were concentrated by isopyknic centrifugation, using a solution of Ficoll and Hypaque. Three additional techniques were explored to separate monocytes from lymphocytes, and 3 methods were used to separate lymphocyte types. Cytochemical techniques for the detection of nonspecific esterase readily distinguished equine monocytes from lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into at least 2 populations. One population had surface traits identical to thymocytes [ie, they re...
Dees WL, Sorensen AM, Kemp WM, McArthur NH.Immunohistochemical localization of the decapeptide gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in neural structures in the pony brain and infundibulum (INF) was conducted at the light-microscopic level. This procedure utilized an antiserum generated against GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin. In the rostral INF, GnRH was distributed mainly in the external layer, with greatest concentrations adjacent to the long capillary loops of the hypophyseal portal system. The intermediate portion of the INF contained the hormone throughout the external layer, especially in the dorsolateral regions just ve...
Blähser S.In the thyroid glands of the horse, pig, deer, mole, and rat, C-cells could be demonstrated by means of the immunocytochemical PAP-technique using rabbit antisera against human calcitonin. Only in ruminants, the cross-reaction between the intracellularly stored antigen and the antibodies used appeared to be incomplete.
Helmstaedter V, Feurle GE, Forssmann WG.Equine pancreas was investigated with immunohistochemical methods to study the distribution of endocrine cells immunoreactive to anti-insulin, anti-glucagon, and anti-somatostatin. A-cells demonstrable by anti-glucagon are located in the center of Langerhans islets and frequently in the duct epithelium. Few A-cells are seen associated to acini. Anti-insulin reactive B-cells form a large zone around the center of the Langerhans islets in which some B-cells lie between exocrine cells and others, although few, are located in the duct epithelium. D-cells stained with anti-somatostatin serum form a...
Lindholm A, Johansson HE, Kjaersgaard P.LINDHOLM, A., H.-E. JOHANSSON & P. KJÆRSGAARD: Acute rhabdomyolysis (“tying-up”) in standardbred horses. A morphological and biochemical study. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 325–339. — Morphological, biochemical and histochemical changes were studied in muscle needle biopsy specimens (gluteus medius) from 59 standardbred trotters with acute clinical symptoms of the “tying-up” disease. All horses had increased levels of serum enzymes SGOT and SCPK. The biopsy specimens were taken at various intervals after onset of clinical symptoms (1–4 hrs., 18–24 hrs. and 2–20 days). Ry light...
Schnorr B, Wille KH.Summary. The activities and localization of a lysosomal acid phosphatase and of a Mg++- and Ca++-activated ATPase were shown in the pars proventricularis epithelium of the horse stomach using cytochemical methods and the light and electron microscopes. Activity of the non-specific alkaline phosphatase was exclusively demonstrated on the subepithelial vessel loops of the papillae occultae.
The activityof ATPases gradually decreased from the stratum basale to the stratum super- ficiale. Reaction intensity was optimal after 45 rain and did not increase further. An increase of the Mg++-activated ...
Respiratory diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the horses of all ages including foals. There is limited understanding of the expression of immune molecules such as tetraspanins and surfactant proteins (SP) and the regulation of the immune responses in the lungs of the foals. Therefore, the expression of CD9, SP-A and SP-D in foal lungs was examined. Results: Lungs from one day old (n = 6) and 30 days old (n = 5) foals were examined for the expression of CD9, SP-A, and SP-D with immunohistology and Western blots. Western blot data showed significant increase in the...
A 25-year-old pony mare was presented to the clinic with preliminarily reported severe acute colic. The pony during the previous week had shown inappetence, apathy and fever of unknown origin. Clinical examination and placement of a gastric tube were indicative of a secondary gastric dilation. Rectal exploration found moderate caecal meteorism with a tensed and painful medial taenia as well as a dilated and fluid-filled small intestine. In addition, a solid, mobile, non-painful structure of approximately 10 cm diameter was palpated ventrally. A hyperechogenic mass close to the caecum was detec...
Equine recurrent uveitis serves as a spontaneous model for human autoimmune uveitis. Unpredictable relapses and ongoing inflammation in the eyes of diseased horses as well as in humans lead to destruction of the retina and finally result in blindness. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to inflammation and retinal degeneration are not well understood. An initial screening for differentially regulated proteins in sera of uveitic cases compared to healthy controls revealed an increase of the alternative pathway complement component factor B in ERU cases. To determine the activation status ...
Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Ochi A, Kishi D, Ueno T, Tsujimura K, Bannai H, Kawanishi N, Ohta M, Suzuki T.In this study, equine intestinal enteroids (EIEs) were generated from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and inoculated with equine coronavirus (ECoV) to investigate their suitability as in vitro models with which to study ECoV infection. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the EIEs were composed of various cell types expressed in vivo in the intestinal epithelium. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and virus titration showed that ECoV had infected and replicated in the EIEs. These results were corroborated by electron microscopy. This study suggests that EIEs can be novel in vitro ...
Kader T, Lin JR, Hug C, Coy S, Chen YA, de Bruijn I, Shih N, Jung E, Pelletier RJ, Leon ML, Mingo G, Omran DK, Lee JS, Yapp C, Satravada BA, Kundra R....High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) originates from fallopian tube (FT) precursors. However, the molecular changes that occur as precancerous lesions progress to HGSOC are not well understood. To address this, we integrated high-plex imaging and spatial transcriptomics to analyze human tissue samples at different stages of HGSOC development, including p53 signatures, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STIC), and invasive HGSOC. Our findings reveal immune modulating mechanisms within precursor epithelium, characterized by chromosomal instability, persistent interferon (IFN) signaling...
Apolonio EVP, Gobbo LL, Woiblet NG, Dinau FC, Pyles MS, Ferrari LC, de Moura Alonso J, Alves ALG.Vascular hamartoma is an abnormal development of endothelial tissue that rarely affects horses. Histopathological examination remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, yet the presence of abnormal vascular structures must be carefully differentiated from other vascular anomalies and neoplasms. This report describes two cases of vascular proliferation affecting the skin on the lateral side over the left tarsus and the dorsolateral region over the fetlock joint of two fillies. The clinical history, presentation, and radiographic and sonographic findings in both patients suggested a neo...
Morris JM, Lassaline ME, Nunnery CM, Teixeira LBC, Martins BC, Moore BA, Knickelbein KE, Scherrer NM, Plummer CE.Little information describing the biologic behaviour and therapies for corneal lymphoma exist. Objective: To characterise histologically confirmed equine corneal lymphoma considering breed, age or sex predisposition, histologic and immunologic features, therapies and outcomes. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: A multicentre retrospective medical record review was used to identify horses that presented with corneal disease confirmed morphologically as corneal lymphoma from 2012 to 2022. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 10.5 years. Males represented 18/26 cases. Warmblood (14) and...
Stewart AS, Kopper JJ, McKinney-Aguirre C, Veerasamy B, Sahoo DK, Freund JM, Gonzalez LM.Gastrointestinal disease is a leading cause of death in mature horses. A lack of in vitro modeling has impeded the development of novel therapeutics. The objectives of this study were to develop and further characterize a small intestinal monolayer cell culture derived from equine jejunum including establishing normal measurements of intestinal permeability and restitution. Three-dimensional enteroids, derived from postmortem sampling of equine jejunum, were utilized to develop confluent epithelial monolayers. The presence of differentiated intestinal epithelial cell types and tight junctions ...
Carvalho Serena G, Marchezan Piva M, Viezzer Bianchi M, Fernandes da Fonseca HC, Chitolina Pupin R, Martins Basso R, Secorun Borges A....In horses, systemic calcinosis is a rare syndrome characterised by muscle lesion associated with the mineralisation of large muscle groups or other organs, in the absence of an alternative cause for the calcification, such as toxic, enzootic or metabolic. Molecular and histopathological aspects of the disease are still poorly elucidated. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, pathological and molecular aspects of systemic calcinosis in a convenience sample of six horses submitted to necropsy in the Southern and Midwestern regions of Brazil. Methods: Retrospective exploratory study. Method...
Millares-Ramirez EM, Dupuis-Dowd F, Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP.In severe equine asthma, structural remodeling of the airways ultimately leads to bronchial wall thickening and airflow obstruction. Increased bronchial vascularization has been described in horses affected by the severe form of the disease, but whether it contributes to bronchial remodeling in milder forms of asthma remains to be determined. In a blinded, retrospective case-control study, we evaluated the presence of bronchial angiogenesis in horses with mild and moderate equine asthma (MEA) and its correlation to airway smooth muscle remodeling. Methods: Endobronchial biopsies from the Equin...
Finno CJ, Rogers SL, Donnelly CG, Affolter VK, Woolard K, Miller AD, Bellone RR, Petersen JL.Equine spinal neurodegenerative conditions are frequently encountered in sport and racing horses and may be career-ending diagnoses. To further define the spatial transcriptomic landscape of equine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in healthy adult horses, we investigated gene expression differences in distinct DRG regions using the GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling from NanoString. Four human cell markers demonstrated high fidelity for equine cells; microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), myelin basic protein (MBP), allograft inflammatory 104 factor 1/ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1/A...
Risvanli A, Hatipoglu F, Salykov R, Timurkaan N, Kadiralieva N, Kasymalieva KK, Seker I, Ekinci E.In the current study, we aimed to determine the distribution of telocytes in the ovary, oviduct and uterus of Kyrgyz mares depending on whether they were pregnant. We also studied the progression during the first 6 months of pregnancy. To this end, ovary, oviduct and uterus tissues from 53 Kyrgyz mares were obtained post-mortem. The mare tissue samples were divided into two groups: pregnant (n = 43) and non-pregnant (n = 10). Telocyte levels in the tissues were determined using light microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. Subsequently, the data acquired were evaluated based on ...
de Moura Alonso J, Apolonio EVP, Teng FS, Perandré PI, Amorim RL, Mazaro RD, Watanabe MJ, Alves ALG, Hussni CA.In horses, basal cell neoplasms are uncommon benign tumors with slow growth mostly reported in the skin and eyelid. Malignant presentation is even more uncommon. This report describes a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in the periocular region of a 10-year-old donkey. The animal presented good body condition and a neoformation in the right eye, noted 3 months prior to hospital admission. At the ophthalmological examination, the mass was identified above and adhered to the cornea, measuring 3.0 × 2.5 × 1.5 cm. Cytology revealed a suspicion of a malignant epithelial neoplasm, characterized ...
Abdelnaby EA, ElKader NAA, Yehia SG, Salem NY, Ramadan ES, Khattab MS, Farghali HA, Emam IA.This study aimed to demonstrate the vaginal tissue alterations via vaginal biopsy and hemodynamic alterations by introducing chromoendoscopy to analyse the effect of equine vaginitis on the oxidative and hormonal profile. Mares were divided into normal mares (N = 10) and affected mares (N = 10). Animals were subjected to Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation, endoscopic examination, oxidative stress was estimated, and biopsy samples were taken for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Uterine body (UB) thickness (mm), circumference (mm) and area (mm) elevated significantly in infected...
Arnade H, Ivie IE, Gordon J, Peroni JF.To evaluate the feasibility of short-term 3-D tissue culture in maintaining the structure and function of equine synovial explants and demonstrate that day 4 explant characteristics were not significantly different from day 0. We hypothesized that a 4-day culture period in 3-D explant culture would not significantly disrupt synovial tissue health and function compared to baseline measurements. Unassigned: Synovial explants (n = 24/horse) from healthy carpal joints of 5 horses were cultured in 12-well plates using tissue-stabilizing agar rings. Explants were evaluated in triplicate or quadrupli...
Schollmeyer M, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Felton C, Kohl S, Ulrich R.A 34-year-old Haflinger gelding presented with a unilateral, expansile, intranasal mass that regrew after partial excision. After euthanasia, a large pedunculated mass that originated from the left caudal maxillary sinus and obliterated the left nasal cavity was seen by radiological and macroscopic examination. Histopathology revealed a poorly cellular, expansile, well-vascularized neoplasm composed of a loosely arranged meshwork of spindle cells and collagen fibres. Spindle cells were immunopositive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and occasionally for vimentin, whereas endothelial cells immunol...
Reinthaler B, Gabner S, Apprich V, Jehle M, Licka T.Equine hoof canker is a chronic proliferative condition of the hoof tissues that is often time-consuming and frustrating to treat. After surgical debridement, topical application of cisplatin (cis-Diamindichlorplatin II) has been reported, requiring repeatedly handling this hazardous substance during bandage changes. Alternatively, intraarterial application of cisplatin could be used, similar to the treatment of some human neoplastic diseases. As the side effects of such a treatment are currently unknown, evaluation of associated risks is necessary before treating live horses. Thus, forelimbs ...
B B, G M, L G, G A, B B, T F, A G, D B, A K, G T, G S, A B, M F, L R.Equine penile tumors are common in horses and are often related to infection with equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2). This study investigated the immune cell infiltrate (ICI) of these tumors in horses, focusing on the role of EcPV2. Using multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) for CD3, CD20, and IBA-1 and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FoxP3, 27 horses with papillomas (5/27), in situ carcinomas (CISs) (3/27), and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (19/27) were evaluated. Eighteen cases tested positive for EcPV2 by either or both in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (18...
Gómez-Torres F, Ballesteros-Acuña L, Ruíz-Sauri A.Arrhythmic sudden cardiac death in dogs and horses often results from ventricular arrhythmia secondary to myocardial damage. Despite this, limited data exist on the histomorphometric changes in cardiac conduction fibers (CCFs) and cardiac conduction cells (CCCs) following spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to characterize morphometric and histological alterations in conduction fibers and their junctions with cardiomyocytes in infarcted hearts of horses and dogs. Unassigned: Ten hearts from horses and 10 from dogs that had died suddenly were examined. Histological and immu...
Lee S, Kyaw MT, Harada K, Kusakabe KT, Igase M, Sasaki N.Generally, most mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have lower pluripotency and limited differentiation potential than embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, a small subpopulation of MSCs, called multilineage differentiating stress-enduring (MUSE) cells, exhibit pluripotency. MUSE cells express stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3), a sphingoglycolipid. Here, we isolated and investigated the pluripotency of SSEA-3-positive MSCs (MUSE cells). Six thoroughbred horses were used as test subjects. MSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of the thoracic vertebrae under ultrasound guidance. Harvested...
Santiviparat S, Suthithanakom S, Bhanpattanakul S, Srisuwattanasagul S, Melde K, Stout TAE, Tharasanit T.Advances in endometrial tissue engineering have enabled the combination of modified scaffolding materials with modern cell culture technologies. Genipin and three-dimensional (3D) printing have advanced cell-tissue engineering by enabling the precise layering of cell-containing matrices while ensuring low cytotoxicity. This study aimed to advance equine endometrial tissue engineering by designing customized collagen scaffolds using 3D printing technology, while optimizing the genipin concentration to avoid toxicity. Genipin was tested at concentrations of 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0 mM on...
Medica AJ, Swegen A, Seifi-Jamadi A, McIntosh K, Gibb Z.Oxidative stress plays a critical role in regulating sperm function, yet species-specific antioxidant mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study compared hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) tolerance in horse and human sperm and investigated the roles of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in horses. A H2O2 dose-response assay (0-2000 µM) showed that horse sperm were significantly more resistant to oxidative damage, with an IC50 for progressive motility over 14-fold higher than that of human sperm (391.6 µM vs. 27.3 µM). Horse sperm also accumulated more intracellular H2O2 without loss of m...
Zamith Cunha R, Gobbo F, Morini M, Zannoni A, Mainardi C, D'arpe L, Gramenzi A, Chiocchetti R.A growing body of evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is essential for controlling the homeostasis of the skin and that the ECS is modified in the presence of skin disease. It is plausible to expect that the lamellar junction of the hoof expresses cannabinoid receptors and that their expression could be affected by lamellar disease. The goal of this study was to characterise the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) and the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) within the dermo-epidermal junction of the hooves of healthy and laminitic horses. The expression ...
Pattaro A, Ghibaudi M, Corrente C, Telitsyn N, Graic JM, Aresu L, Sherwood CC, Bonfanti L.Recent research in brain structural plasticity has identified "immature" or "dormant" neurons in layer II of the cerebral cortex (cortical immature neurons; cINs), cells that remain in a prolonged state of arrested development but retain the ability to resume maturation and integrate functionally into mature cortical circuits. These immature cells are far more abundant in large-brained mammals, being restricted to paleocortex (piriform cortex) in small-brained rodents and extending in the widely expanded neocortical mantle of species with large gyrencephalic brains. In a previous systematic an...
Tesena P, Vinijkumthorn R, Kingkaw A, Yanyongsirikarn P, Phasuk K, Ploypetch S, Phaonakrop N, Roytrakul S, Vongsangnak W, Prapaiwan N.Equine melanocytic neoplasm (EMN) is a skin tumor commonly observed in grey horses. Limited research has yet to investigate proteomic profiles of EMN, particularly in the early stages and their expression patterns. This study, therefore, aimed to identify signature proteins from tissue biopsies to distinguish early EMN, severe EMN, and normal groups. Results: Using proteomic analysis of 19 tissue samples (normal: n = 6, early EMN: n = 7, severe EMN: n = 6) through LC-MS/MS, 12,310 proteins were identified. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and functional interaction analysi...
Bailey VN, Gilbert BM, Vetter M, Oberhaus EL.The mechanism by which photoperiod influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and regulates seasonal reproduction in horses has yet to be fully elucidated. The hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT) has been indicated as a critical site for the transduction of melatonin signals through melatonin-responsive, PT-specific cells that produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in many mammalian species. However, this has yet to be investigated in horses. The objective of this study was to explore the interaction of melatonin and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the equine HPG axis. Pituitaries ...
Bombardi C, Salamanca G, Tagliavia C, Grandis A, Zamith Cunha R, Gramenzi A, De Silva M, Zannoni A, Chiocchetti R.The amygdala is composed of several nuclei, including the lateral nucleus which is the main receiving area for the input from cortical and subcortical brain regions. It mediates fear, anxiety, stress, and pain across species. Evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system may be a promising target for modulating these processes. Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors have been identified in the amygdala of rodents, carnivores, and humans, but not in horses. This study aimed to investigate the gene expression of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R), transient receptor potential...
Sjolin E, Espinosa D, Arroyo L, Kenney D, Lack A, Baird J.Listeriosis is caused by , a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, intracellular rod bacterium that can infect a wide variety of species. Listeriosis occurs in a diverse range of domestic and wild animals but is most commonly a disease of ruminants. Clinical signs include meningoencephalitis, typhlocolitis, septic arthritis, and abortions. Listeriosis in horses has been reported in several countries but is an uncommon diagnosis. This report describes clinical, bacteriological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings in 6 foals with neonatal septicemia from which was isolated. Key ...
