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Topic:Inflammation
Inflammation is a biological response of the horse's body to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a complex process that involves the activation of immune cells, the release of inflammatory mediators, and changes in blood flow. In horses, inflammation can manifest in various forms, affecting different tissues and organs, including the joints, respiratory system, and skin. The inflammatory response is an essential component of the horse's immune system, aiming to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and establish tissue repair. This topic page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, effects, and management of inflammation in equine health.
Effects of intra-articularly administered endotoxin on clinical signs of disease and synovial fluid tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, and prostaglandin E2 values in horses. In each of 4 horses, sterile synovitis was induced by intra-articular injection of 3 micrograms of Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) into one antebrachiocarpal joint; an equal volume (2 ml) of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS) was injected into the opposite, control carpus. Blood and 1.5 ml of synovial fluid were obtained at postinjection hours (PIH) 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 42, 66, and 144. Synovial fluid sample collection was accomplished by use of an indwelling, intra-articular catheter through PIH 12, and by arthrocentesis subsequently. Joint fluid samples were analyz...
[Skin problems, edema and diarrhea in a yearling stallion. Symptoms of a cecum-in-colon invagination?]. A Dutch Warmblood yearling stallion was referred for skin lesions, oedema and diarrhoea. At rectal palpation a cecocolonic intussusception was diagnosed, that might have been present for at least one week. A short literature review of cecocolonic intussusception is given.
Administration of a receptor antagonist for platelet-activating factor during equine endotoxaemia. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of endotoxaemia and various PAF receptor antagonists prevent many of the adverse effects of experimental endotoxaemia in laboratory animals. In this study a specific PAF receptor antagonist was used to investigate the role of PAF in equine endotoxaemia. At an interval of not greater than 10 days, 6 horses were each challenged with endotoxin and endotoxin with concurrent administration of SRI 63-441, a PAF receptor antagonist. The order of the treatments was randomised. Clinical signs, serum biochemical and coagulation profiles, and plat...
Surgical treatment of intramural esophageal inclusion cysts in three horses. Three horses were diagnosed as having esophageal inclusion cysts. Clinical signs included dysphagia, swelling of the cervical esophagus, and salivation. Surgical removal of the cyst was attempted in two horses. Both horses survived, but multiple complications occurred, including esophageal fistulation and neurovascular damage. Marsupialization of the cyst was performed in the third horse. The stoma closed 3 weeks after surgery without complications, and endoscopic examination revealed a grossly normal esophagus. Marsupialization may be preferable to surgical removal for treatment of selected e...
Eosinophilic synovitis following the intra-articular injection of bacterial antigen in horses. Purified streptococcal M protein was injected into one intercarpal joint in three horses hyperimmunised with Streptococcus equi M protein vaccine. The contralateral joints were injected with pH adjusted polyionic solution. All antigen-injected joints developed a severe suppurative synovitis (mean synovial fluid nucleated cell count = 102,200 x 10(6) cells litre-1). Eosinophils were found in the synovial fluid and in synovial membrane biopsy specimens of two of the horses. Immune complexes were not demonstrated in the synovial membrane. Two horses are described that developed synovial fluid eos...
Generalized medullary infarction of the long bones in a horse. Generalized medullary infarction of the long bones was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Tennessee Walking Horse mare. The mare was referred after a 6-week course of shifting weight on her hind limbs, and kicking. Physical examination revealed mild stifle joint distention and withdrawal reactions to digital pressure over the long bones. Radiography revealed patchy areas of medullary sclerosis in the distal portion of each femur and proximal portion of each tibia. A full-thickness cortical and cancellous tibial biopsy revealed infarcted bone marrow, with cortical and periosteal osteonecrosis. The caus...
Free radical oxidation products in plasma and synovial fluid of horses with synovial inflammation. Free radical oxidation products, namely conjugated dienes, ultraviolet fluorescence (excitation 325 nm, emission 395 nm) and visible fluorescence (excitation 360 nm, emission 460 nm) were measured in equine synovial fluid exposed to free radicals in vitro and in the plasma and synovial fluids of horses with synovial effusions. The synovial effusions were induced by intra-articularly administered carrageenin (0.3 ml, 1%), which rarely resulted in clinical lameness. The free radicals were generated in vitro by mixtures of iron and ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Fe/EDTA) or mixtures of hypoxanth...
Effects of intraarticular corticosteroid and sodium hyaluronate injections on synovial fluid production and synovial fluid content of sodium hyaluronate and proteoglycans in normal equine joints. Hyaluronate and cartilage proteoglycan fragments in synovial fluid from normal equine joints were determined after repeated intraarticular injections of beta-methasone, methylprednisolone, hyaluronate, saline and a combination of beta-methasone + hyaluronate and methylprednisolone + hyaluronate. The experimental intraarticular treatments were given at the beginning of the study and after one and two weeks. Synovial samples were obtained at the onset of the study and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The synovial volume was determined and showed no significant changes after the repeated arthroc...
Changes in fluid composition on the serosal surface of jejunum and small colon subjected to venous strangulation obstruction in ponies. In 6 anesthetized ponies, 3 segments of jejunum and 3 segments of small colon were isolated from the peritoneal cavity in plastic bags filled with Hanks' balanced salt solution. One jejunal and 1 small colon segment were subjected to venous strangulation obstruction for 3 hours (VSO-3), venous strangulation obstruction for 6 hours (VSO-6), or a 6-hour sham procedure to control for changes induced by isolation in a plastic bag. Additional segments of jejunum and colon that were not placed in bags served as controls for histologic examination and collagenase measurements. Samples of fluid surrou...
Pathological analysis of bone fractures in race horses. Pathomorphological analysis was performed on fractured bones of 470 race horses. The most common fracture site was the limb (98% of cases), and the majority of fractures were intra-articular. Focal osteochondral lesions consisting of osteochondrosis, osteonecrosis and osteosclerosis were observed frequently in fractured and non-fractured bones. In the fractured bones, the lesions frequently appeared in the vicinity of the fractured site. Under the influence of antecedent osteochondrosis from the young stage, osteosclerotic and osteonecrotic lesions may have been induced by immoderate exercise ...
Choledocholithiasis attributable to a foreign body in a horse. Cholelithiasis is the most common cause of biliary obstruction in horses. Proposed mechanisms include ascariasis, biliary stasis, ascending biliary infection, and changes in bile composition. In this horse, a foreign body acted as the nidus for bile-salt deposition and ascending cholangitis. Clinical signs (intermittent abdominal pain, icterus, and pyrexia) in conjunction with high serum activity of enzymes indicative of obstructive biliary disease led to a tentative diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Ultrasonography was used to confirm the diagnosis. Postmortem examination revealed a 7-cm wooden st...
[Charcot and claudicatio intermittens – a footnote to the history of vascular surgery]. Jean Martin Charcot was the first to give a detailed description of intermittent claudication, and a correct interpretation of the mechanism behind the symptoms. He borrowed the name of the syndrome from the veterinarian literature, where it had been described to occur in horses, and caused by inflammatory changes in aorta at the origin of the large vessels to the extremities. The case presented by Charcot was a man with a traumatic pseudoaneurysm in his common iliac artery. He had in addition an arterio-enteric fistula, a condition which probably had not been described before.
Jejunal intussusception in adult horses: 11 cases (1981-1991). Medical records of 11 adult horses with jejunal intussusception examined at 5 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1981 and 1991 were reviewed. Nine of 11 horses had signs of acute abdominal discomfort for < 24 hours, whereas 2 horses had a history of chronic signs. Five of 11 horses had an intraluminal or intramural mass associated with the jejunal intussusception. Two horses died or were euthanatized prior to surgery. Partial jejunal resection and jejunojejunal anastomosis were performed in 9 horses. One horse died during surgery and 2 were euthanatized prior to hospital discharge because o...
Incarceration of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen. Report of 19 cases (1983-1992). The medical records of 19 horses referred for colic and subsequently found (18 confirmed, 1 suspected) to have small intestinal incarceration through the epiploic foramen were reviewed. These horses were of various ages and breeds; they had clinical signs of colic for an average duration of 13.5 hours before examination. Seventeen horses had nasogastric reflux, and 15 had palpable small intestinal distention. Three horses were killed during surgery because of severe intestinal damage. Of the remaining 16 horses, 13 required intestinal resection and anastomosis. The length of incarcerated small...
Etiology and pathology of equine placentitis. Placentas from aborted, stillborn, and premature foals were examined during the 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons, and 236 of 954 (24.7%) had placentitis. Microorganisms associated with placentitis were isolated or demonstrated from 162 of 236 (68.6%) placentitis cases. Leptospira spp. and a nocardioform actinomycete were 2 important, newly emerging bacteria associated with equine placentitis. Major pathogens identified in decreasing order were Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Leptospira spp., Escherichia coli, a nocardioform actinomycete, fungi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus equisimilis, Ente...
Pinealitis accompanying equine recurrent uveitis. There is no direct verification of pineal gland involvement in human uveitis. Specimens of pineal tissue are not available during active uveitis in human patients. Naturally occurring uveitis in horses gives us an opportunity to examine tissues during active ocular inflammation. We examined the pineal gland of a horse that was killed because it had become blind during an episode of uveitis. The clinical history and histopathology of the eyes were consistent with post-leptospiral equine recurrent uveitis. The pineal gland of this horse had significant inflammatory infiltration consisting mainly...
Effects of holmium:YAG laser on equine articular cartilage and subchondral bone adjacent to traumatic lesions: a histopathological assessment. This study was performed to investigate the effects of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser energy on articular cartilage and subchondral bone adjacent to traumatically created cartilage lesions in a continuous weight-bearing model. The 2.1-microns wavelength was delivered efficiently and precisely in hand-controlled contact and near-contact hard tissue arthroscopic surgery in a saline medium. Bilateral arthroscopy was performed on normal antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joints of four adult horses. One hundred twenty traumatic lesions were created on three weight-bearing articular ...
Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony. Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed in 3 horses and in a pony, ranging in age from 8 to 21 years. There were 2 females, 1 sexually intact male, and 1 gelding. In 3 animals, hypertrophic osteopathy was associated with pulmonary abscesses, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, and ovarian granulosa-cell tumor, respectively, and resulted in death or euthanasia. Duration of the condition ranged from 1 to 4 months. In 1 horse, hypertrophic osteopathy was believed to be secondary to pregnancy, and resolved following uncomplicated delivery of a live foal.
Equine uveitis. Uveitis (inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, or choroid) is a potentially blinding condition with a significant economic impact on the horse industry. Variable symptoms are described, as well as a considerable range of structural and functional sequelae. Known causes of initial episodes include bacterial, viral, traumatic, and parasitic insults, with recurrence by immunologic mechanisms. Treatment strategies and management recommendations that may reduce the incidence or severity of episodes are discussed.
Eyelid and nasolacrimal disease. An understanding of normal structure and function of the equine eyelid is essential to make an accurate diagnosis and appropriately treat equine eyelid diseases. Entropion, eyelid trauma, neoplasia, and nasolacrimal disorders are reviewed. Methods of diagnosis and treatment are presented.
Diagnosis and treatment of lens diseases. The lens represents a unique tissue in light of its embryologic development, retention of old cells and nuclear make-up, transparent nature, immune privileged status, and metabolic restrictions. Disorders of malformation and malposition occur, but cataract development is the most common and significant problem for owners and animals. Technologic and pharmacologic advances have allowed surgical removal of equine cataracts to become an acceptable alternative, capable of returning a visually impaired horse to a functional status. Uveal inflammation represents the greatest threat to successful sur...
Effect of sodium hyaluronate in collagenase-induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis in horses. Superficial digital flexor tendinitis was induced in each forelimb of 8 horses by injecting 4,000 U of collagenase into the midmetacarpal region of the tendon. In each horse, each tendon was treated 24 and 96 hours after the collagenase injection with SC injections of sodium hyaluronate (treated limbs) or an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl solution (control limbs). Exercise was restricted for the first 3 weeks of the study, and a controlled exercise program was instituted for the remainder of the study. Horses were evaluated clinically for lameness, tendon swelling, and midmetacarpal limb circumfere...
Regulation of matrix metabolism in equine cartilage explant cultures by interleukin 1. Explant cultures were set up, using articular cartilage obtained from metatarsophalangeal joints of 11 horses. Explants from 2 horses were used to determine culture conditions appropriate for tissue viability. The cartilage explants maintained steady-state metabolism of proteoglycans during a 13-day evaluation period. The metabolic response of equine articular cartilage to incubation with recombinant human interleukin 1 (0.01 to 100 ng/ml) was studied, using cartilage obtained from the remaining 9 horses, age of which ranged from 3 months to 20 years. Interleukin 1 induced a dose-dependent rel...
Exogenous but not endogenous PGE2 modulates pony tracheal smooth muscle contractions. The modulatory role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was examined in pony tracheal smooth muscle strips. Although exogenous PGE2 inhibited the contractile response to both electrical field stimulation (EFS) and acetylcholine (ACh) in a dose-dependent manner, the concentration required to inhibit the response to EFS (10 nM) was less than that required to inhibit the response to ACh (0.1 microM). Cyclooxygenase inhibition with aspirin or meclofenamate had no effect on either the response to EFS or to ACh even though PGE2 production was inhibited. Our results demonstrate that in ponies as in other spec...
Primary meningeal lymphoma in a horse. Primary meningeal lymphoma was diagnosed in an 18-year-old Morgan gelding. The horse was examined because of a 3-day history of progressive ataxia and weakness. The gait abnormalities were worse on the left side, and the pelvic limbs were more affected than the thoracic limbs. Additional findings included signs of depression, miosis of the left pupil, ptosis of the left upper eyelid, and areas of muscle atrophy on the left side of the neck and over the dorsal aspect of the left scapula. Inflammatory changes were evident in the CSF. At necropsy, there was diffuse and irregular thickening of the...
Ultrastructural mucosal injury after experimental ischemia of the ascending colon in horses. The ultrastructural injury that develops sequentially in the ascending colon during experimentally induced ischemia was examined in 6 halothane-anesthetized horses. Colonic ischemia was created by 2 types of vascular occlusion 24 cm proximal and distal to the pelvic flexure. In all horses, transmural vascular compression was created. The colonic venous circulation was obstructed in 3 horses, whereas in the other 3 horses, arterial and venous circulation was obstructed. Two additional horses were anesthetized as controls for determination of any morphologic alterations associated with the exper...
Effects of pentoxifylline on equine neutrophil function and flow properties. Pentoxifylline has been reported to improve peripheral vascular circulation by altering the flow properties of blood. To determine if the hemorrheological effects of pentoxifylline were mediated by alterations in neutrophil function and/or flow properties, we evaluated the drug's effects on equine neutrophils in vitro. Pentoxifylline, at a concentration of 1 x 10(-1) M, but not at concentrations of 1 x 10(-6) M to 1 x 10(-2) M, markedly suppressed neutrophil superoxide production, zymosan phagocytosis and adherence to nylon wool. Pentoxifylline failed to improve neutrophil filterability throug...
C3 fixed in vivo to cornea from horses inoculated with Leptospira interrogans. C3 was detected bound in vivo to the opaque cornea of horses inoculated with killed Leptospira interrogans. Employing epithelial corneal cells isolated from a monolayer in tissue culture, we proved that C3 is fixed in vitro to the intact cell surface after incubation with a fresh equine anti-Leptospira serum. These findings, in addition to the infiltration of cornea with neutrophils and lymphocytes, may explain the mechanisms of tissue damage in recurrent uveitis of horses with leptospirosis.
Secretion of tumor necrosis factor by endotoxin-treated equine mammary exudate macrophages: effect of dexamethasone and pentoxifylline. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by equine mammary exudate macrophages (MEM phi) exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was dose-dependent and was maximal (216.5 +/- 51.9 U/ml) at 100 micrograms LPS/ml, the highest concentration tested. All concentrations of dexamethasone tested (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) inhibited TNF production by MEM phi when the agent was added 1 hour before LPS. Pretreatment with pentoxifylline at concentrations greater than 3 micrograms/ml also significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduced secretion of TNF by M...
