Topic:Injection
Injection in horses refers to the administration of substances, such as medications or vaccines, directly into the body using a needle and syringe. This method is employed for delivering treatments that require rapid absorption or precise dosage. Common types of injections used in equine medicine include intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injections. Each type is selected based on the medication's properties and the desired speed of absorption. Injections are utilized for a variety of purposes, including pain management, treatment of infections, and immunization against diseases. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the techniques, effects, and safety considerations associated with injection practices in equine healthcare.
Perioperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous tumors in equidae. Twenty-seven horses (and 1 mule) with 32 histologically confirmed cutaneous tumors were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral injection of cisplatin initiated at the time of surgery. As a result of surgery, 9 of the wounds were closed primarily (5 sarcoids, 4 carcinomas) and 23 were left open to granulate (16 sarcoids, 6 carcinomas, 1 hamartoma). Chemotherapy consisted of 4 treatment sessions of intratumoral injection of cisplatin in purified sesame oil at 2-week intervals. The first treatment session was administered intraoperatively. A controlled-release formulation of cisplatin in...
Humane destruction of horses with a mixture of quinalbarbitone and cinchocaine. One hundred and-two horses requiring to be euthanased for a variety of reasons were killed by the intravenous injection of a mixture of quinalbarbitone sodium (400 mg/ml) and cinchocaine hydrochloride (25 mg/ml). The dose rates used were 1 ml/10, 15, 20 and 30 kg bodyweight, and the time of injection was varied between 5 and 25 seconds. The average time to collapse from the start of the injection was 34 seconds and the average time to clinical death was 230 seconds. Slow injection (particularly of the low dose rates) and premedication with detomidine resulted in a longer time to collapse (medi...
The correlation between the dose and distribution of intratendinous fluid injections in the flexor tendons/ligaments of the horse. An in vitro study was carried out to define the correlation between the dose and distribution of intratendinous fluid injections in the different flexor tendons/ligaments of the palmar/plantar, metacarpal/metatarsal region of the horse. Injection of 0.1-0.2 ml resulted in a local intratendinous fluid depot showing minimal abaxial spreading and more extensive proximodistal expansion. If 0.3-0.5 ml was injected the abaxial spreading remained minimal but the proximodistal expansion increased significantly, the depots in the axial proximal, mid and distal region flowing together. Also minimal peri...
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of avermectins in livestock. The kinetics of avermectin disposition and metabolism in ruminant livestock and horses are reviewed with particular emphasis on the influence of route of administration and formulation on persistence of residues in tissues and excretion in faeces. Because information is not publicly available on other compounds in this class currently under development (e.g. moxidectin, doramectin), ivermectin only is considered. The biological half-life of ivermectin in plasma is similar in cattle and sheep but because of a larger volume of distribution, plasma clearance is more rapid in sheep. However, injec...
Effect of oestradiol on oxytocin-stimulated prostaglandin F2 alpha release in mares. The objective of this study was to clarify the role of oestradiol in luteal function by examining its effect on the oxytocin stimulation of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) concentrations in cyclic mares. In the first experiment, three groups of mares (4 per group) were given a bolus injection of 17 alpha-oestradiol (1 mg), oestradiol (1 mg) or vehicle on days 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 of the cycle. Six hours later the mares were challenged with 10 iu oxytocin intravenously and frequent blood samples were taken from 15 min before to 15 min after for measurement of PGFM. Results sh...
Closed-circuit liquid injection isoflurane anesthesia in the horse. Six horses were administered isoflurane anesthesia by liquid injection into a closed breathing circuit according to the square root of time model. The unit dose (UD) was calculated using Lowe's formula to provide an end-tidal concentration of 1.3%, or the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane. The mean UD was 4.2 +/- 0.2 mL. The mean end-tidal isoflurane concentration (ETiso) for each interval after injection, and the peak and minimum concentrations for each injection interval, did not change beginning with the second injection, indicating that the square root of time model accurately p...
Effect of sodium hyaluronate in collagenase-induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis in horses. Superficial digital flexor tendinitis was induced in each forelimb of 8 horses by injecting 4,000 U of collagenase into the midmetacarpal region of the tendon. In each horse, each tendon was treated 24 and 96 hours after the collagenase injection with SC injections of sodium hyaluronate (treated limbs) or an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl solution (control limbs). Exercise was restricted for the first 3 weeks of the study, and a controlled exercise program was instituted for the remainder of the study. Horses were evaluated clinically for lameness, tendon swelling, and midmetacarpal limb circumfere...
Principles of therapeutics. Topical administration of drugs is the treatment of choice for diseases of the anterior segment. Drug levels attained by this means are usually of short duration, however, necessitating frequent therapy or continuous perfusion if prolonged drug levels are required. A drug-delivery device (collagen shield or contact lens) or subconjunctival injections can be used to augment topical therapy if frequent treatment is not possible. Subconjunctival injections are recommended for drugs that have low solubility and, hence, low corneal penetration. Retrobulbar injections are seldom indicated, except fo...
Can a pelvic fracture in a horse be detected by probe scintigraphy? Pelvic fracture is a relatively common spontaneous fracture in thoroughbred racehorses. Its diagnosis can be difficult, and radiography in the acute phase carries the risks associated with anaesthesia and recumbency. This paper describes the use of a hand-held probe for point counting after the injection of technetium-99m in the investigation of four cases of pelvic fracture. The level of increased uptake of radioactivity was lower (40 to 61 per cent increase) than for distal limb bone fractures.
Communication between the femoropatellar and medial and lateral femorotibial joints in horses. Communications between the femoropatellar, medial femorotibial, and lateral femorotibial joints were studied, using fresh equine cadaver specimens. A total of 90 specimens from 45 horses were used. Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups with 15 horses/group. Each group was assigned an injection site (femoropatellar joint, medial femorotibial joint, or lateral femorotibial joint), and red latex was injected into the respective location of each joint in each group. Immediately after injection, the joints were flexed and extended 100 times. The stifles were frozen in slight flexion, then cut i...
Bioavailability and bioequivalence of veterinary drug dosage forms, with particular reference to horses: an overview. The route of administration and formulation of the dosage form affect the bioavailability (rate and extent of absorption) of a drug and may thereby influence the intensity and duration of the pharmacological effect. Location of injection site may affect the plasma concentration profile of drugs administered as aqueous suspensions or sustained release parenteral preparations (procaine penicillin G). When absorption influences the rate of elimination ('flip-flop' phenomenon), the apparent half-life of the drug will be increased (cefazolin sodium, i.m.; meclofenamic acid, p.o.). Absorption genera...
The present status of BCG treatment in the veterinary practice. Horses with sarcoids, cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and dogs with mammary tumors were treated with intralesional injection of Bacillus Calmette Guérin. This treatment appeared to be effective in most cases of equine sarcoids, in 50 - 60% of the cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and was not effective in dogs with mammary tumors.
Plasma concentrations of cortisol, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in stallions after physical exercise and injection of secretagogue before and after sulpiride treatment in winter. Ten lighthorse stallions were used to determine 1) whether prolactin (PRL) and cortisol responses previously observed after acute exercise in summer would occur in winter when PRL secretion is normally low, 2) whether subsequent treatment with a dopamine receptor antagonist, sulpiride, for 14 d would increase PRL secretion and response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and exercise, and 3) whether secretion of LH, FSH, and cortisol would be affected by sulpiride treatment. On January 11, blood samples were drawn from all stallions before and after a 5-min period of strenuous running. On J...
Eltenac, a new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug for horses: clinical aspects. Two controlled studies to determine efficacy in the horse were performed with eltenac, a new injectable, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Clinical trials were carried out with a dose rate of 1 mg/kg body weight in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design to assess therapeutic efficacy in acute inflammatory disorders and in animals with orthopaedic conditions. In a preliminary pharmacokinetic investigation in six horses mean elimination half-life was 1.7 h after i.v. administration. In the first clinical study, analgesic activity on pain-related lameness was determined...
Assessment of histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins E1 and E2 and carrageenin as vascular permeability agents in the horse. The vascular leakage induced by histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandin E1 and E2 was assessed. The test agents were injected intradermally into the shaved thoracic skin of horses and the vascular leakage estimated either semi-quantitatively by recording the diameter of the lesions or by measuring the actual volume of extravasated plasma in microliters using iodine-125-labelled human serum albumin (125I-HSA) as a marker in the blood plasma. Using the latter method, the vascular leakage induced by carrageenin and the effect of coadministered prostaglandins E1 and E2 upon the vascular...
Low dose calcium heparin in horses: plasma heparin concentrations, effects on red blood cell mass and on coagulation variables. Low dose calcium heparin was administered subcutaneously at 12 hourly intervals to six healthy horses at an initial dose of 150 iu of heparin/kg bodyweight (bwt) and at a maintenance dose of 120 iu/kg bwt. All injections were given at 0900 and 2100 h. Blood samples for monitoring plasma heparin concentrations were obtained prior to, at 2 hourly intervals for 84 h (treatment period), and at Hours 24, 32, 48 and 96 of the control period. Blood samples for monitoring red blood cell (RBC) mass, plasma antithrombin III activity (AT III), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin ti...
[Immunotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the bovine eye and of equine sarcoid]. Squamous cell carcinomas of the bovine eye and equine sarcoids are briefly reviewed. A single injection of BCG into the tumour results in permanent regression of the lesion in 37 per cent of the cattle, regression followed by recurrence of the tumour in 26 per cent and in progressive growth of the tumour in 37 per cent of the cases. Recurrence may be prevented by repeated injection into the lesion. From 50 to 60 per cent of the cows will remain free from tumours. Equine sarcoids show a complete regression in 70-80 per cent of the cases. Tumours on the limbs show a less satisfactory response (l...
Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in horses. The bioavailability of ascorbic acid administered to thoroughbreds by intramuscular injection was investigated. For intramuscular injection two preparations were studied, and the percentage bioavailability up to 24 h of 10 g of ascorbic acid was 95% +/- 22 in four horses and 60% in two horses with preparations A and B, respectively. Bioavailability at 24 h in three horses injected subcutaneously with 10 g of preparation B was 82%. Intramuscular injection of both preparations was apparently well tolerated while subcutaneous injection of preparation B (pH 6.0) was associated with marked irritanc...
Jugular thrombophlebitis resulting from an anaesthetic induction technique in the horse. Forty-eight hours after general anaesthesia was induced by glycerol guaiacolate and thiopentone sodium in 10 horses, the jugular veins were dissected out at post-mortem and examined visually and histologically. All veins showed a marked thrombophlebitis involving the media and intima at the site of injection. The influence of catheter composition, catheter placement and chemical composition on the occurrence of the thrombophlebitis is discussed. It is concluded that the thrombophlebitis was chemically induced.
A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses. Three techniques for inducing analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region were evaluated for the frequency of inadvertent injection into the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints. Using methylene blue solution as a marker dye and 30 fresh cadaver specimens each, three clinicians performed either 30 infiltrations at the origin of the suspensory ligament (method A), 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the proximal end of the metacarpus (method B), or 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the distal aspect of the accessory carpal bone (method C). The frequency of inadvert...
[Anesthesia of horses with xylazine and ketamine. 1. Anesthesia of foals]. The anaesthesia with Xylazine and Ketamine in 24 foals is described. Special qualities of this form of anaesthesia and dosages for foals of different age are discussed. The combination of Xylazine and Ketamine is well suited for the anaesthesia of foals of all age and risk-groups. The induction takes place quickly and calmly, without signs of cardiorespiratory depression. The maintenance of anaesthesia is possible, without any problem, by repeated injection with Xylazine and Ketamine, as well as by inhalation anaesthesia with volatile anaesthetics. The recovery is short; the animals rise swift...
[The effect of a single dose of dexamethasone on the production of superoxide anion and on the chemotaxis of blood polynuclear neutrophils in the horse]. Chemotaxis and superoxide anion production of neutrophils in healthy horses were investigated before and 8 h after, a single injection of dexamethasone at a dose of 0.045 mg/kg. Chemotaxis was studied by the technique of migration under agarose and superoxyde production was measured by ferricytochrome c reduction. Superoxide anion production was not changed, but the chemotactic index, with zymosan activated horse serum, was increased. The FMLP chemoattractant effect, at 10(-4) M, was slightly enhanced.
BCG emulsion immunotherapy of equine sarcoid. Of 61 horses with sarcoids treated with intralesional injection of a double emulsion incorporating inactivated bacillus Calmette Guérin organisms, 36 (59 per cent) showed complete regression and 11 (18 per cent) showed partial regression. The majority of cases required only one treatment. Not all sarcoids were responsive to this therapy; those not responding were usually large or on horses with multiple sarcoids.
The effects of cortisol, vasopressin (AVP), and corticotropin-releasing factor administration on pulsatile adrenocorticotropin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and AVP secretion in the pituitary venous effluent of the horse. Plasma ACTH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and alpha MSH were measured in pituitary venous effluent at 5-min intervals from five unanesthetized horses during cortisol infusion and after an iv bolus of AVP or ovine (o) CRF. In control experiments (no hormone) there was a significant overall correlation between the timing of concentration changes in ACTH and alpha MSH. Cortisol infusion increased jugular cortisol levels by 70% and was associated with a reduction in mean ACTH, AVP, and alpha MSH secretion rates and ACTH peak secretion rate, but did not alter the observed pulse frequencies of these ...
Dose-dependent plasma elimination of subcutaneously administered calcium heparin in horses. Pharmacokinetic parameters for subcutaneous low dose heparin in horses have been determined. Four groups of five and one group of eleven mature, healthy horses of various breeds were given single subcutaneous injections of 60, 80, 100, 125, and 150 units of calcium heparin/kg of body weight (U/kg) in the pectoral region. Jugular blood samples were collected prior to, and at hourly intervals for 12 h after injection. Heparin plasma concentrations were measured using a commercially available amidolytic assay. Peak concentrations 4 h after administration were 0.021 +/- 0.016 (mean +/- SD) units o...
Plasma heparin values and hemostasis in equids after subcutaneous administration of low-dose calcium heparin. Different doses of heparin were given to equids SC to establish 0.05 to 0.20 U of heparin/ml of plasma. Plasma heparin values and antithrombin III activities were assayed, using chromogenic substrate methods. Activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin times were determined, using conventional coagulation assays. Tests were run every hour (or every 2 hours for antithrombin III) for 12 hours from 5 groups of 5 equids each after single injection of 40, 60, 80, 100, or 125 U of calcium heparin/kg of body weight and from 11 equids after injection of 150 U of calcium heparin/kg. The smaller dose ...
Pharmacokinetics of phenolsulfonphthalein in horse and pony mares. Pharmacokinetics of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) in horse and pony mares was determined after injection of 1 mg/kg of body weight, IV. A plasma PSP concentration vs time curve was described adequately in horses and ponies by an open, 2-compartment model. There were significant differences in the elimination phase parameters, apparent volume of distribution at steady state, and apparent volume of distribution of horses and ponies. The harmonic mean elimination half-life of PSP in horses was significantly longer (P less than 0.001) than that in the ponies (16.4 and 10.0 minutes, respectively). Th...