Injection in horses refers to the administration of substances, such as medications or vaccines, directly into the body using a needle and syringe. This method is employed for delivering treatments that require rapid absorption or precise dosage. Common types of injections used in equine medicine include intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injections. Each type is selected based on the medication's properties and the desired speed of absorption. Injections are utilized for a variety of purposes, including pain management, treatment of infections, and immunization against diseases. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the techniques, effects, and safety considerations associated with injection practices in equine healthcare.
Grieve RB, Moore BG, Bradley RE.A critical test was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic properties of an injectable butamisole formulation and to compare the efficiency with that of a commercially available piperazine-thiabendazole anthelmintic. The test was done in 10 horses and 15 ponies with naturally acquired parasitic infections. Butamisole was administered at the dose level of 2.5 or 3.75 mg/kg of body weight by either subcutaneous or deep intramuscular injection. Given at the dose level of 2.5 mg/kg, butamisole was highly effective (99%) against Strongylus vulgaris and moderately effective (49%) against Parascaris ...
Hawkins DL, Neely DP, Stabenfeldt GH.Six ovariectomized mares were divided into 3 groups to determine the effects of exogenous progesterone in oil and repositol progesterone on plasma progesterone concentrations. Progesterone in oil was administered in 7 daily injections in Exp. I. Progesterone concentrations were not maintained greater than 1.0 ng/ml for 24 h with 50 mg/day. However, they remained greater than 1.0 ng/ml during the last 4 days of 100 mg/day and greater than 1.5 ng/ml throughout the injection sequence of 200 mg/day. Repositol progesterone was administered on Days 1 and 7 in Exp. II. At 500 mg, progesterone concent...
Persson SG, Ullberg LE.The rate of disappearance of Evans blue dye from the blood after an intravenous injection was studied in young foals, between 4 and 105 days of age. This was found to be age dependant, especially during the first month, the initial dye disappearance being much faster than in the adult horse. This would mean an overestimation of plasma volume, using the single sampling technique, of about 5% during the first day of life, i.e. negligible from a practical point of view considering the standard error of estimation. The effect of exercise on the venous haematocrit was studied, too, in foals less th...
Hillidge CJ.The serum activities of creatine kinase (CPK), aldolase (ALD) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) were determined in a group of Welsh Mountain ponies before and after a 30 minute period of neuroleptanalgesia induced by i.v. injection of Immobilon and terminated by i.v. injection of Revivon. There were slight but significant increases in the serum activities of CPK and HBD following neuroleptanalgesia, but no change in the serum activity of ALD. It is suggested that this form of neuroleptanalgesia may be associated, in ponies, with a degree of reversible myocardial hypoxic change, pos...
Gilmour JS, Mould DL.Plasma, serum and cells were prepared from blood taken from acute cases of grass sickness, and plasma was fractionated by gel filtration and salt precipatation. These preparations were all tested for neurotoxic activity by injection into ponies. Plasma and serum were found to produce the neurohistological changes seen in grass sickness, as was a plasma protein fraction of molecular weight 30,000 or greater. Activity was retained following storage at--75 degrees C for 15 months. Plasma given orally to a pony produced no detectable effect, nor was activity demonstrated following the injection of...
Douglas RH, Ginther OJ.In experiment 1, seven groups of pony mares (2 or 3/group) were given either no injections (controls), or 5 (5X) or 10 (10X) daily subcutaneous (SC) injections of 1.25 mg PGF2alpha beginning on days 1, 7 or 13 post-ovulation. Compared to controls (24.5 days), the interovulatory interval was longer (P less than ..05) for day 7, 10X (33.5 days) and day 13, 10X mares (49.0 days) but was not different for the remaining groups. In experiment 2, nine groups of pony mares (4/group) were given either no injections (controls) or 1 (1X) or 10 (10X) daily SC injections of 1.25 mg PGF2alpha beginning on d...
Tobin T, Blake JW.Since procaine has both local anaesthetic and central stimulant actions its presence in the blood or urine of racing horses is forbidden. After rapid intravenous injection of procaine HC1 (2.5 mg/Kg) in thoroughbred mares plasma levels of this drug fell rapidly (t 1/2 alpha = 5 min) and then more slowly (t 1/2 beta = 50.2 min). These kinetics were well fitted by a two compartment open model (Model I). This model gave an apparent Vdbeta for procaine in the horse of about 3,500 litres. Since procaine was about 45% bound to equine plasma protein this gives a true Vdbeta for procaine of about 6,50...
Douglas RH, Del Campo MR, Ginther OJ.On the day of ovulation (Day 0), 20 pony mares were randomly assigned to one of five groups (4 mares/group) which were given intracarotid arterial (ICA) and intraovarian arterial (IOA) injections on Day 7 as follows: 1) vehicle ICA, vehicle IOA (control); 2) .125 mg PGF2α ICA, vehicle IOA; 3) vehicle ICA, .125 mg PGF2α IOA; 4) .250 mg PGF2α ICA, vehicle IOA; or 5) vehicle ICA, .250 mg PGF2α IOA. Peripheral plasma progesterone and LH concentrations were determined for 0 (pretreatment) and .1, .25, .50, .75, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h posttreatment. The intervals (days) from treatment to ...
Chen CL, Pattison ML, Engleking LR, Gronwall RR.The effect of a subcutaneous injection of estradiol on the secretion of pituitary prolactin in the rat and the relationship between serum estradiol level and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in mare were reviewed. In addition, the effect of estradiol injection on LH secretion and the metabolism of [14C] estradiol in intact and bile duct fistulated pony mares were studied. Low (0.1 mug/day/rat) to moderate dose (5 mug/day/rat) of estradiol benzoate injected subcutaneously to mature or immature rats significantly increased pituitary content of prolactin and serum prolactin level five- to tenfo...
Douglas RH, Garcia MC, Ginther OJ.Luteolysis, determined by corpus luteum weight and progesterone concentration in jugular blood, occurred in uterine-intact and in hysterectomized mares after injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or of an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction. Results indicated that luteolytic effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha and inhibition of the endogenous luteotrophic activity of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by antiserum did not involve the uterus.
Douglas RH, Ginther OJ.Several experiments indicated that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) has luteolytic and abortifacient properties in mares. A single subcutaneous injection of 1-25 mg PGF2alpha on Day 6 of dioestrus was as effective as 10 mg PGF2alpha in inducing luteolysis. Oestrus and ovulation appeared to be synchronized when a single injection of 1-25 mg PGF2alpha was given on Days 7, 10 or 13 after ovulation but not on Days 1 or 4 after ovulation or on Day 2 of oestrus. Intramuscular administration was as effective as subcutaneous administration and 1-25 mg PGF2alpha was the minimal effective systemic dose...
Oxender WD, Noden PA, Hafs HD.The luteolytic effect of PGF2alpha, administered by intrauterine infusion or subcutaneous injection during early dioestrus, was observed in mares of mixed breeds. An infusion of 10 mg on Days 7 to 9 after ovulation caused a sharp fall in plasma progesterone levels and induced oestrus and ovulation. Oestrus was significantly longer than in the natural cycle but the time of ovulation in relation to the end of oestrus was normal. The time of return to oestrus following luteolysis was not dependent on the amount of PGF2alpha within the range of doses given. Luteolysis could be induced as early as ...
Douglas RH, Ginther OJ.Nine groups of pony mares (3/group) were used in a 3 times 3 factorial experiment. The factors were dose of PGF-2 alpha (0, 0.25 of 1.25 mg and route of administration (im, iu or il). Mares were laparotomized and treated on day 7 postovulation. Jugular blood was collected for progesterone RIA at 0 (pretreatment) and 1,6,12,24,48, and 72 hr posttreatment. In mares given either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha, progesterone concentrations were not significantly different among the three routes at any of the posttreatment times studied except at 6 hr posttreatment. In mares given 0.25 mg, progestero...
Gregg SR, Barshick MR, Johnson SE.Following strenuous exercise, skeletal muscle experiences an acute inflammatory state that initiates the repair process. Systemic hyaluronic acid (HA) is injected to horses routinely as a joint anti-inflammatory. To gain insight into the effects of HA on skeletal muscle, adult Thoroughbred geldings (n = 6) were injected with a commercial HA product weekly for 3 weeks prior to performing a submaximal exercise test. Gluteal muscle (GM) biopsies were obtained before and 1 h after exercise for gene expression analysis and HA localization. The results from RNA sequencing demonstrate differences in ...
Carlier S, Depuydt E, Suls M, Bocqué C, Thys J, Vandenberghe A, Martens A, Saunders J, Hellmann K, Braun G, Beerts C, Spaas JH.Mesenchymal stem cells are an innovative therapeutic for various equine orthopaedic diseases, including soft tissue injuries. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tenogenic primed equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (tpMSCs) in horses with naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) injuries. Methods: Multicentre, blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Methods: One hundred client-owned horses with SDFT and SL injuries were randomised to receive an intralesional tpMSC (66) or saline (34) in...
Everett JB, Menarim BC, Barrett SH, Bogers SH, Byron CR, Pleasant RS, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Osteoarthritis (OA) can be debilitating and is related to impaired resolution of synovial inflammation. Current treatments offer temporary relief of clinical signs, but have potentially deleterious side effects. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC) are a rich source of macrophage progenitors that have the ability to reduce OA symptoms in people and inflammation in experimentally-induced synovitis in horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of intra-articular BMNC therapy to improve clinical signs of naturally occurring equine OA. Horses presenting with clinical and radio...
Kearney CM, Korthagen NM, Plomp SGM, Labberté MC, de Grauw JC, van Weeren PR, Brama PAJ.This study investigates repeated low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections in equine joints as a model for recurrent joint inflammation and its impact on animal welfare. Joint inflammation was induced in eight horses by injecting 0.25 ng of LPS three times at two-week intervals. Welfare scores and clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and over 168 h post-injection. Serial synoviocentesis was performed for the analysis of a panel of synovial fluid biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage turnover. Clinical parameters and a final synoviocentesis were also performed eight weeks after t...
Testicular degeneration (TD) is the most frequent cause of sub or infertility in stallions. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been studied as a therapeutic option for several diseases including induced-TD in laboratory animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of intratesticular MSC therapy on the testicular histology of stallions submitted to scrotal heat stress. Ten healthy Miniature-horse stallions were submitted to testicular heat stress induced by a heating wrap device (42-45°C). Afterward, the stallions were divided into two groups and treated seven days lat...
Webster A, Pezzanite L, Hendrickson D, Griffenhagen G.Equine practitioners frequently inject local anaesthetics (LA) intra-articularly in both diagnosis of lameness and for pain management intra- or post-operatively with synovial endoscopy. Recent reviews of the human and veterinary literature support the concept that chondrotoxicity of LA on joint tissues depends on the type of drug, dose administered, and duration of exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current literature describing intra-articular local anaesthetic use, including both in vitro and in vivo studies, and to draw some comparisons to literature from other specie...
Narinx F, Sauvage A, Ceusters J, Grulke S, Serteyn D, Monclin S.To establish the safety of subconjunctival injections of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mdMSCs) in healthy horses and to evaluate their effect in four horses (six eyes) with severe chronic equine immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) that was unresponsive to medical treatments. Methods: MdMSCs were cultured from minimally invasive muscle biopsies. In the safety group, four healthy horses received two subconjunctival injections of 2.5 and 5 million cells, respectively, at 1-month interval, to the same eye. Ocular side effects were monitored for 1 month following each injection. ...
Andersen C, Jacobsen S, Uvebrant K, Griffin JF, Vonk LA, Walters M, Berg LC, Lundgren-Åkerlund E, Lindegaard C.Integrin α10β1-selected mesenchymal stem cells (integrin α10-MSCs) have previously shown potential in treating cartilage damage and osteoarthritis (OA) and in animal models . The aim of this study was to further investigate disease-modifying effects of integrin α10-MSCs. Methods: OA was surgically induced in 17 horses. Eighteen days after surgery, horses received 2 × 10 integrin α10-MSCs intra-articularly or were left untreated. Lameness and response to carpal flexion was assessed weekly along with synovial fluid (SF) analysis. On day 52 after treatment, horses were euthanized, and carp...
Gutiérrez Bautista ÁJ, Söbbeler FJ, Koch R, Viscasillas J, Kästner S.In neonatal equines, pathologies involving umbilical structures are an important cause of morbidity, and surgical removal of urachal remnants is a common procedure in clinical practice. Surgery involving the ventral abdominal wall can cause substantial pain, leading to complications and prolonged recovery. The objectives of this study were to describe a two-point bilateral ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block at the level of the umbilicus and to evaluate the extent of dye distribution in foal cadavers. Ten foal cadavers were included in the study, in which a bilateral two-point ultrasound-gui...
Gonzalez-Castro RA, Carnevale EM.Phospholipase C Zeta 1 (PLCZ1) is considered a major sperm-borne oocyte activation factor. After gamete fusion, PLCZ1 triggers calcium oscillations in the oocyte, resulting in oocyte activation. In assisted fertilization, oocyte activation failure is a major cause of low fertility. Most cases of oocyte activation failures in humans related to male infertility are associated with gene mutations and/or altered PLCZ1. Consequently, PLCZ1 evaluation could be an effective diagnostic marker and predictor of sperm fertilizing potential for in vivo and in vitro embryo production. The characterization ...
Cassano JM, Leonard BC, Martins BC, Vapniarsky N, Morgan JT, Dow SW, Wotman KL, Pezzanite LM.Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an immune mediated disease characterized by repeated episodes of intra-ocular inflammation, affects 25% of horses in the USA and is the most common cause of glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties, which are upregulated by preconditioning with toll-like receptor agonists. The objective was to evaluate safety and migration of TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic, polycytidylic acid (pIC)-activated MSCs injected subconjunctivally in healthy horses prior to clinical application in horses with ERU. We hypothesized ...
Dockery A, Beasley B, Goldberg M, Aguirre G, Moorman VJ.To determine the dose effect of peri-neural liposomal bupivacaine (LB) in an induced forelimb lameness model. Methods: 12 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: A randomized cross-over design was performed with 1 limb receiving saline and the other LB: low dose (6), high dose (6). Lameness was induced in 1 forelimb using a frog-pressure model. In the lame limb, peri-neural injection of the palmar nerves at the proximal sesamoid bones was performed using saline, low dose LB (0.25 mg/kg) (LDLB), or high dose LB (0.5mg/kg) (HDLB) in random order with a 1-week washout period between treatments. ...
Marcelino L, Falk E, Johansson J, Rydén J, Uhlhorn M, Ley CJ.The timing of follow-up radiography and ultrasound in horses that undergo skeletal scintigraphy for lameness investigation varies internationally and between equine hospitals. The prospective, one-group, pretest, posttest study aimed to estimate radiation levels from horses three and 24 h after injection of hydroxydiphosphonate labeled with metastable technetium ( Tc-HDP) and investigate which anatomical locations of the horse had higher radiation levels. Included were 46 horses referred for lameness investigation between June and December 2021. Radiation levels from the horse surface were me...
Santschi EM.Equine subchondral lucencies (SCL) have been described since the first availability of suitable radiographic equipment. The initial clinical sign can be lameness, but SCLs are often first found on surveys of juvenile horses and are primarily a radiographic concern for public auctions. When lameness is present, it varies from subtle to obvious and can be intermittent. Some SCLs heal spontaneously, and some remain blemishes, but when the SCL and lameness are persistent, further damage to the joint and limitations to an athletic career are likely. SCLs were initially described in the distal limb ...
Johansson L, Ringmark S, Bergquist J, Skiöldebrand E, Jansson A.The plasma metabolomic profile of elite harness horses subjected to different training programmes was explored. All horses had the same training programme from 1.5 until 2 years of age and then high-intensity training was introduced, with horses divided into high and low training groups. Morning blood samples were collected at 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3.5 years of age. The plasma was analysed using targeted absolute quantitative analysis and a combination of tandem mass spectrometry, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatography. Differences between the two training groups were observed at 2 yea...
Aitken MR, Floriano DA, Hopster K.The study's objective was to evaluate the feasibility and dispersion of an open approach to the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in eight adult equine cadavers. A ventral midline incision was made, starting 2 cm cranial to the umbilicus and extending 25 cm cranially. In total, 0.5 mL/kg of new methylene blue (NMB) was injected per horse, divided into six injections. Using an 18 g, 8 cm Tuohy needle, three injections were made per side. The needle was guided blindly into the TAP using palpation. A 60 mL syringe was attached directly to the needle, depositing ~0.08 mL/kg at each site. The...
Morén S, Kallberg M, Strom L.Uveitis is common in horses, potentially turning chronic (persistent or recurrent) resulting in impaired vision or blindness. All mainstay therapeutics aims at controlling inflammation, but long-term or lifelong treatment is often needed with possibly severe side effects. Therefore, intravitreal injections with low-dose gentamicin (IVGI) have been used in attempt to give a long-lasting result with potentially less side effects. Objective: To retrospectively assess outcome and long-term complications following one or two low-dose IVGI in Swedish horses with chronic uveitis. Methods: Retrospecti...
Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho MV, Caseiro AR, Rêma A, Briote I, Mendonça CM, Santos JM, Atayde LM, Alvites RD, Maurício AC.Horses are high-performance athletes prone to sportive injuries such as tendonitis and desmitis. The formation of fibrous tissue in tendon repair remains a challenge to overcome. This impels regenerative medicine to develop innovative therapies that enhance regeneration, retrieving original tissue properties. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been successfully used to develop therapeutic products, as they secrete a variety of bioactive molecules that play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration. These factors are released in culture media for producing a conditioned medium (...
Jeong S, Franklin SH, Van Eps AW, Lean N, Ahern BJ.Evaluate a prototype dynamic laryngoplasty system (DLPS) in horses; a feasibility study. Methods: 7 healthy Standardbred adult horses. Methods: This was an in vivo experimental study. Horses had a standing surgical procedure to induce complete laryngeal hemiplegia, which was subsequently treated using the dynamic laryngoplasty system (DLPS). Activation of the DLPS was achieved using an injection port exiting through the skin (n = 2) or a subcutaneous injection port (n = 5). For each horse, endoscopic examinations of the upper respiratory tract were performed preoperatively, intraoperatively, a...
Treß D, Lischer C, Merle R, Ehrle A.Overriding spinous processes, also known as 'kissing spines', are one of the most common causes of back pain in horses. The aim of this study was to investigate which options for diagnosis and treatment are preferred by equine orthopaedic specialists and assess which techniques are used for local injection. An online survey was distributed among members of the European/American College of Veterinary Surgeons, the European/American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, the International Society of Equine Locomotor Pathology and nationally recognised advanced equine orthopaed...
Martabano BB, Dow S, Chow L, Williams MMV, Mack MK, Bellone R, Wotman KL.To determine the safety and efficacy of perilesional human recombinant interferon alpha-2b (IFNα2b) for treatment of periocular squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) in horses. Methods: Eleven horses (12 eyes) with PSCC were enrolled in this prospective clinical study with owner consent. Methods: Systemically healthy horses were included in the study following confirmation of PSCC via biopsy. Every two weeks for a maximum of six treatments, horses were sedated and perilesional injection of IFNα2b (10 million IU) was performed. Tumors were measured prior to each injection and at one, three, and 12 m...
Lowe J, Clifford L, Julian A, Koene M.The data presented in this paper are derived from an in vivo study performed to characterize the nature of the synovial integration process of a 2.5% synthetic cross-linked injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5 iPAAG) injected IA in horses. Methods: 10 healthy horses not suffering from OA or signs of joint disease were administered 50 or 100 mg 2.5 iPAAG in a total of 13 metacarpophalangeal or middle carpal joints. Methods: Injected joints were examined at 0, 14, 42, and/or 90 days postinjection. Parameters investigated included clinical examination, synoviocentesis, gross pathology, histolo...
Iribarne A, Palma MB, Andrini L, Riccillo F, Rodriguez D, Casella M, Garay F, Zabala JS, Mazza L, Muro A, Buero G, Miriuka SG, Carosella E, García MN.Wound healing after skin injury is a complex process, particularly in equines where leg wounds are prevalent and their repair is complicated due to the anatomical characteristics. Conventional treatments are not effective enough. The umbilical cord offers an unlimited source of adult mesenchymal stem cells (ucMSCs) from Wharton's jelly tissue. The present study aims to demonstrate the safety and therapeutic potential of the allogeneic use of equine ucMSCs (e-ucMSCs) in the healing of severe equine leg wounds. The methods employed were the isolation, culture and expansion of e-ucMSCs. Flow cyto...
Parhizkar P, Mohammadi R, Hashemi-Asl SM, Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei F.The aim of this study was to compare the sedative and cardiovascular effects of the combination of acepromazine-clonidine versus acepromazine-xylazine in horses. Four healthy cross-bred horses were included in the study. They were assigned to two treatments. In treatment I (T1), the animals received xylazine hydrochloride (1.00 mg kg) in combination with acepromazine maleate (0.05 mg kg) intravenously (IV). In treatment II (T2), the animals received intra-gastric administration of clonidine (0.002 mg kg) followed by acepromazine (0.05 mg kg; IV) after 60 min. Head height above the ground (HHAG...
Carlier S, Depuydt E, Van Hecke L, Martens A, Saunders J, Spaas JH.Mesenchymal stem cells provide a valuable treatment option in orthopedic injuries in horses. Unassigned: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, immunological and immunomodulatory parameters following intralesional treatment with tenogenic primed equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (tpMSCs) in client-owned horses with naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) injuries. Unassigned: The immunogenicity and immunomodulatory capacities of tpMSCs were assessed in a modified mixed lymphocyte re...
Fedorka CE, Schnobrich MR, Muderspach ND, Scoggin KE, Dedman MT, Weigle KE, May MG, Twist H, Linse CR, Douglas RH, Troedsson MHT.Equine embryonic loss following the development of endometrial cups delays return to cyclicity due to the production of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Natural degradation of endometrial cups coincides with an influx of immune cells at 100-120 days of gestation, but therapeutic stimulation of reduced eCG production has been relatively unsuccessful. Recently, we observed an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production following the use of the immunostimulant mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF). Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of hysteroscopic-guided injection of MCWF on the a...
Sundra T, Kelty E, Rossi G, Rendle D.Dopaminergic agonists are accepted as the most effective treatment for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. However, some horses are refractory to daily oral pergolide, the recommended registered treatment. Extended-release cabergoline (ERC) injection may offer an alternative. The objective of this retrospective case series was to describe clinical and endocrinological responses to ERC. Unassigned: Medical records of horses treated with weekly intramuscular injections of ERC (5 mg/mL, BOVA Aus) at either 0.01 mg/kg (high dose, HD) ( = 10) or 0.005 mg/kg (low dose, LD) ( = 30) w...
Beermann A, Clottu O, Reif M, Biegel U, Unger L, Koch C.Equine sarcoids (ES) are the most common cutaneous tumors in equids. Systemic treatment options are sparse. Subcutaneous (SC) injections of Viscum album extract (VAE) demonstrate efficacy as a systemic treatment directed against ES. Objective: To critically assess the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered VAE. Methods: Forty-five ES-affected, privately owned, 3-12 year-old horses. Methods: A 3-armed randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was conducted in a double-dummy design. Horses were subjected to oral administration and SC injections of either VAE or placebo (VAE oral...
Walter LJ, Stack JD, Winderickx K, Davies HMS, Simon O, Franklin SH.Sacroiliac dysfunction (SID) is a condition seen in horses associated with poor performance that affects hind limb gait and impulsion. The condition comprises pain and dysfunction but there lacks clarity around the aetiopathogenesis and whether SID encompasses abnormal joint pathology, abnormal joint movement, abnormal regional biomechanical function, joint laxity and pain, or various combinations of these that may vary over time. Clinical assessment remains challenging for equine clinicians due to the deep location of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and surrounding structures which limits access f...
Romero Corrêa R, Peres Mendes R, Darley Velasquez Piñeros D, De Lima AE, do Valle De Zoppa AL, Lopes Correia da Silva LC, de Francisco Strefezzi R....Preservation of biological tissues has been used since ancient times. Regardless of the method employed, tissue preservation is thought to be a vital step in veterinary surgery teaching and learning. Objective: This study was designed to determine the usability of chemically preserved cadaveric equine heads for surgical teaching in veterinary medicine. Methods: Six cadaveric equine heads were collected immediately after death or euthanasia and frozen until fixation. Fixation was achieved by using a hypertonic solution consisting of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, and an alc...
