Intramuscular administration in horses involves the injection of medications directly into the muscle tissue. This method is commonly used for delivering vaccines, antibiotics, and other therapeutic agents. The technique requires knowledge of equine anatomy to ensure the injection is placed in the correct location, such as the neck or hindquarters, to minimize discomfort and avoid complications. Proper intramuscular administration can facilitate the absorption of medications into the bloodstream, allowing for effective therapeutic interventions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the techniques, benefits, and potential complications associated with intramuscular administration in equine practice.
Wilson WD, Spensley MS, Baggot JD, Hietala SK, Pryor P.The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ticarcillin and clavulanate were determined after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of ticarcillin disodium (50 mg/kg) combined with clavulanate potassium (1.67 mg/kg) to groups of healthy foals at 3 days and 28 days of age. After i.v. administration of the combination to five foals, the disposition kinetics of ticarcillin and clavulanate were best described using a two-compartment open model. Mean plasma elimination-rate constant (beta) and clearance (ClB) for ticarcillin were significantly less (P less than 0.01), and volume...
Nostrandt AC, Pedersoli WM, Marshall AE, Ravis WR, Robertson BT.Ototoxicosis was evaluated in 6 healthy ponies given 5 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, q 8 h, IM. Ponies 1, 2, and 3 were dosed for 7 days and ponies 4, 5, and 6 were dosed for 14 days. Serum peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were measured by radioimmunoassay at regular intervals. Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded every 5 days up to 60 days after the first dose to monitor auditory function. Although serum gentamicin concentrations were within or above the accepted clinical therapeutic range, loss of auditory function was not observed at the frequency range (1 to...
Freestone JF, Wolfsheimer KJ, Ford RB, Church G, Bessin R.Ponies were evaluated for their response to feed withholding and exogenous administration of corticosteroids (dexamethasone 0.04 mg/kg intramuscular [IM]) in an attempt to reproduce the hyperlipemia syndrome. Because insulin resistance has been associated with hyperlipemia, all ponies were initially evaluated for insulin response to an oral glucose load and normal dexamethasone suppression of serum cortisol. Four ponies were identified as hyperinsulinemic reflecting insulin resistance. All ponies had suppressed cortisol concentrations following dexamethasone administration. Feed withdrawal res...
Neuschaefer A, Bracher V, Allen WR.The effect of treating lactating mares with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine was investigated. Seven pony and 4 Thoroughbred lactating mares were given a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 100 mg bromocriptine between Days 18 and 28 after foaling when the secretion rate of prolactin was elevated. Prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were measured in serial peripheral plasma samples taken before and after the treatment and, in 5 of the pony mares, levels of these hormones were also measured in pituitary venous effluent obtained by cannulation of the cavernous sinus. In ...
Alexander SL, Irvine CH.Mean plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and their pulse frequencies and the size of the largest ovarian follicle increased during spring in 12 mares studied twice monthly from deep anoestrus to the occurrence of the first ovulation of the breeding season. Mean FSH levels were reduced significantly in deep anoestrus and when a pre-ovulatory follicle was present, whereas mean LH levels were highest close to ovulation. Five of these 12 research mares and 20 of 40 maiden or barren Standardbred mares at a commercial studfarm were given daily intramuscular ...
Hofferer S, Duchamp G, Palmer E.Twelve anoestrous mares were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing 0.5 g allyl trembolone (Regumate; Roussel UCLAF, Paris) and 50 mg oestradiol benzoate for 7 days, followed by daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 25 mg crude equine pituitary extract (CEG), with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) 0.25 mg porcine growth hormone (pGH). No difference in ovarian response to this superovulation treatment was observed between the 2 groups (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.4 ovulations per mare, respectively). CEG treatment was then combined with allyl trembolone (40 mg per os per day) and prolonged in ...
Snow DH, Frigg M.The bioavailability of ascorbic acid administered to thoroughbreds by intramuscular injection was investigated. For intramuscular injection two preparations were studied, and the percentage bioavailability up to 24 h of 10 g of ascorbic acid was 95% +/- 22 in four horses and 60% in two horses with preparations A and B, respectively. Bioavailability at 24 h in three horses injected subcutaneously with 10 g of preparation B was 82%. Intramuscular injection of both preparations was apparently well tolerated while subcutaneous injection of preparation B (pH 6.0) was associated with marked irritanc...
MacAllister CG, Perdue BD.Unilateral ectopic ureter was diagnosed by endoscopic examination in an 18-month-old filly examined because of chronic urine dribbling. Intramuscular administration of azosulfamide discolored the urine and enhanced visualization of the ectopic ureter. Endoscopy proved valuable in determining that only one ureter entered the urinary bladder and in locating the ectopic ureter in the ventral portion of the vagina.
Ono K, Inui K, Hasegawa T, Matsuki N, Watanabe H, Takagi S, Hasegawa A, Tomoda I.The change in activities of 3 major antioxidative enzymes in equine erythrocytes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), and catalase, was investigated in order to evaluate the effect of exercise. Blood samples were obtained from 11 thoroughbred horses before and immediately after vigorous exercise which induced the increase of plasma lipid peroxide (Lpx) concentration from 1.16 +/- 0.40 nmol/ml to 1.29 +/- 0.34 nmol/ml. Following the exercise, the GSHpx activity in erythrocytes was significantly reduced from 69 +/- 10 IU/gHb to 65 +/- 8 IU/gHb, whereas SOD and catalase ac...
Lees P, May SA, Hooke RE, Silley P.The administration of a single dose of the antibacterial agent cephalexin intramuscularly to six ponies at a dose rate of 7 mg/kg was well tolerated. No reactions at the injection site were apparent. It was absorbed rapidly and reached a mean peak plasma concentration of 6.77 micrograms/ml after a mean of 1.41 hours; plasma concentrations above 2.0 and 0.5 micrograms/ml were maintained for 3.8 and 9.8 hours, respectively.
Firth EC, Nouws JF, Klein WR, Driessens F.A pilot study in two ponies showed that the plasma concentrations of intramuscularly administered procaine penicillin were higher if phenylbutazone was administered concurrently. In two other trials, each involving five horses, intravenous sodium penicillin was administered with and without concurrent intravenously injected phenylbutazone, and procaine penicillin was injected intramuscularly with and without oral phenylbutazone. In both cases the plasma concentrations of penicillin were higher when phenylbutazone was given. The pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the effect was probably ...
McCrindle CM, Ebedes H, Swan GE.Two Arabian horse stallions with behavioural problems were treated with long-acting neuroleptics in order to facilitate corrective training. Perphenazine enanthate, administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 had an effect for 30 d. Pipothiazine palmitate (1 mg kg-1) induced tranquilization of 30 d duration as well as extra-pyramidal clinical signs, ataxia and aphagia. Neither horse showed prolapse of the penis or haemolysis.
Bello TR.Antiparasitic efficacy of ivermectin against migrating Gasterophilus intestinalis was evaluated in 36 treated and 24 nontreated (n = 12) or vehicle-treated (n = 12) ponies experimentally and naturally infected with G intestinalis and naturally infected with G nasalis. Each pony was experimentally infected with 500 G intestinalis 1st instars in 2 divided doses on days -14 and -7 before treatment. On day 0, ivermectin was administered at the rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight by IV (n = 12) or IM injection (n = 12) or given as an oral paste (n = 12). Ponies were euthanatized and necropsied...
Juzwiak JS, Brown MP, Gronwall R, Houston AE.Cephapirin (20 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered before and after 3 doses of probenecid (25, 50, or 75 mg/kg, intragastrically, at 12-hour intervals) to 2 mares. Clearance and apparent volume of distribution, based on area under the curve, were negatively correlated with probenecid dose. Clearance of cephapirin was decreased by approximately 50% by administration of 50 mg of probenecid/kg. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, CSF, urinary, and endometrial concentrations of cephapirin were determined after 5 doses of cephapirin (20 mg/kg, IM, at 12-hour intervals) without and with ...
Hinrichs K, Riera FL, Klunder LR.Embryo transfer was performed in three mares with gonadal dysgenesis. Karyotypes of the mares were as follows: Mare 1, 63,XX, 64,XX, 65,XX; Mare 2, 63,X; and Mare 3, 65,XXX. The mares were administered progesterone in oil, 300 mg intramuscularly daily, starting 1 or 2 days after donor mare ovulation. Embryos were transferred on day 7 after donor ovulation. Mare 1 became pregnant after the first embryo transfer and had a normally developing fetus on necropsy on day 45 of gestation. Mare 3 became pregnant after the third embryo transfer, but the embryo was lost between day 14 and day 18 of gesta...
Edwards DJ, Love DN, Raus J, Baggott JD.Neomycin was administered intramuscularly to four normal adult horses at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 h for 10 days (21 doses). The pharmacokinetic behaviour of neomycin with multiple dosing was characterised and a range of blood chemical and urinary parameters examined for evidence of nephrotoxicity. There was evidence of physical renal tubular injury (enzymuria and cylindriuria) within four days of neomycin administration but this subsided following cessation of treatment. No significant functional nephrotoxicity was detected. More severe nephrotoxicity might be expected in il...
Hubbell JA, Bednarski RM, Muir WW.The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of xylazine in combination with a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam were determined in 6 horses. Each horse was given xylazine IV or IM, as well as tiletamine-zolazepam IV on 4 randomized occasions. Anesthetics were administered at the rate of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, IV, 1.1 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 1); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 2); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 2.2 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 3); and 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg, IM, 1.65 mg of tiletamin...
Zaugg JL, Lane VM.We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in experimentally infected splenectomized ponies. When administered at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, 4 times at 96-hour intervals, buparvaquone was effective in eliminating B equi carrier infection in 1 horse. Such results could not be repeated at the same dosage or at 3.5 or 5 mg/kg, IM. Buparvaquone given at the rate of 4 to 6 mg/kg IV and/or IM was therapeutically effective in 4 of 5 acute B equi infections in splenectomized ponies. The treated ponies became carriers.
Park J, Shin YO, Choo HY.The propionylpromazine concentrations in plasma after intramuscular administration to horses were determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. After hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase/arylsulphatase, the parent drug and three metabolites were detected in urine. The metabolites were identified as 2-(1-hydroxypropyl)promazine, 2-(1-propenyl)promazine and 7-hydroxypropionylpromazine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No N-demethylated or sulphoxidated metabolites of propionylpromazine were observed in the horse urine.
Trotter GW, Yovich JV, McIlwraith CW, Norrdin RW.The effect of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSG) on repair of cartilage injury was evaluated in eight horses. In each horse, one middle carpal joint had both a partial-thickness and a full-thickness articular cartilage defect created. In the contralateral middle carpal joint, chemical articular cartilage injury was created by intra-articular injection of 50 mg sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA). Horses were divided into two groups for treatment. Group 1 horses (control) received an intramuscular injection of normal saline every four days for a total of seven injections starting seven...
Salonen JS, Vähä-Vahe T, Vainio O, Vakkuri O.The pharmacokinetics of detomidine, a novel analgesic sedative, was studied in the major target species after high (80 micrograms/kg) i.v. and i.m. doses. In addition, drug residues in some organs were determined. Concentrations were measured using a sensitive, detomidine-specific radio-immunoassay method. Rapid absorption following i.m. dosing occurred. Absorption half-lives were 0.15 h (horse) and 0.08 h (cattle). The mean peak concentration in the horse (51.3 ng/ml) was achieved in 0.5 h and in the cow (65.8 ng/ml) in 0.26 h. The areas under the concentration curve after i.m. dosing were 66...
Zwain I, Gaillard JL, Dintinger T, Silberzahn P.A single i.m. injection of testosterone (750 mg of testosterone bexahydrobenzoate) or i.v. injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (10,000 IU) was given to geldings and stallions. Levels of unconjugated and conjugated (after solvolysis) androgens and estrogens were measured in blood and urine samples taken daily from the day of injection (D0) to the tenth day post-injection (D10). In the stallion, both treatments resulted in a sharp increase of plasma estrogens, which peaked one day before the androgen levels. Our results confirmed the testicular localization of a potent aromatase, wh...
Delbeke FT, Debackere M.The prototype of a commercial ELISA test kit designed for fentanyl determination in human urine has been evaluated for screening fentanyl in horse urine and plasma. The measurement of fentanyl after intravenous (2 mg) and intramuscular (0.25 mg) administration in undiluted plasma was not reproducible while accurate quantification of fentanyl in urine greatly depends on the composition of the horse urine. The ELISA assay, however, is simple and could be successfully used for quantitative measurements in diluted urine and for rapid qualitative screening for fentanyl in large numbers of urine sam...
Jedruch J, Gajewski Z, Kuussaari J.The effect of detomidine on the electrical activity of the uterus was studied during the last trimester of pregnancy in 6 mares. The effect was observed in 3-5 min after the i.m. injection and it lasted for 50-70 min. 20 and 40 micrograms/kg b.w. doses of detomidine decreased the myometrial electrical activity, whereas 60 micrograms/kg dose did not have any effect on the activity. The results suggested that 20, 40 and 60 micrograms/kg b.w. doses of detomidine can be administered to mares during the last trimester of pregnancy without the risk of abortion induced by increased uterine electrical...
Wilson WD, Spensley MS, Baggot JD, Hietala SK.The pharmacokinetics and estimated bioavailability of amoxicillin were determined after IV, intragastric, and IM administration to healthy mares. After IV administration of sodium amoxicillin (10 mg/kg of body weight), the disposition of the drug was best described by a 2-compartment open model. A rapid distribution phase was followed by a rapid elimination phase, with a mean +/- SD half-life of 39.4 +/- 3.57 minutes. The mean volume of distribution was 325 +/- 68.2 ml/kg, and the mean body clearance was 5.68 +/- 0.80 ml/min.kg. It was concluded that frequent IV administration of sodium amoxic...
Brown CM, Kaneene JB, Walker RD.A survey of 584 veterinarians in equine practice was performed to determine their intramuscular injection techniques and the influence of those techniques on the development of clostridial myositis or cellulitis. Usable responses were obtained from 439 veterinarians (75.2%). Of these, 414 used a new needle and syringe for each injection, 241 swabbed the site with a cleansing/disinfectant agent, and 242 swabbed the top of multidose injection bottles with a similar solution. Only 2 clipped the hair at the injection site. Twenty eight of the respondents reported that at least 1 horse developed a ...
Nielsen IL, Jacobs KA, Huntington PJ, Chapman CB, Lloyd KC.Adverse reactions to intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G are reported in 11 horses, five of which died. The clinical findings are presented and suggest central nervous involvement in most cases. Post mortem findings in one horse were consistent with anaphylaxis whereas in other cases the clinical findings, duration of treatment, speed of onset and subsequent completion of treatment supports diagnosis of an acute procaine toxicity syndrome.
Montesissa C, Carli S, Sonzogni O, Garlappi R.The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin were investigated after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose of 15 mg kg-1 body-weight to five horses. A rapid distribution phase was noted after intravenous administration (t1/2 alpha about 20 minutes). The t1/2 beta values obtained after the intravenous and the intramuscular administration were significantly different (P less than 0.05). The bioavailability obtained was about 67 per cent. Plasma protein binding, evaluated in vitro, showed that the percentage of bound fraction was 37 to 38 per cent. It was concluded that sodi...
Sweeney RW, Beech J, Simmons RD, Soma LR.The pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid following administration by the intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) routes were investigated in six normal adult horses. Following i.v. administration, the ticarcillin disposition data conformed to a two-compartment model with an elimination half-life of 1.0 h. The disposition of clavulanic acid was described by a one-compartment model with an elimination half-life of 0.40 h. Following i.m. administration, the half-lives of both drugs were prolonged (ticarcillin 1.8 h, clavulanic acid 1.2 h). The bioavailability of ticarcillin was...
Delbeke FT, Debackere M, Desmet N, Stevens M.Concentrations of the potent diuretic bumetanide were determined by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic procedure in plasma and urine from horses following intravenous and intramuscular administration of a dose rate of 15 micrograms/kg. The elimination half-life was found to be 6.3 min, the volume of distribution at steady state 68 ml/kg and the total plasma clearance 10.9 ml/min/kg. The onset of diuresis occurred within 15 min and diuresis was no longer apparent 1 h after i.v. administration. Given by the intramuscular (i.m.) route, bumetanide was rapidly absorbed; bioavailabi...
Wichtel JJ, Grace ND, Firth EC.To examine the effect of intramuscular barium selenate on the blood selenium concentration of horses with marginal selenium status. Methods: Eighteen mares were assigned to one of six groups. The mares in groups 1-4 received barium selenate at 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 mg Se/kg, respectively, injected into the right pectoral muscle mass. The mares in group 5 received sodium selenate at 0.05 mg Se/kg orally at 8-week intervals. The mares in group 6 were left untreated. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after the initial treatment for assay ...
Byars TD, Greene CE, Kemp DT.Warfarin-induced anticoagulation and reversal of the induced anticoagulation by vitamin K1 were evaluated in 4 mature horses. Each horse was given warfarin IV until the prothrombin (PT) time was prolonged by approximately 1.5 times the predosing base-line value. In experiment 1, we evaluated the time required for PT to return to the predosing value (PT reversal time) after warfarin administration was discontinued. Between each experiment, a 1-week rest period was allowed. In experiment 2, two doses of vitamin K1 (100 mg/dose) were administered IM 6 hours apart, and the PT was monitored hourly ...
Perotta JH, Canola PA, Lopes MC, Evora PM, Martinez PE, Escobar A, Valadão CA.To evaluate the effects of intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) hyoscine premedication on physiologic variables following IV administration of medetomidine in horses. Methods: Randomized, crossover experimental study. Methods: Eight healthy crossbred horses weighing 330 ± 39 kg and aged 7 ± 4 years. Methods: Baseline measurements of heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), respiratory rate, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), percentage of patients with second degree atrioventricular (2(o) AV) block, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pH, and arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 ) an...
Chapman CB, Courage P, Huntington PJ.A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the detection of reserpine. The assay was used to monitor the plasma concentrations of the drug given intramuscularly on one or two occasions to five horses. The blood concentrations of reserpine varied quite considerably between horses given the same dose of the drug. However, on average, reserpine could be detected consistently, and quantified, for 48 h after a single dose of 2.5 mg, and for a similar period after the second of two 2.5 mg doses given 13 d apart. Because of the apparently large variability in the pharmaco...
Tobin T, Blake JW.Since procaine has both local anaesthetic and central stimulant actions its presence in the blood or urine of racing horses is forbidden. After rapid intravenous injection of procaine HC1 (2.5 mg/Kg) in thoroughbred mares plasma levels of this drug fell rapidly (t 1/2 alpha = 5 min) and then more slowly (t 1/2 beta = 50.2 min). These kinetics were well fitted by a two compartment open model (Model I). This model gave an apparent Vdbeta for procaine in the horse of about 3,500 litres. Since procaine was about 45% bound to equine plasma protein this gives a true Vdbeta for procaine of about 6,50...
Brown MP, Stover SM, Kelly RH, Farver TB.Ten healthy adult mares were given a single intramuscular dose (2.2 mg/kg) of gentamicin sulfate. Over a 48-h period, gentamicin concentrations were measured serially in the serum of all ten mares and in synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine of six of the mares. The mean peak serum gentamicin concentration was 5.73 micrograms/ml at 1 h. Gentamicin was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, with mean peak gentamicin concentrations of 2.41 micrograms/ml and 3.92 micrograms/ml, respectively, observed at 2 h. These concentrations declined in parallel with serum concentrations and w...
Zwain I, Gaillard JL, Dintinger T, Silberzahn P.A single i.m. injection of testosterone (750 mg of testosterone bexahydrobenzoate) or i.v. injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (10,000 IU) was given to geldings and stallions. Levels of unconjugated and conjugated (after solvolysis) androgens and estrogens were measured in blood and urine samples taken daily from the day of injection (D0) to the tenth day post-injection (D10). In the stallion, both treatments resulted in a sharp increase of plasma estrogens, which peaked one day before the androgen levels. Our results confirmed the testicular localization of a potent aromatase, wh...
Freeman SL, England GC.To compare sedative effects of romifidine following IV, IM, or sublingual (SL) administration in horses. Methods: 30 horses that required sedation for routine tooth rasping. Methods: Horses (n = 10/group) were given romifidine (120 microg/kg) IV, IM, or SL. Heart rate, respiratory rate, head height, distance between the ear tips, thickness of the upper lip, response to auditory stimulation, response to tactile stimulation, and degree of ataxia were recorded every 15 minutes for 180 minutes. Tooth rasping was performed 60 minutes after administration of romifidine, and overall adequacy of sedat...
Trenholme HN, Sakai DM, Berghaus LJ, Hanafi AL, Knych HK, Ryan CA, McHale B, Banovic F, Quandt JE, Barletta M, Reed RA. To evaluate changes in immunological parameters following subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) administration of meperidine in horses through quantitative analysis of plasma tryptase, histamine, and IgE levels. Six adult horses were enrolled in a prospective randomized crossover design. Horses were administered one treatment per day, with a seven day washout period: (a) meperidine 1 mg/kg IM, saline 6 mL SC; (b) saline 6 mL IM, meperidine 1 mg/kg SC; (c) saline 6 mL SC, saline 6 mL IM. Blood samples were obtained for plasmatic histamine (baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) via LC-MS/MS ...
Willette C, Aarnes TK, Lerche P, Ricco-Pereira C, Ballash GA, Bednarski RM.To assess anesthetic induction, recovery quality and cardiopulmonary variables after intramuscular (IM) injection of three drug combinations for immobilization of horses. Methods: Randomized, blinded, three-way crossover prospective design. Methods: A total of eight healthy adult horses weighing 470-575 kg. Methods: Horses were administered three treatments IM separated by ≥1 week. Combinations were tiletamine-zolazepam (1.2 mg kg), ketamine (1 mg kg) and detomidine (0.04 mg kg) (treatment TKD); ketamine (3 mg kg) and detomidine (0.04 mg kg) (treatment KD); and tiletamine-zolazepam (2.4 mg ...
Delbeke FT, Debackere M.The prototype of a commercial ELISA test kit designed for fentanyl determination in human urine has been evaluated for screening fentanyl in horse urine and plasma. The measurement of fentanyl after intravenous (2 mg) and intramuscular (0.25 mg) administration in undiluted plasma was not reproducible while accurate quantification of fentanyl in urine greatly depends on the composition of the horse urine. The ELISA assay, however, is simple and could be successfully used for quantitative measurements in diluted urine and for rapid qualitative screening for fentanyl in large numbers of urine sam...
Kikuchi M, Nagata SI, Ishige T, Minamijima Y, Hirota KI, Tozaki T, Kakoi H, Kizaki K.Glucocorticoid preparations have anti-inflammatory effects, and are commonly used in the equine clinical setting; however, such treatments can cause a number of side effects. Adrenal insufficiency is an adverse effect induced by the suppression of adrenal function following drug administration. This study aimed to investigate the influence of two glucocorticoid preparations, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, on adrenocortical function in horses. The usual doses of dexamethasone and hydrocortisone preparations in equine practice were administered intramuscularly to six horses, and peripheral bl...
Sandin A, Andrews FM, Nadeau JA, Doherty TJ, Nilsson G.The effect of intramuscular (i.m.) omeprazole (0.25 or 1.0 mg/kg bwt; LD and HD), respectively, on volume, total acid output (TAO) and pH of the gastric juice was studied during 24 h in 5 horses with a chronically implanted gastric cannula. Whether secretion in controls was basal or stimulated with pentagastrin (8 micrograms/kg bwt/h), volume (NS) and TAO (P < 0.01, NS) gradually decreased and pH increased (P < 0.05, NS). Omeprazole significantly reduced the average basal TAO by 49 +/- 6% (LD) and 88 +/- 3% (HD) and the stimulated TAO by 64 +/- 2% and 97 +/- 1%. Basal pH in controls was 2.1-4....
Eiler H, Goble D, Oliver J.The plasma concentration of hydrocortisone was determined in mares given either cosyntropin (100 IU, given IV) or corticotropin (200 IU, given IM). Plasma hydrocortisone concentrations of the mares treated with cosyntropin increased by 46%, 57% and 80% at 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively, when compared with base-line values; these values returned to base line at 240 minutes. In mares treated with corticotropin, mean plasma hydrocortisone concentrations increased by 42%, 143%, 101% and 155% at 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes, respectively, when compared with base-line values. Differences in t...
Hanafi AL, Reed RA, Trenholme HN, Sakai DM, Ryan CA, Barletta M, Quandt JE, Knych HK.To describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after IM and subcutaneous administration in horses. Methods: prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover trial. Methods: Six adult horses weighing 494 ± 33 kg. Methods: Treatments included meperidine 1 mg/kg IM with saline 6 mL subcutaneously, meperidine 1 mg/kg subcutaneously with saline 6 mL IM, and saline 6 mL subcutaneously and 6 mL IM, with a 7-day washout between treatments. Plasma meperidine concentrations and pharmacodynamic values (thermal and mechanical thresholds, physiological variables, fecal production) were c...
Hofferer S, Duchamp G, Palmer E.Twelve anoestrous mares were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing 0.5 g allyl trembolone (Regumate; Roussel UCLAF, Paris) and 50 mg oestradiol benzoate for 7 days, followed by daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 25 mg crude equine pituitary extract (CEG), with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) 0.25 mg porcine growth hormone (pGH). No difference in ovarian response to this superovulation treatment was observed between the 2 groups (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.4 ovulations per mare, respectively). CEG treatment was then combined with allyl trembolone (40 mg per os per day) and prolonged in ...
Verde C, Ferrante M, Simpson MI, Babusci M, Broglia G, Landoni MF.Twelve healthy horses were subject to the monoioidoacetate (MIA) carpitis model, which was allowed to develop for 7 days. The horses were then randomly divided into two groups. Group A (control) received an intramuscular injection of normal saline every 4 days for a total of seven injections while group B received 500 mg of a PSGAG (SYNTEX CSY36) intramuscularly every 4 days for seven treatments. Efficacy of the PSGAG was evaluated by three clinical outcomes: lameness score, carpal circumference and maximum carpal flexion. Clinical outcomes were measured on days -8 (previous to carpitis induct...
Stevenson AJ, Weber MP, Todi F, Young L, Beaumier P, Kacew S.Plasma and urinary concentrations of procaine were examined in Standardbred mares after subcutaneous administration of various doses (80 mg to 1600 mg) of procaine hydrochloride. Regardless of dose, peak plasma procaine values occurred within 1 h, but remained detectable in a dose-dependent manner, with procaine present at 1 h with the 80 mg dose and 6 h at the 1600 mg dose. Similarly, peak urinary procaine concentrations were attained within 1.5 to 3 h, irrespective of dose, while detection time was dose-dependent, being 23 h for 80-200 mg doses but as long as 30-54 h with the 1600 mg dose. W...
Craig TM, Kunde JM.Ivermectin was injected IM into 12 yearling Shetland ponies. The following reactions in percentages of parasites recovered from ponies given 200 microgram/kg or 300 microgram/kg, as compared with the parasitic population in those given the vehicle at 1 week after injection, were as follows: Otobius megnini nymphs--no reduction; Gasterophilus intestinalis--100% and 99.9%; G nasalis--100% and 99.9%; Parascaris equorum adults--100% and 96%; Strongylus vulgaris adults--100% and 100%; S edentatus adults--100% and 100%; cyathostome adults of the genera Gyalocephalus, Cylicocyclus, Cyathostomum, Cyli...
Bessonnat A, Picotte K, Lavoie JP.Locally administered corticosteroids are commonly used to treat joint diseases in sport and racehorses. As they are also the most potent drugs for the treatment of equine asthma, we hypothesised that the intra-articular corticosteroids used to treat joint diseases also improve the lung function in horses with severe asthma, thus potentially delaying the diagnosis of this common lung condition. Objective: To compare the effects of intra-articular (IA) and intramuscular (IM) triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on lung function in horses with severe asthma. Methods: Randomised and controlled experiment ...
el-Komy AA.The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin (430 mg/kg.b.wt.) and cephapirin (20 mg/kg.b.wt.) were investigated following a single intravenous and intramuscular injection in normal mares. The serum concentration-time curve following a single intravenous injection of both antibiotics obeyed a two-compartment open model. After intravenous dose, piperacillin and cephapirin were transferred from central to peripheral compartment (k12) with values 0.46 and 0.52 h-1, while their passages from peripheral to central compartment (k21) were equal to 0.56 and 0.49 h-1, respectively. The elimination half-lives [...
Ousey JC, Dudan FE, Rossdale PD, Silver M.The effectiveness of the prostaglandin F analogue fluprostenol in inducing labour in the mare was examined by giving sequential injections over the last 50 days of gestation. The behavioural and endocrine changes elicited by the drug in pregnant and non-pregnant animals and in foals were also studied. Fluprostenol (250 or 500 micrograms intramuscularly) failed to induce labour before 320 days gestation; thereafter its effect was capricious. Twelve mares foaled 1 to 36 h after the last test; eight delivered normal, viable, apparently 'term' foals and four produced stillborn/premature animals. E...
Torcivia C, McDonnell S.Vaccinations via intramuscular injection are a key component of preventative health care in horses. Development of problematic behavioral aversion to injections is quite common. Our clinical impression has been that topical anesthetic applied to injection sites can reduce the behavioral reaction; however, this has not been critically tested. To blindly evaluate efficacy, either 5% or 10% topical lidocaine solution or 0% control was applied to injection sites for 78 ponies two minutes before intramuscular vaccination. Mean reaction scores on a scale of 0-3 were 0.84 (se 0.18) for 5% lidocaine s...
Fernández-Varón E, Ayala I, Marín P, Carrión A, Martos N, Escudero E, Cárceles CM.Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine showing an excellent activity. However, danofloxacin pharmacokinetics profile have not been studied in horses previously. Objective: To study the pharmacokinetics following i.v., i.m. and intragastric (i.g.) administration of 1.25 mg/kg bwt danofloxacin to 6 healthy horses. Methods: A cross-over design was used in 3 phases (2 x 2 x 2), with 2 washout periods of 15 days (n = 6). Danofloxacin (18%) was administered by i.v. and i.m. routes at single doses of 1.25 mg/kg bwt. For i.g. administration an oral solution was prepared an...
Arana Valencia N, Thompson DL, Southerland CV.Four experiments assessed factors affecting prolactin responses to sulpiride administration in horses. Experiment 1 compared the efficacy of the (-) enantiomer of sulpiride to that of the commonly used (+/-) racemic mixture. Mares were used in an 8 × 8 Latin square to compare the prolactin responses to four doses of levosulpiride to four corresponding doses of the racemic mixture at twice the dose. Responses at each dose indicated equal and similar (P > .1) responses. Experiment 2 compared the efficacy of 1 gram of orally administered racemic sulpiride to 100 mg of intramuscularly injec...
Carter GK, Martens RJ, Brown SA, Martin MT.Pharmacokinetic values of sodium amoxicillin (22 mg/kg of body weight) in foals were determined after a single IM injection in 6 Quarter Horse foals at 3, 10, and 30 days of age. Serum amoxicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24-hour period. The absorption of amoxicillin was rapid and followed a 1st-order elimination. Mean peak serum concentrations occurred 30 minutes after the injection in foals at all ages and were 17.31 +/- 9.59 micrograms/ml when the foals were 3 days old, 23.28 +/- 9.86 micrograms/ml when the foals were 10 days old, and 21.35 +/- 6.39 micrograms/ml when th...
Carli S, Sonzogni O, Villa R, Bignazzi R, Montesissa C.The pharmacokinetic profile of a sulphamonomethoxine-trimethoprim (SMM-TMP) combination was investigated in five horses. The combination was administered intravenously, intramuscularly and orally at a constant dose of 20 mg SMM plus 4 mg TMP kg-1 bodyweight. Following intravenous administration both drugs dispersed rapidly with distribution half-lives of about 12 minutes for SMM and about 18 minutes for TMP. Elimination half-lives for intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration were closely similar, indicating that elimination was independent of administration route. Bioavailability of ...
Credille BC, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Burton AJ, Sturgill TL, Grover GS, Donecker JM, Brown SA.The objectives of this study were to determine the plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) in weanling foals and to compare the plasma pharmacokinetic profile of weanling foals to that of adult horses. A single dose of CCFA was administered intramuscularly to six weanling foals and six adult horses at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight. Concentrations of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide (DCA) were determined in the plasma of all animals, and in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells of foals. After intramuscular (IM) admin...
Younkin JT, Santschi EM, Kukanich B, Lubbers BV, Warner M.Penicillin is administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) to horses for the prevention and treatment of infections, and both routes have disadvantages. To minimize these shortcomings, a 24-hr hybrid administration protocol (HPP) was developed. Our objective was to determine penicillin plasma concentrations in horses administered via HPP. Venous blood was collected from seven healthy horses administered IV potassium penicillin G at 0 and 6 hr and IM procaine penicillin G at 12 hr. Blood was collected at 2-hr intervals from 0 to 20 hr and at 24 hr. Plasma penicillin concentration...
