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Topic:Intravenous Administration
Intravenous administration in horses involves the delivery of substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrients efficiently, ensuring rapid distribution throughout the body. It is commonly employed in veterinary practice for rehydration, anesthesia, and treatment of various medical conditions. The technique requires skill and knowledge to ensure proper vein selection and catheter placement, minimizing the risk of complications such as infection or thrombosis. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and potential complications associated with intravenous administration in equine medicine.
Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol, medetomidine, lidocaine and butorphanol total intravenous anesthesia in horses. Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, lidocaine, butorphanol and propofol total intravenous anesthesia (MLBP-TIVA) were evaluated in horses undergoing an experimental surgery. Ten horses were premedicated with an intravenous injection (IV) of medetomidine (5 ยตg/kg) and butorphanol (20 ยตg/kg). Anesthesia was induced by administration of 1% propofol (3 mg/kg, IV) at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min (n=5, group-1) or 2% propofol administered at a rate of 6 mg/kg/min (n=5, group-2) following administration of lidocaine (1 mg/kg, IV) and then maintained by infusions of propofol, medetomi...
Effect of yohimbine on detomidine induced changes in behavior, cardiac and blood parameters in the horse. To describe selected pharmacodynamic effects of detomidine and yohimbine when administered alone and in sequence. Methods: Randomized crossover design. Methods: Nine healthy adult horses aged 9 ยฑ 4 years and weighing 561 ยฑ 56 kg. Methods: Three dose regimens were employed in the current study. 1) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV, 2) 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV and 3) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV. Each horse received all three treatments with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Blood samples were obtained and plasma analyzed for detomidin...
The effects of perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia of the equine foot on subsequent magnetic resonance images. Artefacts caused by regional anaesthesia can influence image interpretation of ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy. Perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia are commonly performed prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and the effects on MR images, if any, are unknown. Objective: To determine if perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia of structures in the equine foot cause iatrogenic changes detectable with MRI. Methods: A baseline MRI examination of both front feet was performed on 15 horses, 2-6 days prior to mepivacaine injection adjacent to the lateral and medial palmar digital n...
Alfaxalone and medetomidine intravenous infusion to maintain anaesthesia in colts undergoing field castration. The use of alfaxalone and medetomidine administered as an i.v. infusion to maintain anaesthesia has not previously been reported in the horse. Objective: To investigate the use of alfaxalone in hydroxpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Alfaxan) and medetomidine infusion as a field anaesthetic for short-term surgical procedures in the horse. Objective: Alfaxalone-medetomidine anaesthesia is suitable for short-term field anaesthesia in horses. Methods: Eleven healthy colts underwent 45โmin of anaesthesia with an i.v. infusion of alfaxalone (2โmg/kg bwt/h) and medetomidine (5โฮผg/kg bwt/h) for routin...
Effects of N-butylscopolammonium bromide on lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production in the airways. Anticholinergic drugs like atropine induce bronchodilatation and rapid improvement in lung function. N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) is an anticholinergic drug used to relieve spasmodic colic in horses, but its effect on airway smooth muscle is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effect of NBB on clinical signs and lung function of RAO-affected horses. Methods: Nine horses diagnosed with RAO. Methods: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, random...
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of two partial intravenous anesthetic protocols, compared with isoflurane alone, to maintain general anesthesia in horses. To compare the ability of 2 partial IV anesthesia (PIVA) techniques to maintain anesthesia, compared with isoflurane alone, in horses. Methods: 45 horses. Methods: Client-owned horses requiring general anesthesia for a variety of procedures of at least 1 hour's duration were randomly allocated to 3 groups (n = 15/group) that differed for the maintenance protocol. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane with a starting end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.3% (isoflurane group) or a concentration of 1% supplemented with an adjustable continuous infusion of guaifenesin-ketamine (IGK group) o...
Plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone in neonatal foals after an intravenous bolus of alfaxalone following premedication with butorphanol tartrate. To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the neurosteroid anaesthetic, alfaxalone, in neonatal foals after a single intravenous (IV) injection of alfaxalone following premedication with butorphanol tartrate. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Five clinically healthy Australian Stock Horse foals of mean ยฑ SD age of 12 ยฑ 3 days and weighing 67.3 ยฑ 12.4 kg. Methods: Foals were premedicated with butorphanol (0.05 mg kg(-1) IV) and anaesthesia was induced 10 minutes later by IV injection with alfaxalone 3 mg kg(-1) . Cardiorespiratory variables (pulse rate, respir...
Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone following intra-articular, intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in horses and its effects on endogenous hydrocortisone. This study investigated and compared the pharmacokinetics of intra-articular (IA) administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) into three equine joints, femoropatellar (IAS), radiocarpal (IAC), and metacarpophalangeal (IAF), and the intramuscular (IM), oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administrations. No significant differences in the pharmacokinetic estimates between the three joints were observed with the exception of maximum concentration (Cmax ) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax ). Median (range) Cmax for the IAC, IAF, and IAS were 16.9 (14.6-35.4), 23.4 (13.5-73.0), and 46.9...
Cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, and analgesic effects of morphine sulfate in conscious healthy horses. To compare the cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, analgesic, and behavioral effects between IV and IM administration of morphine in conscious horses with no signs of pain. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (IM or IV) or morphine sulfate (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IM or IV) in a randomized, masked crossover study design. The following variables were measured before and for 360 minutes after drug administration: heart and respiratory rates; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures; rectal temperature; arterial pH and blood gas variabl...
Acepromazine pharmacokinetics: a forensic perspective. Acepromazine (ACP) is a useful therapeutic drug, but is a prohibited substance in competition horses. The illicit use of ACP is difficult to detect due to its rapid metabolism, so this study investigated the ACP metabolite 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine sulphoxide (HEPS) as a potential forensic marker. Acepromazine maleate, equivalent to 30mg of ACP, was given IV to 12 racing-bred geldings. Blood and urine were collected for 7days post-administration and analysed for ACP and HEPS by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Acepromazine was quantifiable in plasma for up to 3h with little r...
Comparison of continuous infusion with intermittent bolus administration of cefotaxime on blood and cavity fluid drug concentrations in neonatal foals. Healthy neonatal foals were treated with cefotaxime by bolus (40 mg/kg i.v. q6h for 12 doses; n=10) or by infusion (loading dose of 40 mg/kg i.v. followed by continuous infusion of a total daily dose of 160 mg/kg per 24 h for 3 days; n=5). Population pharmacokinetics was determined, and concentrations in cavity fluids were measured at steady state (72 h). Highest measured serum drug concentration in the bolus group was 88.09 ฮผg/mL and minimum drug concentration (C(min)) was 0.78 ฮผg/mL at 6-h postadministration (immediately before each next dose), whereas infusion resulted in a steady-state c...
Comparison of the effects of xylazine bolus versus medetomidine constant rate infusion on the stress response, urine production, and anesthetic recovery characteristics in horses anesthetized with isoflurane. To compare the effect of xylazine bolus versus medetomidine constant rate infusion (MCRI) on serum cortisol and glucose concentrations, urine production, and anesthetic recovery characteristics in dorsally recumbent, spontaneously breathing, isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective, randomized crossover study. Methods: 10 healthy Standardbreds. Methods: Horses were premedicated with xylazine or medetomidine IV. Anesthesia was induced with diazepam and ketamine and maintained with isoflurane for 150 minutes. For the xylazine treatment, end-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintain...
Evaluation of a midazolam-ketamine-xylazine infusion for total intravenous anesthesia in horses. To evaluate the use of midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine for total IV anesthesia (TIVA) in horses. Methods: 6 healthy Thoroughbred mares. Methods: Horses were sedated with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.1 mg/kg, IV) followed by ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and was maintained with an IV infusion of midazolam (0.002 mg/kg/min), ketamine (0.03 mg/kg/min), and xylazine (0.016 mg/kg/min). Horses underwent surgical manipulation and injection of the palmar digital nerves; duration of the infusion was 60 minutes. Additional ketamine (0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg, IV) was administer...
Elimination half-life of intravenously administered equine cardiac troponin I in healthy ponies. To date, no information is available on the true biological elimination half-life (T(1/2) ) of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the equine species. Such data are required to better evaluate the optimal time to acquire the cTnI sample following acute myocardial injury. Objective: To determine the T(1/2) of equine cTnI. Methods: Four healthy ponies received i.v. injections of recombinant equine cTnI. Plasma cTnI concentrations were measured with a point-of-care cTnI analyser at multiple time points after injection. Standard pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to establish the T(1/2) of cTnI. Resu...
The effects of yohimbine on the pharmacokinetic parameters of detomidine in the horse. To describe the pharmacokinetics of detomidine and yohimbine when administered in combination. Methods: Randomized crossover design. Methods: Nine healthy adult horses aged 9 ยฑ 4 years and weighing of 561 ยฑ 56 kg. Methods: Three dose regimens were employed in the current study. 1) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV (D), 2) 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV (Y) and 3) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV (DY). Each horse received all three dose regimens with a minimum of 1 week in between subsequent regimens. Blood samples were obtained and plasma analyzed f...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol following intravenous administration to the horse. Butorphanol is a narcotic analgesic commonly used in horses. Currently, any detectable concentration of butorphanol in biological samples collected from performance horses is considered a violation. The primary goal of the study reported here was to update the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intravenous administration, utilizing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay that is currently employed in many drug-testing laboratories. An additional objective was to characterize behavioral and cardiac effects following administration of butorphanol. Ten exer...
Regulatory control of glycopyrrolate in performance horses using validated UHPLC/MS-MS methods. We describe a validated, rapid, sensitive, and specific UHPLC-MS/MS method to detect and quantify glycopyrrolate in 0.5 mL of horse urine. Further, we investigated the elimination of glycopyrrolate in urine after both intravenous and oral administration of clinically relevant doses to Thoroughbred horses. Quantification was performed by weighted, linear regression analysis using a deuterated analogue of glycopyrrolate as internal standard (IS). The method was characterized by a linear range of 5-2500 pg/mL, a lower limit of quantification of 5 pg/mL and a limit of detection of 1 pg/mL. The int...
Efficacy of a single intravenous dose of the neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir in the treatment of equine influenza. Equine influenza A virus (EIV) of the H3N8 subtype is an important pathogen causing acute respiratory disease in horses. Peramivir is a selective inhibitor of the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA). The characteristics of peramivir are not only its capacity for parenteral administration, but also its strong affinity for NA and slow off-rate from the NA-peramivir complex, suggesting that it could lead to a prolonged inhibitory effect and thus allow a lower dosing frequency. The aims of this study were to evaluate the inhibitory efficacy of peramivir against the NA activities of EIV in vitro and...
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral and injectable formulations of methadone after intravenous, oral, and intragastric administration in horses. To characterize the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral and injectable formulations of methadone after IV, oral, and intragastric administration in horses. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses received single doses (each 0.15 mg/kg) of an oral formulation of methadone hydrochloride orally or intragastrically or an injectable formulation of the drug orally, intragastrically, or IV (5 experimental treatments/horse; 2-week washout period between each experimental treatment). A blood sample was collected from each horse before and at predetermined time points over a 360-minute...
Effect of sedation with detomidine on intraocular pressure with and without topical anesthesia in clinically normal horses. To determine the effect of sedation with detomidine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in standing horses and whether topical ocular application of anesthetic alters this effect. Methods: Clinical trial. Methods: 15 clinically normal horses. Methods: Horses were assigned to group 1 (n = 7) or 2 (8). Intraocular pressure measurements were obtained at baseline (before sedation) and 10 minutes after IV administration of detomidine (0.02 mg/kg [0.009 mg/lb]). Group 1 horses had an additional IOP measurement at 20 minutes after sedation. For group 2 horses, topical ocular anesthetic was administered 10 ...
Pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic effects of romifidine hydrochloride in the horse. Romifidine HCl (romifidine) is an ฮฑ(2)-agonist commonly used in horses. This study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of romifidine following intravenous (i.v.) administration and describe the relationship between PK parameters and simultaneously recorded pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Romifidine (80 ฮผg/kg) was administered by i.v. infusion over 2 min to six adult Thoroughbred horses, and plasma samples were collected and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Limit of quantification was <0.1 ng/mL. PD parameters and arterial blood gases were measur...
Scintigraphic evaluation of intra-arterial and intravenous regional limb perfusion of allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the normal equine distal limb using (99m) Tc-HMPAO. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly injected intralesionally for treatment of soft tissue injuries in the horse. Alternative routes of administration would be beneficial for treatment of lesions that cannot be accessed directly or to limit needle-induced iatrogenic damage to the surrounding tissue. Objective: The purpose of our study was to evaluate MSC distribution after intra-arterial (IA) and intravenous (IV) regional limb perfusions (RLP) using scintigraphy. We hypothesised that MSCs would persist in the distal limb after tourniquet removal and that both techniques would lead to dif...
Development of a romifidine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. To determine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for romifidine (R) and romifidine combined with butorphanol (RB) resulting in constant sedation and romifidine plasma concentrations. Methods: Blinded randomized crossover study. Methods: Ten adult research horses. Methods: Part I: After determining normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%), loading doses of romifidine (80 ฮผg kg(-1)) with butorphanol (RB: 18 ฮผg kg(-1)) or saline (R) were given intravenously (IV). Immediately afterwards, a butorphanol (RB: 25 ฮผg kg(-1) hour(-1)) or saline (R) CRI was administered for 2 hours. The HHA...
Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety evaluation of azithromycin in adult horses. Azithromycin is widely used in foals but has not been studied in adult horses. The goals of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and to make a preliminary assessment of the safety of azithromycin in adult horses. Azithromycin was administered intravenously (5 mg/kg) and intragastrically (10 mg/kg) to six healthy mares in a crossover design. Serial plasma samples, blood neutrophils, and pulmonary macrophages were collected for the measurement of azithromycin concentrations. Azithromycin was also administered orally (10 mg/kg) once a day for 5 days to five healthy mares for p...
Anesthetic induction with guaifenesin and propofol in adult horses. To evaluate whether guaifenesin can prevent adverse anesthetic induction events caused by propofol and whether a guaifenesin-propofol induction combination has brief cardiovascular effects commensurate with rapid drug washout. Methods: 8 healthy adult horses. Methods: Guaifenesin was administered IV for 3 minutes followed by IV injection of a bolus of propofol (2 mg/kg). Additional propofol was administered if purposeful movement was detected. Anesthesia was maintained for 2 hours with isoflurane or sevoflurane at 1.2 times the minimum alveolar concentration with controlled normocapnic ventila...
Development of a xylazine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. To elaborate constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for xylazine (X) and xylazine/butorphanol (XB) which will result in constant sedation and steady xylazine plasma concentrations. Methods: Blinded randomized experimental study. Methods: Ten adult research horses. Methods: Part I: After normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%) was determined, a loading dose of xylazine (1 mg kg(-1) ) with butorphanol (XB: 18 ฮผg kg(-1) ) or saline (X: equal volume) was given slowly intravenously (IV). Immediately afterwards, a CRI of butorphanol (XB: 25 ฮผg kg(-1) hour(-1)) or saline (X) was administer...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse. To describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics following an intravenous (IV) bolus dose of medetomidine in the horse. Methods: Prospective experimental trial. Methods: Eight, mature healthy horses age 11.7 ยฑ 4.6 (mean ยฑ SD) years, weighing 557 ยฑ 54 kg. Methods: Medetomidine (10 ฮผg kg(-1) ) was administered IV. Blood was sampled at fixed time points from before drug administration to 48 hours post administration. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical data were obtained at predetermined time points from 0 minutes to 24 hours post administration. An algometer was also used to measu...
