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Topic:Intravenous Administration
Intravenous administration in horses involves the delivery of substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrients efficiently, ensuring rapid distribution throughout the body. It is commonly employed in veterinary practice for rehydration, anesthesia, and treatment of various medical conditions. The technique requires skill and knowledge to ensure proper vein selection and catheter placement, minimizing the risk of complications such as infection or thrombosis. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and potential complications associated with intravenous administration in equine medicine.
Comparison of cardiovascular function and quality of recovery in isoflurane-anaesthetised horses administered a constant rate infusion of lidocaine or lidocaine and medetomidine during elective surgery. The effects of lidocaine combined with medetomidine or lidocaine alone on cardiovascular function during anaesthesia and their effects on recovery have not been thoroughly investigated in isoflurane-anaesthetised horses. Objective: To determine the effects of an intraoperative i.v. constant rate infusion of lidocaine combined with medetomidine (Group 1) or lidocaine (Group 2) alone on cardiovascular function and on the quality of recovery in 12 isoflurane-anaesthetised horses undergoing arthroscopy. Objective: The combination would depress cardiovascular function but improve the quality of rec...
Partial intravenous anaesthesia in 5 horses using ketamine, lidocaine, medetomidine and halothane. A partial intravenous protocol was used successfully to maintain anaesthesia in 5 healthy horses. Horses were premedicated with acepromazine, romifidine and butorphanol, induced with guaifenesin and ketamine and maintained on a constant rate infusion of lidocaine, ketamine and medetomidine together with halothane inhalation anaesthesia. Mean end-tidal halothane concentration to maintain a surgical plane of anaesthesia was 0.8 +/- 0.2%. Mean dobutamine requirement to maintain mean arterial pressure above 9.31 kPa was 0.42 +/- 0.3 microg/kg/min. The administration of relatively low doses of lido...
Effects of intravenous fentanyl administration on end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations in thoroughbred racehorses undergoing orthopedic surgery. To evaluate the effects of IV fentanyl administration on the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ET(SEVO)) in thoroughbred racehorses, the ET(SEVO) required for internal fixation of longitudinal fractures was compared between horses anesthetized with sevoflurane-fentanyl (Group SF; n=9) and those anesthetized with sevoflurane alone (Group S; n=9). The loading dose of fentanyl (5.0 µg/kg) was administered over 15 min followed by a maintenance dose of fentanyl (0.1 µg/kg/min) throughout the operation in Group SF. The mean ET(SEVO) during the operation in Group SF (2.6 ± 0.2%) was significant...
Comparative plasma disposition, bioavailability and efficacy of ivermectin following oral and pour-on administrations in horses. Pour-on formulations of endectocides decrease the risk of injury for both user and animal, and are particularly convenient for animal owners who can apply the product. This study was designed to investigate the plasma disposition and efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) following pour-on, per os and intravenous administrations. Eighteen female horses weighing 510-610 kg were used in this study. The animals were allocated into three groups (per os, pour-on and intravenous groups). The equine paste, bovine pour-on and bovine injectable formulations of IVM were administered orally, topically and intraven...
Plasma concentrations, behavioural and physiological effects following intravenous and intramuscular detomidine in horses. Detomidine hydrochloride is used to provide sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia in horses, but a lack of information pertaining to plasma concentration has limited the ability to correlate drug concentration with effect. Objective: To build on previous information and assess detomidine for i.v. and i.m. use in horses by simultaneously assessing plasma drug concentrations, physiological parameters and behavioural characteristics. Objective: Systemic effects would be seen following i.m. and i.v. detomidine administration and these effects would be positively correlated with plasma drug con...
Assessing the efficiency of a pharmacokinetic-based algorithm for target-controlled infusion of ketamine in ponies. The objective of this study was to assess a pharmacokinetic algorithm to predict ketamine plasma concentration and drive a target-controlled infusion (TCI) in ponies. Firstly, the algorithm was used to simulate the course of ketamine enantiomers plasma concentrations after the administration of an intravenous bolus in six ponies based on individual pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from a previous experiment. Using the same pharmacokinetic parameters, a TCI of S-ketamine was then performed over 120 min to maintain a concentration of 1 microg/mL in plasma. The actual plasma concentrations of ...
Use of propofol-xylazine and the Anderson Sling Suspension System for recovery of horses from desflurane anesthesia. To characterize the behavior of horses recovering in the Anderson Sling Suspension System after 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia and postdesflurane intravenous (IV) administration of propofol and xylazine. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Healthy horses (n=6), mean+/-SEM age 12.3+/-1.8 years; mean weight 556+/-27 kg. Methods: Each horse was anesthetized with xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine IV and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane in O(2). At the end of 4 hours of desflurane, each horse was positioned in the sling suspension system and administered propofol-xylazine IV. Recovery e...
Effect of topical application of 1% diclofenac sodium liposomal cream on inflammation in healthy horses undergoing intravenous regional limb perfusion with amikacin sulfate. To determine whether topical application of 1% diclofenac sodium cream would decrease inflammation at sites of IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) in healthy horses. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses (12 forelimbs). Methods: Bilateral IVRLP with 2.5 g of amikacin sulfate was performed twice in each horse, with 24 hours between each session. Horses were treated with topical 1% diclofenac liposomal cream (treated limbs) or a placebo cream (control limbs). All injection sites were evaluated before the first IVRLP session and 24 hours after the second session by means of ultrasonographic examination ...
The pharmacokinetics of the weakly protein-bound anionic compound diatrizoate in serum and synovial fluid of the horse. To establish a pharmacokinetic model for the model drug, sodium diatrizoate (DTZ), allowing joint disappearance kinetics to be estimated from serum appearance kinetics following intra-articular administration, and to calculate the relative joint exposure after intravenous and intra-articular DTZ administration (F(iv/IA)). Methods: Each of five horses received an aqueous solution of 3.9 mg/kg sodium diatrizoate both intravenously and intra-articularly separated by a one-week wash out period. Serum and synovial samples were collected over 7 h and analyzed for content of model compound using indu...
Evaluation of indwelling intravenous catheters for the regional perfusion of the limbs of horses. The feasibility of maintaining indwelling intravenous catheters in the saphenous, cephalic or palmar digital vein of horses for seven days to infuse antimicrobial drugs was investigated in 18 horses. The horses were randomly assigned to six groups according to the vein catheterised and whether they received amikacin or erythromycin. None of the catheters was replaced more than once, and 11 of the 18 catheters remained patent for all seven days. Neither the drug administered nor the vein catheterised significantly affected the survival of the catheter. In all but three cases, complications, inc...
Intravenous tramadol: effects, nociceptive properties, and pharmacokinetics in horses. To determine the optimal dose, serum concentrations and analgesic effects of intravenous (IV) tramadol in the horse. Two-phase blinded, randomized, prospective crossover trial. Seven horses (median age 22.5 years and mean weight 565 kg). Horses were treated every 20 minutes with incremental doses of tramadol HCl (0.1-1.6 mg kg(-1)) or with saline. Heart rate, respiratory rate, step frequency, head height, and sweating, trembling, borborygmus and head nodding scores were recorded before and up to 6 hours after treatment. In a second study, hoof withdrawal and skin twitch reflex latencies (HWRL ...
Treatment of septicaemia and severe bacterial infections in foals with a new cefquinome formulation: a field study. A multicentre field study was conducted in accordance with VICH Guideline on Good Clinical Practice (VICH 2000) to confirm the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of cefquinome for the treatment of naturally occurring severe bacterial infections and septicaemia in foals. Thirty-nine foals suffering from severe bacterial infections (such as pneumonia, gastro-enteritis, arthritis, omphalitis, or wound infections) or acute septicaemia were treated twice daily with the test product (1 mg cefquinome/kg body weight) intravenously for three days and then intramuscularly for three to 11 days. Inv...
Anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol at 10% for induction and 1% for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses. Studies have demonstrated the clinical usefulness of propofol for anaesthesia in horses but the use of a concentrated solution requires further investigation. Objective: To determine the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory responses to a bolus injection of 10% propofol solution in mature horses. Methods: Three randomised crossover experimental trials were completed. Trial 1: 6 horses were selected randomly to receive 10% propofol (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg bwt i.v.). Trial 2: 6 horses received 1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. xylazine before being assigned at random to receive one of 5 different doses (1-5 mg/kg bwt) o...
Anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously administered lidocaine hydrochloride on ischemia-injured jejunum in horses. To investigate effects of lidocaine hydrochloride administered IV on mucosal inflammation in ischemia-injured jejunum of horses treated with flunixin meglumine. Methods: 24 horses. Methods: Horses received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SS; 1 mL/50 kg, IV [1 dose]), flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h), lidocaine (bolus [1.3 mg/kg] and constant rate infusion [0.05 mg/kg/min], IV, during and after recovery from surgery), or both flunixin and lidocaine (n = 6/group). During surgery, blood flow was occluded for 2 hours in 2 sections of jejunum in each horse. Uninjured and ischemia-injured jejun...
Multimodal treatment of recurrent sinonasal cryptococcal granulomas in a horse. A 7-year-old 509-kg (1,120-lb) Tennessee Walking Horse mare was evaluated because of bilateral mucosanguinous nasal discharge, intermittent right-sided epistaxis, and worsening dyspnea of 9 months' duration. Results: Multiple masses in the nasopharynx were detected via endoscopic and radiographic examinations. Cytologic and histologic examinations of biopsy specimens of 1 mass revealed round yeasts with thick nonstaining capsules and occasional narrow-based budding that resembled cryptococcal organisms. Results: Oral administration of fluconazole and organic ethylenediamine dihydriodide and in...
Effect of ketamine on the limb withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-nociceptive activity of ketamine and isoflurane in horses using a limb withdrawal reflex (WR) model. Single and repeated stimulations were applied to the digital nerve of the left forelimb in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane before, during and after intravenous administration of racemic ketamine. Surface electromyographic activity was recorded from the deltoid muscle. Higher stimulation intensity was required to evoke a reflex during ketamine administration. Furthermore, the amplitudes of response to stimulations were significantly and dos...
Sedative effects of propofol in horses. We hypothesized that propofol can produce rapidly-reversible, dose-dependent standing sedation in horses. Methods: Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial. Methods: Twelve healthy horses aged 12 +/- 6 years (mean +/- SD), weighing 565 +/- 20 kg, and with an equal distribution of mares and geldings. Methods: Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus at one of three randomized doses (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 mg kg(-1)). Cardiovascular and behavioral measurements were made by a single investigator, who was blinded to treatment dose, at 3 minute intervals until subjective behavior s...
Effect of administration of propofol and xylazine hydrochloride on recovery of horses after four hours of anesthesia with desflurane. To compare characteristics of horses recovering from 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia with and without immediate postanesthetic IV administration of propofol and xylazine. Animals-8 healthy horses (mean +/- SEM age, 6.6 +/- 1.0 years; mean body weight, 551 +/- 50 kg). Methods: Horses were anesthetized twice. Both times, anesthesia was induced with a combination of xylazine hydrochloride, diazepam, and ketamine hydrochloride and then maintained for 4 hours with desflurane in oxygen. Choice of postanesthetic treatment was randomly assigned via a crossover design such that each horse received an ...
Effects of intravenous administration of pirfenidone on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. To characterize effects of IV administration of pirfenidone on clinical, biochemical, and hematologic variables and circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha concentrations in horses after infusion of a low dose of endotoxin. Methods: 18 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 6 horses/group) and administered an IV infusion of 30 ng of endotoxin/kg or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution during a 30-minute period. Lipopolysaccharide-pirfenidone horses received endotoxin followed by pirfenidone (loading dose of 11.6 mg/kg and then constant rate infusion [CRI] at...
Pharmacokinetics of detomidine administered to horses at rest and after maximal exercise. Increased doses of detomidine are required to produce sedation in horses after maximal exercise compared to calm or resting horses. Objective: To determine if the pharmacokinetics of detomidine in Thoroughbred horses are different when the drug is given during recuperation from a brief period of maximal exercise compared to administration at rest. Methods: Six Thoroughbred horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill. Each horse ran a simulated race at a treadmill speed that caused it to exercise at 120% of its maximal oxygen consumption. One minute after the end of exercise, h...
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous ceftiofur sodium and concentration in body fluids of foals. The objectives of this study were to determine pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.) ceftiofur in foals, to compare ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and microbiologic assay for the measurement of ceftiofur concentrations, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftiofur against common equine bacterial pathogens. In a cross-over design, ceftiofur sodium was administered i.v. to six foals (1-2 days-of-age and 4-5 weeks-of-age) at dosages of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Subsequently, five doses of ceftiofur were administered i.v. to six...
Postoperative ileus: pathogenesis and treatment. Surgical manipulation of the intestines activates intestinal macrophages that release cytokines and nitric oxide, which results in inhibition of intestinal motility. Subsequent infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the intestinal wall contributes to cytokine and nitric oxide release and exacerbates ileus. Other factors contributing to ileus are endotoxemia; edema of the intestine wall subsequent to excessive fluid therapy; hypocalcemia; and long abdominal incisions. Because treatment of ileus with prokinetic drugs has not proven to be very effective, efforts should be directed at reducin...
Pharmacokinetics of detomidine and its metabolites following intravenous and intramuscular administration in horses. Detomidine is commonly used i.v. for sedation and analgesia in horses, but the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of this drug have not been well described. Objective: To describe the pharmacokinetics of detomidine and its metabolites, 3-hydroxy-detomidine (OH-detomidine) and detomidine 3-carboxylic acid (COOH-detomidine), after i.v. and i.m. administration of a single dose to horses. Methods: Eight horses were used in a balanced crossover design study. In Phase 1, 4 horses received a single dose of i.v. detomidine, administered 30 microg/kg bwt and 4 a single dose i.m. 30 microg/kg bwt. In Phase...
Comparison of the effects of the alpha-2 agonists detomidine, romifidine and xylazine on nociceptive withdrawal reflex and temporal summation in horses. To evaluate and compare the antinociceptive effects of the three alpha-2 agonists, detomidine, romifidine and xylazine at doses considered equipotent for sedation, using the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and temporal summation model in standing horses. Methods: Prospective, blinded, randomized cross-over study. Methods: Ten healthy adult horses weighing 527-645 kg and aged 11-21 years old. Methods: Electrical stimulation was applied to the digital nerves to evoke NWR and temporal summation in the left thoracic limb and pelvic limb of each horse. Electromyographic reflex activity was reco...
Progesterone responses to intravenous and intrauterine infusions of prostaglandin F2alpha in mares. The hypotheses were tested that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) travels from the uterus to the ovaries via a systemic route in mares, as opposed to a local route in ruminants, and that one pulse of PGF produces only partial luteolysis. Intravenous (i.v.) and intrauterine (i.u.) infusions of PGF were performed 8 days after ovulation at a constant rate for 2 h. Plasma concentrations of PGF were assessed by assay of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGFM). Total doses administered were as follows: 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg, i.v., PGF and 0 and 0.5 mg, i.u., PGF (n=4 mares per group). In addition, P...
Effect of sedation with detomidine and butorphanol on pulmonary gas exchange in the horse. Sedation with alpha2-agonists in the horse is reported to be accompanied by impairment of arterial oxygenation. The present study was undertaken to investigate pulmonary gas exchange using the Multiple Inert Gas Elimination Technique (MIGET), during sedation with the alpha2-agonist detomidine alone and in combination with the opioid butorphanol. Methods: Seven Standardbred trotter horses aged 3-7 years and weighing 380-520 kg, were studied. The protocol consisted of three consecutive measurements; in the unsedated horse, after intravenous administration of detomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and after sub...
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metformin in horses. To determine pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of metformin in healthy horses. Methods: 4 adult horses. Methods: 6 g of metformin was administered 3 times IV and PO (fed and unfed) to each horse, by use of a crossover design, with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Plasma metformin concentration was determined via high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results: Mean +/- SD distribution half-life of metformin following IV administration was 24.9 +/- 0.4 minutes with a volume of distribution of 0.3 +/- 0.1 L/kg. Mean area under the curve was 20.9 +/- 2.0 h.microg/mL for IV adminis...
Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests in healthy foals from birth to 12 weeks of age. The purpose of this study was to investigate total baseline plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations, and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations in foals from birth to 12 wk of age. Plasma (baseline) cortisol and ACTH concentrations were measured in 13 healthy foals at birth and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84 d of age. Each foal received cosyntropin (0.1 microg/kg) intravenously. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured before (baseline), and 30, and 60 min after cosyntropin administration at birth and at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, a...
Effects of various doses of ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone on plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations in horses. To compare the effects of IV administration of various doses of ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone (oCRH) on plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations in healthy horses and determine whether an oCRH challenge test protocol is valid for use in adult horses. Methods: 24 healthy Warmblood horses. PROCEDURES-Each horse received oCRH in saline (0.9% NaCl) via IV administration at a dose of 0 (control treatment), 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 Mg/kg (6 horses/group). Jugular blood and saliva samples were collected simultaneously 15 minutes before and immediately prior to injection (baseline); data from these...
