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Topic:Intravenous Administration

Intravenous administration in horses involves the delivery of substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrients efficiently, ensuring rapid distribution throughout the body. It is commonly employed in veterinary practice for rehydration, anesthesia, and treatment of various medical conditions. The technique requires skill and knowledge to ensure proper vein selection and catheter placement, minimizing the risk of complications such as infection or thrombosis. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and potential complications associated with intravenous administration in equine medicine.
Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in two-day-old foals after a single intravenous injection.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1990   Volume 22, Issue 1 51-53 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04207.x
Brown MP, McCartney JH, Gronwall R, Houston AE.Six healthy two-day-old foals (3 pony foals and 3 horse foals) were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of trimethoprim (TMP)--sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bodyweight (bwt) and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt. Serum TMP and SMZ concentrations were measured serially during a 24 hour period. The overall elimination rate constant (K) for TMP in the pony and horse foals was 0.45/h, whereas the K values for SMZ for the pony and horse foals were 0.12/h and 0.07/h, respectively (no significant difference; P greater than 0.05). Based on published minimum inhibitory concentration...
A preliminary study on the effects of atropine sulphate on bradycardia and heart blocks during romifidine sedation in the horse.
Veterinary research communications    January 1, 1990   Volume 14, Issue 6 489-502 doi: 10.1007/BF00367061
Gasthuys F, Parmentier D, Goossens L, De Moor A.Romifidine (STH 2130-Cl or Sedivet) is an alpha 2-agonistic imino-imidazol sedative for intravenous use in horses recently developed by Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica GmbH. An exploratory study was done in nine warm-blood horses, randomly divided into three groups, which received different dosages of romifidine (0.04, 0.08 and 0.12 mg/kg of body weight (BWT) intravenously (i.v.)) with at least one week's interval between tests. Romifidine induced a marked bradycardia accompanied by second degree atrioventricular (AV) block and some sinus blocks at all tested dosages. A placebo (NaCl 0.9% i.v....
[Anesthesia by injection of xylazine, ketamine and the benzodiazepine derivative climazolam and the use of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-3505].
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde    January 1, 1990   Volume 132, Issue 5 251-257 
Kaegi B.25 horses which entered the clinic for minor surgery, received ketamine (2.2 mg/kg i.v.) for induction of anesthesia after previous sedation with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg i.v.). As soon as the horses were in the lateral recumbency, the benzodiazepine derivate climazolam was administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. (10 horses) or 0.2 mg/kg i.v. (15 horses). The anesthesia was maintained with repeated injections of ketamine (1.1 mg/kg i.v. every 9-12 minutes). At the end of the surgery, 20 minutes after the last ketamine injection, Ro 15-3505, a benzodiazepine antagonist, was injected at a dose of 0....
Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponies.
Veterinary research communications    January 1, 1990   Volume 14, Issue 4 309-327 doi: 10.1007/BF00350713
Gasthuys F, De Moor A, Parmentier D.The cardiovascular changes induced by several sedatives were investigated in five ponies with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery by means of cardiac output determinations (thermodilution technique), systemic and pulmonary artery pressure measurements (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). The cardiovascular depression (decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output) was long lasting (greater than 90 min) after administration of propionylpromazine (0.08 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) together with promethazine (0.08 mg/kg i.v.)...
Action of dexamethasone in an equine model of acute non-immune inflammation.
Research in veterinary science    January 1, 1990   Volume 48, Issue 1 87-95 
Lane PJ, Lees P, Fink-Gremmels J.In a crossover study in seven New Forest ponies the actions of dexamethasone, at a dose rate of 0.06 mg kg-1 administered intravenously, were compared with those of a placebo treatment. Dexamethasone exerted expected effects on plasma and inflammatory exudate concentrations of cortisol and on blood glucose concentration and circulating leucocyte numbers, but it failed to affect exudate concentrations of the eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and leukotriene B4. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory actions of dexamethasone in the ...
[Clinical changes after intravenous administration of endotoxin in the horse].
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association    December 1, 1989   Volume 60, Issue 4 198-200 
Stadler P, van Amstel SR.The results of a study conducted to determine the clinical changes in 4 experimentally-induced cases of endotoxaemia in the horse are reported on. Endotoxaemia was induced by injecting commercially available E. coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide intravenously at a dose of 1 microgram kg-1. The parameters that were monitored include general behaviour, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and quality, pulse quality, mucous membrane colour, capillary refill time, appearance of the faeces and the presence of laminitis. Increases in rectal temperature, respiratory and heart rate, capillary ...
Cardiovascular effects of detomidine, a new alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, in the conscious pony.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    December 1, 1989   Volume 12, Issue 4 378-388 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00688.x
Sarazan RD, Starke WA, Krause GF, Garner HE.The cardiovascular effects of detomidine and xylazine were compared in six chronically instrumented, conscious ponies. Ponies were instrumented with a micromanometer in the left ventricular chamber, a Doppler flow probe on a coronary artery and sonomicrometer crystals in the left ventricular free wall. Heart rate, ventricular systolic pressure, stroke work, dP/dtmax, minute work and coronary blood flow were measured for 4 h following intravenous injection of detomidine at several doses or xylazine at 1.1 mg/kg. Both drugs caused a profound hypertensive response at 15 s post-injection. The magn...
[Clinico-pathological changes after intravenous administration of endotoxin in the horse].
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association    December 1, 1989   Volume 60, Issue 4 201-205 
Stadler P, van Amstel SR.The results of a study conducted to determine the clinico-pathological changes in 4 experimentally-induced cases of endotoxaemia in the horse are reported on. Endotoxaemia was induced by injecting commercially available E. coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide intravenously at a dose of 1 microgram kg-1. The haematocrit, red cell count, total and differential white cell counts, thrombocyte count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, level of fibrin degradation products, arterial acid-base status, serum lactate and blood glucose were determined repeatedly. Changes that occu...
Efficacy of ivermectin against experimental and natural infections of Gasterophilus spp in ponies.
American journal of veterinary research    December 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 12 2120-2123 
Bello TR.Antiparasitic efficacy of ivermectin against migrating Gasterophilus intestinalis was evaluated in 36 treated and 24 nontreated (n = 12) or vehicle-treated (n = 12) ponies experimentally and naturally infected with G intestinalis and naturally infected with G nasalis. Each pony was experimentally infected with 500 G intestinalis 1st instars in 2 divided doses on days -14 and -7 before treatment. On day 0, ivermectin was administered at the rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight by IV (n = 12) or IM injection (n = 12) or given as an oral paste (n = 12). Ponies were euthanatized and necropsied...
Effects of atracurium administered by continuous intravenous infusion in halothane-anesthetized horses.
American journal of veterinary research    December 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 12 2124-2126 
Hildebrand SV, Hill T.Atracurium (0.4 mg/ml in isotonic NaCl solution) was administered by IV infusion to 7 healthy adult horses for 2 hours. Over the 2-hour period, a 95 to 99% reduction of train-of-four hoof-twitch response was maintained by 0.17 +/- 0.01 mg of atracurium/kg of body weight/h, for a total of 161 +/- 6 mg of atracurium (mean +/- SEM) for horses 1 to 4, 6, and 7. Horse 5, a mare in estrus, required 0.49 mg of atracurium/kg/h to maintain comparable relaxation. Hoof-twitch recovery time from 10 to 75% of baseline strength was 19.8 +/- 2.5 minutes for all horses. The 10 to 75% recovery time for horse 5...
Pharmacokinetic disposition of an immediate-release aminophylline and a sustained-release theophylline formulation in the horse.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    December 1, 1989   Volume 12, Issue 4 369-377 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00687.x
Goetz TE, Munsiff IJ, McKiernan BC.The pharmacokinetic disposition of theophylline was determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma samples from six healthy, adult horses following the administration of intravenous aminophylline (dosed at 9.94 mg/kg as theophylline), immediate-release aminophylline tablets (dosed at 9.94 mg/kg as theophylline), and sustained-release theophylline tablets (dosed at 20 mg/kg). The elimination rate constant (lambda z), apparent volume of distribution (Vz), and clearance (Cl) determined by compartmental analysis of the intravenous data were 0.07 +/- 0.01 h-1, 0.80 +/- 0.0...
Cardiopulmonary effects of ephedrine in halothane-anesthetized horses.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    December 1, 1989   Volume 12, Issue 4 389-396 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00689.x
Grandy JL, Hodgson DS, Dunlop CI, Chapman PL, Heath RB.The cardiopulmonary effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of the sympathomimetic drug ephedrine during two different levels of halothane anesthesia [end-tidal concentration of 1.37% (light anesthesia) and 2.1% (deep anesthesia)] were studied in eight horses. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using only halothane in O2. Ventilation was controlled to maintain a Paco2 of 38-42 mmHg. Following instrumentation and stabilization of the horse at the halothane concentration being studied, baseline measurements of cardiac output (Q), arterial blood pressure (AP), pulmonary artery pressure, h...
Absorption of two trimethoprim/sulphonamide combinations from the uterus of pony mares.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    December 1, 1989   Volume 12, Issue 4 438-443 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00695.x
Boyd EH, Allen WE.Plasma drug concentrations were measured after two commercially available potentiated sulphonamides, trimethoprim and sulfadoxine and trimethoprim and sulphadiazine, were infused daily for 2 and 3 days, respectively, into the uteri of pony mares which had been mated before ovulation. Intravenous administration of trimethoprim and sulfadoxine allowed uterine absorption of trimethoprim (23-43%) and sulfadoxine (29-34%) to be calculated. After intra-uterine administration trimethoprim and sulphadiazine were detected in the milk of a lactating mare. In order to maintain plasma concentrations likel...
Effects of fenoldopam on cecal blood flow and mechanical activity in horses.
American journal of veterinary research    November 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 11 1926-1930 
Clark ES, Moore JN.Lateral cecal arterial blood flow, carotid arterial pressure, heart rate, and mechanical activity in the duodenum, right ventral colon, cecal body, and cecal apex were measured in 6 conscious healthy horses for 60 minutes during and for 120 minutes after IV infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution (control) or fenoldopam. There were no significant changes in these measurements during or after infusion of 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution. Fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist, was administered in saline solution at dosages of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 micrograms/kg/min. Intravenous infusion of fenoldo...
Concerned about intravenous use of doxycycline in horses.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    October 1, 1989   Volume 195, Issue 7 846-848 
Riond JL, Duckett WM, Riviere JE, Jernigan AD, Spurlock SL.No abstract available
Effect of probenecid administration on cephapirin pharmacokinetics and concentrations in mares.
American journal of veterinary research    October 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 10 1742-1747 
Juzwiak JS, Brown MP, Gronwall R, Houston AE.Cephapirin (20 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered before and after 3 doses of probenecid (25, 50, or 75 mg/kg, intragastrically, at 12-hour intervals) to 2 mares. Clearance and apparent volume of distribution, based on area under the curve, were negatively correlated with probenecid dose. Clearance of cephapirin was decreased by approximately 50% by administration of 50 mg of probenecid/kg. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, CSF, urinary, and endometrial concentrations of cephapirin were determined after 5 doses of cephapirin (20 mg/kg, IM, at 12-hour intervals) without and with ...
Adverse effects of a proposed equine sublethal endotoxin model.
The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research    September 1, 1989   Volume 56, Issue 3 207-209 
Stadler P, Van Amstel SR.Commercially available Escherichia coli 055: B5 lipopolysaccharide was administered intravenously experimentally at a dosage of 10 micrograms/kg to 2 horses. Various clinical and clinico-pathological parameters were monitored before and after the endotoxin administration. Because of a hopeless prognosis, and for humane reasons, euthanasia was applied on both horses 6 h after administration. Values recorded for the different parameters, including the blood lactate level, were consistent with a lethal condition. It would appear that an intravenous dose of 10 micrograms/kg of endotoxin is potenti...
Percutaneous nephrostomy in short-term management of ureterolithiasis and renal dysfunction in a filly.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    August 15, 1989   Volume 195, Issue 4 499-501 
Byars TD, Simpson JS, Divers TJ, Shiner KA, Rantanen NW.Percutaneous nephrostomy was used to provide urine output in a 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly with azotemia and obstructive ureterolithiasis. Previous left ureteral surgery had failed to provide clinical improvement, and the filly became more azotemic. Nephrostomy was performed in the standing patient, with ultrasonographic guidance and local anesthesia. Continuing IV fluid therapy and diuresis through the nephrostomy tube resulted in a decrease in clinical signs of azotemia. However, the filly developed a cecal impaction, which ruptured during surgery because of colic, and was euthanatized.
Serratia marcescens septicemia associated with infusion of an amino acid solution in two horses.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    August 1, 1989   Volume 195, Issue 3 340-342 
Young DR, Divers TJ, Benson CE.Clinical septicemia developed in 2 clinically normal horses after both were administered a portion of an amino acid solution IV. Serratia marcescens was subsequently isolated from blood of both horses. The isolates were shown to be identical on the basis of antibiograms and plasmid biochemistry, incriminating the infusate as the source of bacterial infection. The horses recovered after supportive and antimicrobial treatment.
Perioperative medical care for equine abdominal surgery.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice    August 1, 1989   Volume 5, Issue 2 429-443 doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30598-9
Spier SJ, Meagher DM.Rational perioperative management improves the success rate of abdominal surgery. Important aspects of management are discussed, including principles of fluid therapy, nutrition, intravenous catheterization, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication. Current advances in the area of immunotherapy are mentioned.
Effects of dopamine administration on cecal mechanical activity and cecal blood flow in conscious healthy horses.
American journal of veterinary research    July 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 7 1084-1088 
Clark ES, Moore JN.Lateral cecal arterial blood flow, carotid arterial pressure, heart rate, and mechanical activity of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the cecal body were measured in 7 conscious healthy horses during IV infusion of physiologic saline solution for 60 minutes (control), during a 60-minute IV infusion of dopamine (at dosages of 1, 2.5, and 5 micrograms/kg/min), and for 60 minutes after IV infusion of dopamine. The mean values for lateral cecal arterial blood flow during IV infusion of dopamine at a dosage of either 1 or 2.5 micrograms/kg/min were not significantly different from the...
The effects of slow infusion of a low dosage of endotoxin in healthy horses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1989   Issue 7 33-37 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05652.x
Clark ES, Moore JN.The effects of slow intravenous (i.v.) infusion of a very low dosage of endotoxin (a cumulative dosage of 0.03 microgram/kg bodyweight [bwt] infused over 60 mins) were evaluated in six conscious healthy horses. Duodenal, right ventral colon, and caecal contractions were detected with strain gauge force transducers. Lateral caecal arterial blood flow was measured using transit time ultrasonic blood flow probes. Duodenal contractile activity was not significantly altered by infusion of endotoxin. In contrast, the contractile activity of the right ventral colon 90 and 270 mins after infusion of e...
Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and response to angiotensin I in horses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1989   Issue 7 80-83 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05662.x
Tillman LG, Moore JN.The activity of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) for healthy horses was 64 +/- 13 mUnits/ml. In vitro, equine serum ACE was sensitive to the following inhibitors (IC50): enalapril (570 nM or 215 ng/ml), captopril (190 nM or 41.3 ng/ml), and enalaprilat (6 nM or 2.1 ng/ml). The intravenous (i.v.) administration of angiotensin I to six healthy horses produced a dose proportional pressor response. The maximal increase in mean arterial pressure over baseline values was 65.6 mmHg at angiotensin I doses of 500 ng/kg bodyweight (bwt). The attenuation of this response to angiotensin I was fur...
Comparison of detomidine, butorphanol, flunixin meglumine and xylazine in clinical cases of equine colic.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1989   Issue 7 111-116 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05668.x
Jochle W, Moore JN, Brown J, Baker GJ, Lowe JE, Fubini S, Reeves MJ, Watkins JP, White NA.Detomidine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, flunixin meglumine and xylazine hydrochloride were evaluated in a blind multi-centre clinical trial in 152 horses with abdominal pain. The drugs were administered as follows: detomidine 20 or 40 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt); butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg bwt; flunixin meglumine 1.0 mg/kg bwt; xylazine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Each centre compared responses to the two doses of detomidine with those to one of the other analgesics. The drugs were administered intravenously (i.v.) after clinical assessment of the degree of sweating, kicking, pawing, he...
Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1989   Issue 7 124-128 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05671.x
Trim CM, Moore JN, Clark ES.An ultrasonic flow probe was implanted around a branch of the left renal artery in five horses. The effects of dopamine were studied in the unsedated horses 10 days after surgery. Three experiments, separated by at least two days, were performed in random order on each horse. In two experiments, dopamine was infused intravenously for 60 mins at either 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt)/min. Saline was infused for 60 mins before and after each infusion, and for 180 mins in the third experiment as a control. Renal blood flow increased during administration of dopamine at both dose rates ...
Field trial evaluation of detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in horses with colic.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1989   Issue 7 117-120 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05669.x
Jöchle W.In this uncontrolled clinical study 12 investigators cooperated to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effect of detomidine (DORMOSEDAN; Farmos Group Ltd; Finland) in 234 horses with abdominal pain caused by colic. The study was designed to use each animal as its own control and to evaluate its response to the drug over a 60 min period. Detomidine was given intravenously (i.v.) once in 169 cases (167 horses, 1 mule, 1 donkey) at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt), and to 65 horses at 40 micrograms/kg bwt. The higher dose was used predominantly in horses with severe pain which were mor...
Antagonism of endotoxin-induced disruption of equine bowel motility by flunixin and phenylbutazone.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1989   Issue 7 38-42 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05653.x
King JN, Gerring EL.Post operative ileus is a serious complication of abdominal surgery in horses and there is evidence that endotoxin plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. Pre-treatment with intravenous (i.v.) flunixin (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) or phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt) significantly antagonised the acute disruption of gastric, small intestinal and large intestinal motility induced by 0.1 microgram/kg bwt i.v. endotoxin in ponies implanted with gastrointestinal strain gauges. Phenylbutazone was more effective than flunixin and this was significant (P < 0.01) for the stomach and left dorsal col...
Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses.
American journal of veterinary research    May 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 5 737-742 
Hubbell JA, Bednarski RM, Muir WW.The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of xylazine in combination with a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam were determined in 6 horses. Each horse was given xylazine IV or IM, as well as tiletamine-zolazepam IV on 4 randomized occasions. Anesthetics were administered at the rate of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, IV, 1.1 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 1); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 2); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 2.2 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 3); and 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg, IM, 1.65 mg of tiletamin...
Evaluations of buparvaquone as a treatment for equine babesiosis (Babesia equi).
American journal of veterinary research    May 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 5 782-785 
Zaugg JL, Lane VM.We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in experimentally infected splenectomized ponies. When administered at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, 4 times at 96-hour intervals, buparvaquone was effective in eliminating B equi carrier infection in 1 horse. Such results could not be repeated at the same dosage or at 3.5 or 5 mg/kg, IM. Buparvaquone given at the rate of 4 to 6 mg/kg IV and/or IM was therapeutically effective in 4 of 5 acute B equi infections in splenectomized ponies. The treated ponies became carriers.
Body fluid and endometrial concentrations of ketoconazole in mares after intravenous injection or repeated gavage.
Equine veterinary journal    May 1, 1989   Volume 21, Issue 3 211-214 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02148.x
Prades M, Brown MP, Gronwall R, Houston AE.After single oral administration of ketoconazole (30 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) in 50 ml of corn syrup to a healthy mare, the drug was not detected in serum. Ketoconazole in 0.2 N HC1 was administered intragastrically to six healthy adult horses in five consecutive doses of 30 mg/kg bwt at 12 h intervals. Ketoconazole concentrations were measured in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and endometrium. Mean peak serum ketoconazole concentration was 3.76 micrograms/ml at 1.5 to 2 h after intragastric administration. Mean peak synovial concentration was 0.87 mic...
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