Intravenous administration in horses involves the delivery of substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrients efficiently, ensuring rapid distribution throughout the body. It is commonly employed in veterinary practice for rehydration, anesthesia, and treatment of various medical conditions. The technique requires skill and knowledge to ensure proper vein selection and catheter placement, minimizing the risk of complications such as infection or thrombosis. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and potential complications associated with intravenous administration in equine medicine.
Schoster A.Intravenous catheterization is a necessity for continuous administration of intravenous fluids and for intermittent intravenous access to avoid discomfort and potential complications of repeated needle insertions into the vein. Intravenous catheterization is commonly performed and well tolerated in horses, but catheter associated complications have been reported. The most commonly reported complication is thrombophlebitis, but others such as venous air embolism, exsanguination and catheter fragmentation may also occur. This article aims to review clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therap...
Knych HK, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Stanley SD, Kass PH.OBJECTIVE To measure concentrations of trazodone and its major metabolite in plasma and urine after administration to healthy horses and concurrently assess selected physiologic and behavioral effects of the drug. ANIMALS 11 Thoroughbred horses enrolled in a fitness training program. PROCEDURES In a pilot investigation, 4 horses received trazodone IV (n = 2) or orally (2) to select a dose for the full study; 1 horse received a vehicle control treatment IV. For the full study, trazodone was initially administered IV (1.5 mg/kg) to 6 horses and subsequently given orally (4 mg/kg), with a 5-week ...
Muir WW, Ueyama Y, Noel-Morgan J, Kilborne A, Page J.To evaluate the quality of the veterinary literature investigating IV fluid therapy in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. Methods: Systematic review. Methods: The preferred reporting of items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) was employed for systematic review of all relevant IV fluid therapy manuscripts published from January 1969 through December 2016 in the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International (CABI) database. Independent grading systems used to evaluate manuscripts included the updated CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials 2012 checklist, risk of bia...
Romagnoli N, Al-Qudah KM, Armorini S, Lambertini C, Zaghini A, Spadari A, Roncada P.The aims of this study were to assess the plasma concentrations of romifidine in horses after intravenous injection, to evaluate the red blood cell (RBC) partitioning of the anaesthetic drug, and to improve knowledge regarding its sedative effect in horses describing the pharmacokinetic model. Eight adult Standardbred horses received a single bolus of romifidine at a dosage of 100 g/kg. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected immediately before romifidine administration (), and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150 and 180 min after injection. A sedation score was recor...
Vieitez V, Gómez de Segura IÁ, Martin-Cuervo M, Gracia LA, Ezquerra LJ.Lipid emulsion has been reported to be effective for the treatment of local anaesthetic overdoses in rats, dogs and man. Objective: To describe the successful treatment of cardiovascular lidocaine toxicity in a foal with intravenous lipid administration. Methods: Observational study: case report. Methods: An 8-month-old Arabian cross foal was anaesthetised for removal of the right alar fold and nasal plate. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and lidocaine administered with a loading dose followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI). The anaesthetic period was uneventful and 3...
Bianco AW, Moore GE, Cooper BR, Taylor SD.Flunixin meglumine (FM) is a commonly used Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in horses, but clinical efficacy is often unsatisfactory. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) demonstrates superior efficacy compared to other NSAIDs in humans, but its anti-inflammatory effects have not been investigated in the horse. Safety of repeated dosing of KT has not been evaluated. The first objective was to conduct a dose determination study to verify that a previously described dosage of KT would inhibit Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced eicosanoid production in vitro, and to compare KT effects of this inh...
Wong JKY, Kwok WH, Chan GHM, Choi TLS, Ho ENM, Jaubert M, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Bonnaire Y, Cawley A, Ming Williams H, Keledjian J, Brooks L....Acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside, commonly known as AICAR, is a naturally occurring adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator in many mammals, including humans and horses. AICAR has attracted considerable attention recently in the field of doping control because of a study showing the enhancement of endurance performance in unexercised or untrained mice, resulting in the term 'exercise pill'. Its use has been classified as gene doping by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and since it is endogenous, it may only be possible to control del...
Cesar FB, Stewart AJ, Boothe DM, Ravis WR, Duran SH, Wooldridge AA.Nine horses received 20 mg/kg of intravenous (LEV ); 30 mg/kg of intragastric, crushed immediate release (LEV ); and 30 mg/kg of intragastric, crushed extended release (LEV ) levetiracetam, in a three-way randomized crossover design. Crushed tablets were dissolved in water and administered by nasogastric tube. Serum samples were collected over 48 hr, and levetiracetam concentrations were determined by immunoassay. Mean ± SD peak concentrations for LEV and LEV were 50.72 ± 10.60 and 53.58 ± 15.94 μg/ml, respectively. The y-intercept for IV administration was 64.54 ± 24.99 μg...
Wilson KE, Davis JL, Crisman MV, Kvaternick V, Zarabadipour C, Cheramie H, Hodgson DR.The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous firocoxib in neonatal foals. Six healthy foals were administered 0.09 mg/kg firocoxib intravenously once a day for 7 days. Blood was collected for plasma firocoxib analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection at times 0 (day 1 of study only) and 0.08, 0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 and 24 hr on dose numbers 1, 5 and 7. Blood was also collected immediately prior to doses 3, 4, 5 and 7. Final samples were collected at 36, 48, 72 and 96 hr following the final dose. Noncompartmen...
Schoonover MJ, Moser DK, Young JM, Payton ME, Holbrook TC.To determine the influence of a dual tourniquet technique and limb exsanguination on amikacin concentrations in the synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) and distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) after low volume, cephalic intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: Randomized cross-over design. Methods: Six healthy adult horses. Methods: One gram of amikacin in 6 mL of 0.9% NaCl was infused via cephalic IVRLP in 6 standing, sedated horses using 4 techniques: proximal pneumatic tourniquet (P), proximal pneumatic tourniquet with exsanguination (PE), proximal pneumatic and distal...
Gozalo-Marcilla M, Luna SP, Crosignani N, Filho JNP, Possebon FS, Pelligand L, Taylor PM.To evaluate intravenous (IV) detomidine with methadone in horses to identify a combination which provides sedation and antinociception without adverse effects. Methods: Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover. Methods: A group of eight adult healthy horses aged (mean ± standard deviation) 7 ± 2 years and 372 ± 27 kg. Methods: A total of six treatments were administered IV: saline (SAL); detomidine (5 μg kg; DET); methadone (0.2 mg kg; MET) alone or combined with detomidine [2.5 (MLD), 5 (MMD) or 10 (MHD) μg kg]. Thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds were mea...
Deutsch J, Ekiri A, de Vries A.To compare alfaxalone as continuous intravenous (IV) infusion with intermittent IV injections for maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration. Methods: Prospective, randomized, 'blinded' clinical study. Methods: A group of 33 entire male Welsh ponies undergoing field castration. Methods: After preanaesthetic medication with IV detomidine (10 μg kg) and butorphanol (0.05 mg kg), anaesthesia was induced with IV diazepam (0.05 mg kg) followed by alfaxalone (1 mg kg). After random allocation, anaesthesia was maintained with either IV alfaxalone 2 mg kg hour (group A; n ...
Niimura Del Barrio MC, Bennett RC, Hughes JML.Influence of detomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on plasma lactate concentration and isoflurane requirements in horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial. Methods: A total of 24 adult healthy horses. Methods: All horses were administered intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg) and either intravenous detomidine (0.02 mg kg) (group D), romifidine (0.08 mg kg) (group R) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg) (group C) prior to anaesthesia. Group D was administered detomidine CRI (10 μg kg hour) in lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), group...
Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Gómez-Díez M, Esgueva M, Castejón-Riber C, Mena-Bravo A, Priego-Capote F, Ayala N, Caballero JMS, Muñoz A.Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) benazeprilat have not been evaluated in horses. This study was designed to establish PK profiles for benazepril and benazeprilat after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of benazepril using a PK/PD model. This study also aims to determine the effects of benazeprilat on serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), selecting the most appropriate dose that suppresses ACE activity. Six healthy horses in a crossover design received IV benazepril at 0.50mg/kg and PO at doses 0 (place...
Berlin S, Randow T, Scheuch E, Grube M, Venner M, Siegmund W.The long-acting azalide antibiotic gamithromycin is marketed for intramuscular treatment of bovine and swine infections. Off-label use in foals leads to severe local lesions likely caused by hyperosmolality of the injected solution. We provide evidence from a pharmacokinetic study in 10 warm-blooded healthy foals for intravenous bolus injection of gamithromycin diluted in distilled water to be a safe and well tolerated alternative. By intravenous dosing, markedly higher plasma exposure and better penetration into bronchoalveolar lavage cells but lower distribution into epithelial lining fluid ...
Freeland RB, Morello SL, DeLombaert M, Rajamanickam V.To quantify the influence of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with amikacin on bacterial bioburden in limb wounds. Methods: In vivo, experimental. Methods: Four adult horses. Methods: Full thickness wounds created on each dorsal metacarpus were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus. One forelimb was randomly assigned to cephalic vein IVRLP with amikacin on days 2, 3, and 4 post-wounding. Biopsies on day 2 prior to IVRLP, and on days 5 and 8 were cultured to quantify wound bioburden (CFU/g). Two horses repeated the study in a crossover design, receiving IVRLP on the opposite limb (n...
Kelmer G, Tatz AJ, Kdoshim E, Britzi M, Segev G.This prospective experimental study goal was to determine the pharmacokinetics of imipenem after intravenous regional limb perfusion (IV-RLP) in standing horses. Nine horses participated in the study; that was approved by the University Animal Care and Use Committee. One thoracic limb or one pelvic limb of each horse was randomly selected. After the veins were catheterized, an Esmarch bandage tourniquet was applied and the catheter was injected with a solution containing 500mg of imipenem. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the fetlock joint and blood samples were collected from the ju...
Cruz Benedetti IC, Nottrott K, Fourel I, Le Bris M, Mongellas E, Portier K.To compare the effects of a lidocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) combined with 1% isoflurane versus those of 2% isoflurane alone on cardiovascular variables in anaesthetized horses, and to estimate the sample size required to detect a difference in recovery quality. Methods: Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study. Methods: Twelve healthy experimental horses. Methods: Horses were anaesthetized twice using an intravenous (IV) administration of acepromazine, romifidine, diazepam and ketamine. Horses were placed in dorsal recumbency and ventilated mechanically. During the first 10 min...
Cenani A, Brosnan RJ, Madigan S, Knych HK, Madigan JE.Propranolol has been suggested for anxiolysis in horses, but its sedation efficacy and side effects, both when administered alone and in combination with α-adrenoceptor agonists, remain undetermined. This study aimed to document the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol, romifidine and their combination. Methods: Randomized, crossover study. Methods: Six adult horses weighing 561 ± 48 kg. Methods: Propranolol (1 mg kg; treatment P), romifidine (0.1 mg kg; treatment R) or their combination (treatment PR) were administered intravenously with a minimum of 1 week between treatment...
Arcaro I, Fischer BL, Lascola KM, Clark-Price SC.To investigate the effects of intravenous (IV) administration of terbutaline on PaO, PaCO, pH, heart rate (HR) and arterial pressures in healthy, laterally recumbent horses breathing ambient air under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Eight healthy adult horses were enrolled. Six horses, four mares and two geldings weighing 433-624 kg, completed the study. Methods: Horses were sedated with xylazine (1.0 mg kg) IV for placement of arterial and venous catheters. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.1 mg kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg) IV and ...
Knych HK, Stanley SD, McKemie DS, Steinmetz SJ.Romifidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in horses. As it is a prohibited substance, its purported use at low doses in performance horses necessitates further study. The primary goal of the study reported here was to describe the serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of romifidine following low-dose administration immediately prior to exercise, utilizing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay that is currently employed in many drug testing laboratories. An additional objective was to describe changes in heart rate and rhyt...
Guedes AGP, Tearney CC, Cenani A, Aristizabal F, Nieto J.To compare postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine on recovery characteristics from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses. Methods: Randomized, crossover study. Methods: Six geldings, mean±standard deviation (SD) (range), 17±4 (11-24) years and 527±80 (420-660) kg. Methods: Horses were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 60 minutes under standardized conditions for a regional limb perfusion study. In recovery, horses were administered either xylazine (200 μg kg) or dexmedetomidine (0.875 μg kg) intravenously. Recoveries were unassisted and were video-recorded for later evaluation of rec...
Edwards SH, Khalfan SA, Jacobson GA, Pirie AD, Raidal SL.OBJECTIVE To determine plasma drug concentrations after IV administration of a bolus followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of sodium benzylpenicillin and ceftiofur sodium to healthy adult horses. ANIMALS 6 Thoroughbred mares (3 to 9 years old; mean ± SD body weight, 544 ± 55 kg) with no history of recent antimicrobial treatment. PROCEDURES Horses were used in 2 experiments conducted 14 days apart. For each experiment, horses were housed individually in stables, and catheters were placed bilaterally in both jugular veins for drug administration by CRI (left catheter) and for intermittent...
Marqués FJ, Higgins S, Chapuis R, Waldner C.Circulating l-lactate concentration is commonly measured in hospitalized horses by sampling from indwelling intravenous (IV) catheters. However, there are no published evidence-based recommendations to prevent contamination by lactated Ringer's solution (LRS). Objective: Withdrawing 10 mL of blood from the LRS-containing extension set connected to the IV catheter before obtaining the sample for analysis should be adequate to obtain accurate measurement of blood lactate concentration (BLC). Methods: Thirty-three adult hospitalized horses receiving constant rate infusion of LRS. Methods: Immedia...
Schier MF, Raisis AL, Secombe CJ, Hosgood G, Musk GC, Lester GD.OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of acepromazine maleate premedication on cardiovascular function before and after infusion of dobutamine hydrochloride for 30 minutes in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Each horse was anesthetized once following premedication with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg, IV) administered 30 minutes prior to anesthetic induction (ACP+ treatment) and once without premedication (ACP- treatment). Anesthesia was induced with IV administration of xylazine hydrochloride (0.8 mg/kg), ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg), and diazepam (0.08 m...
Edwards GB.Intraoperative techniques for assessing the viability of ischaemic bowel are discussed. Intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein appears useful but further investigation of the method is required. Methods of resection and anastomosis of small intestine are described and illustrated, including the use of automatic stapling instruments.
Sufit E, Houpt KA, Sweeting M.The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivat...
Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Luna SPL, Schauvliege S.The objective of this review was to perform a literature compilation of all the equine publications that used dexmedetomidine as the first article on this topic was published, in 2005. We also aimed to answer the question whether the use of dexmedetomidine can currently be justified. For that, we compiled information from databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science and the proceedings of the last veterinary anaesthesiology meetings. Dexmedetomidine is an attractive drug to be used in horses, mainly due to its pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamics that favour its use as ...
Mund SJK, MacPhee DJ, Campbell J, Honaramooz A, Wobeser B, Barber SM.Limb wounds are common in horses and often develop complications. Intravenous multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy is promising but has risks associated with intravenous administration and unknown potential to improve cutaneous wound healing. The objectives were to determine the clinical safety of administering large numbers of allogeneic cord blood-derived MSCs intravenously, and if therapy causes clinically adverse reactions, accelerates wound closure, improves histologic healing, and alters mRNA expression of common wound cytokines. Wounds were created on the metacarpus of 12 ...
Aleman M, Davis E, Williams DC, Madigan JE, Smith F, Guedes A.An intravenous (IV) overdose of pentobarbital sodium is the most commonly used method of euthanasia in veterinary medicine. However, this compound is not available in many countries or rural areas resulting in usage of alternative methods such as intrathecal lidocaine administration after IV anesthesia. Its safety and efficacy as a method of euthanasia have not been investigated in the horse. Objective: To investigate changes in mean arterial blood pressure and electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and heart during intrathecal administration of lidocaine. Our hypothesis was th...
Ohta M, Wakuno A, Okada J, Kodaira K, Nagata S, Ito M, Oku K.To evaluate the effects of IV fentanyl administration on the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ET(SEVO)) in thoroughbred racehorses, the ET(SEVO) required for internal fixation of longitudinal fractures was compared between horses anesthetized with sevoflurane-fentanyl (Group SF; n=9) and those anesthetized with sevoflurane alone (Group S; n=9). The loading dose of fentanyl (5.0 µg/kg) was administered over 15 min followed by a maintenance dose of fentanyl (0.1 µg/kg/min) throughout the operation in Group SF. The mean ET(SEVO) during the operation in Group SF (2.6 ± 0.2%) was significant...
Goodwin W, Keates H, Pasloske K, Pearson M, Sauer B, Ranasinghe MG.To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the neurosteroid anaesthetic, alfaxalone, in neonatal foals after a single intravenous (IV) injection of alfaxalone following premedication with butorphanol tartrate. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Five clinically healthy Australian Stock Horse foals of mean ± SD age of 12 ± 3 days and weighing 67.3 ± 12.4 kg. Methods: Foals were premedicated with butorphanol (0.05 mg kg(-1) IV) and anaesthesia was induced 10 minutes later by IV injection with alfaxalone 3 mg kg(-1) . Cardiorespiratory variables (pulse rate, respir...
Bauquier JR, Boston RC, Sweeney RW, Wilkins PA, Nolen-Walston RD.Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antimicrobial commonly used in horses at 6.6 mg/kg IV once daily. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can confirm desired peak concentration is reached for common bacterial isolates, and detect toxicosis associated with high trough values. Objective: Determine the relationship between gentamicin dose and plasma concentration in hospitalized horses, and identify a starting dose range to achieve peaks > 32 μg/mL. Methods: Sixty-five horses (2002-2010) receiving once-daily gentamicin with TDM performed (N = 99 sets). Methods: Retrospective study. Data from hospit...
Larenza MP, Landoni MF, Levionnois OL, Knobloch M, Kronen PW, Theurillat R, Schatzmann U, Thormann W.The arterial pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine enantiomers after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine i.v. administration were evaluated in seven gelding ponies in a crossover study (2-month interval). Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen via a face-mask and then maintained at each pony's individual MAC. Racemic ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1)) or S-ketamine (1.1 mg kg(-1)) was injected in the right jugular vein. Blood samples were collected from the right carotid artery before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 min after ketamine administration. Ketamine and norketamine...
Donaldson LL.Dobutamine was infused (1.7 micrograms/kg/minute) into 200 anesthetized horses as treatment for hypotension. The horses had been premedicated with xylazine, and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and ketamine and maintained with halothane. One hundred fifty-seven horses (79%) responded with an average increase in systolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg within 10 minutes. A cardiac arrhythmia developed in 56 horses (28%) after dobutamine administration: 34 with sinus bradycardia, 18 with atrioventricular block, 2 with premature atrial contractions, and 2 with atrioventricular dissocia...
Giorgi M, Aupanun S, Lee HK, Poapolathep A, Rychshanova R, Vullo C, Faillace V, Laus F.Metamizole (MT) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug labelled for use in humans, horses, cattle, swine and dogs. MT is rapidly hydrolysed to the active primary metabolite 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA). MAA is formed in much larger amounts compared with other minor metabolites. Among the other secondary metabolites, 4-aminoantipyrine (AA) is also relatively active. The aim of this research was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of MAA and AA after dose of 25 mg/kg MT by intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) routes in healthy horses. Six horses were randomly allocated to two equally...
Spriet M, Buerchler S, Trela JM, Hembrooke TA, Padgett KA, Rick MC, Vidal MA, Galuppo LD.To assess distribution, uptake, and persistence of radiolabeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) using scintigraphy after intravenous regional limb perfusion (RLP) and subcutaneous injections in standing, sedated horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Horses (n = 12). Methods: Six horses had RLP performed through the cephalic vein on 1 limb and subcutaneous injection in the metacarpal area in the opposite limb. The other 6 horses had RLP performed through the lateral palmar digital vein and subcutaneous injection in the coronary band. A pneumatic tourniquet was used for the RLP. MSC were la...
Nuñez E, Steffey EP, Ocampo L, Rodriguez A, Garcia AA.To quantitate the dose- and time-related effects of IV administration of xylazine and detomidine on urine characteristics in horses deprived of feed and water. Methods: 6 horses. Methods: Feed and water were withheld for 24 hours followed by i.v. administration of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution, xylazine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), or detomidine (0.03 mg/kg). Horses were treated 4 times, each time with a different protocol. Following treatment, urine and blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Blood samples were analyzed for PCV and serum concentrations of total plasma solids, so...
Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Dicht S, Vullo C, Frotzler A, Kuemmerle JM, Ringer SK.To test if the addition of butorphanol by constant rate infusion (CRI) to medetomidine-isoflurane anaesthesia reduced isoflurane requirements, and influenced cardiopulmonary function and/or recovery characteristics. Methods: Prospective blinded randomised clinical trial. Methods: 61 horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: Horses were sedated with intravenous (i.v.) medetomidine (7 μg kg(-1)); anaesthesia was induced with i.v. ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1)) and diazepam (0.02 mg kg(-1)) and maintained with isoflurane and a CRI of medetomidine (3.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)). Group MB (n = 31) receive...
Rangel-Nava A, Ramírez-Uribe JM, Recillas-Morales S, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Venebra-Muñoz A, Sánchez-Aparicio P.The objective of the study was to conduct a review of the pharmacological regulation and pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered orally or intravenously in horses. A search for literature was done in SCOPUS and PubMed for studies that had to evaluate the pharmacological regulation as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered in horses. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretics, and antiendotoxic effects. The newly developed is selective to COX2 characterized by less adverse effects in veterinary patien...
Beccar-Varela AM, Epstein KL, White CL.To determine the effects of experimentally induced synovitis of the radiocarpal joint on the intra-articular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amikacin after intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: Randomized crossover experimental design. Methods: Adult horses (n = 8). Methods: Horses were randomly assigned into 2 trials: synovitis and no-synovitis. Radiocarpal joint synovitis was induced with lipopolysaccharide 6 hours before IVRLP. IVRLP (5-mg/kg amikacin qs 60 mL) was performed with a pneumatic tourniquet under general anesthesia. Synovial fluid was obtained before and...
Winther L, Baptiste KE, Friis C.Cefquinome concentrations, following intravenous and aerosol administration to horses, in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) were examined and compared to plasma concentrations. Single dose of cefquinome sulphate (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to six horses followed by a single aerosol administration (225 mg) with a wash-out period of 14 days between treatments. After each drug administration, cefquinome concentrations in plasma and PELF, obtained by intrabronchial cotton swabs, were determined. After intravenous administration, cefquinome concentrations in plasma declined fast...
Delguste C, Amory H, Guyonnet J, Thibaud D, Garnero P, Detilleux J, Lepage OM, Doucet M.Bioavailability and pharmacological effects of tiludronate were compared when administered as an intravenous (i.v.) bolus at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) once daily for 10 consecutive days (group 1, n = 6) and as a single constant rate infusion (CRI) at a total dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. (group 2, n = 6) in healthy adult horses. Tiludronate and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) were measured in plasma and urine. There was no statistically significant difference in area under the curve (AUC) and clearance (Cl) between the two groups. Bioavailability of ...
Meyer GA, Lin HC, Hanson RR, Hayes TL.This study aimed to identify blood serum lidocaine concentrations in the horse which resulted in clinical signs of intoxication, and to document the effects of toxic levels on the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems. Nineteen clinically normal mature horses of mixed breed, age and sex were observed. Lidocaine administration was initiated in each subject with an i.v. loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg bwt and followed by continuous infusion of 0.3 mg/kg bwt/min until clinical signs of intoxication were observed. Intoxication was defined as the development of skeletal muscle tremors. Prior to admi...
Mama KR, Grimsrud K, Snell T, Stanley S.Detomidine hydrochloride is used to provide sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia in horses, but a lack of information pertaining to plasma concentration has limited the ability to correlate drug concentration with effect. Objective: To build on previous information and assess detomidine for i.v. and i.m. use in horses by simultaneously assessing plasma drug concentrations, physiological parameters and behavioural characteristics. Objective: Systemic effects would be seen following i.m. and i.v. detomidine administration and these effects would be positively correlated with plasma drug con...
Knych HK, Casbeer HC, McKemie DS, Arthur RM.Butorphanol is a narcotic analgesic commonly used in horses. Currently, any detectable concentration of butorphanol in biological samples collected from performance horses is considered a violation. The primary goal of the study reported here was to update the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intravenous administration, utilizing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay that is currently employed in many drug-testing laboratories. An additional objective was to characterize behavioral and cardiac effects following administration of butorphanol. Ten exer...
Cornelisse CJ, Robinson NE, Berney CE, Kobe CA, Boruta DT, Derksen FJ.Although the efficacy of dexamethasone for the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) has been documented, the speed of onset of effect and duration of action are unknown, as is the efficacy of orally administered dexamethasone with or without fasting. Objective: To document the time of onset of effect and duration of action of a dexamethasone solution i.v. or orally with and without fasting. Methods: Protocol 1 used 8 RAO-affected horses with airway obstruction in a crossover design experiment that compared the effect of i.v. saline and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg bwt) on pulmonary func...
Ringer SK, Portier KG, Fourel I, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R.To determine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for romifidine (R) and romifidine combined with butorphanol (RB) resulting in constant sedation and romifidine plasma concentrations. Methods: Blinded randomized crossover study. Methods: Ten adult research horses. Methods: Part I: After determining normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%), loading doses of romifidine (80 μg kg(-1)) with butorphanol (RB: 18 μg kg(-1)) or saline (R) were given intravenously (IV). Immediately afterwards, a butorphanol (RB: 25 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)) or saline (R) CRI was administered for 2 hours. The HHA...
Doherty TJ.Surgical manipulation of the intestines activates intestinal macrophages that release cytokines and nitric oxide, which results in inhibition of intestinal motility. Subsequent infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the intestinal wall contributes to cytokine and nitric oxide release and exacerbates ileus. Other factors contributing to ileus are endotoxemia; edema of the intestine wall subsequent to excessive fluid therapy; hypocalcemia; and long abdominal incisions. Because treatment of ileus with prokinetic drugs has not proven to be very effective, efforts should be directed at reducin...
Nolan A, Reid J, Welsh E, Flaherty D, McCormack R, Monteiro AM.The pharmacokinetics of propofol and ketamine administered together by infusion were investigated in four ponies. Blood propofol and plasma ketamine and norketamine concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. After premedication with detomidine (20 micrograms kg-1) anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.2 mg kg-1 intravenously). The trachea was intubated and the ponies were allowed to breathe 100 per cent oxygen. A bolus dose of propofol (0.5 mg kg-1) was then administered intravenously and propofol and ketamine were infused for 60 and 45 minutes, respectively. Th...
Khan A, Hallowell GD, Underwood C, van Eps AW.Rectal fluid administration may offer a simple, safe and inexpensive alternative to intravenous or nasogastric fluid therapy in equine clinical cases. Objective: To evaluate the tolerance and effects of rectally administered fluid and compare the measurements of haemodilution and intravascular volume with those during nasogastric and intravenous fluid administration. Methods: Randomised controlled experimental trial. Methods: Six clinically normal Standardbred geldings were used in a 4-way crossover study: each received three different fluid treatments (intravenous, nasogastric and rectal) at ...
Dória RG, Carvalho MB, Freitas SH, Laskoski LM, Colodel EM, Mendonça FS, Silva MA, Grigoletto R, Fantinato Neto P.Treatment for horses with pythiosis of a limb is challenging. This study aims to evaluate the effects of administering amphotericin B in a 10 % solution of dimethylsulfoxide by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) to treat horses for cutaneous pythiosis of a limb. Results: All 15 of the horses treated had complete resolutions of their lesion between 6 to 9 weeks after a single IRLP treatment. No complications were observed at the site of venipuncture for IRLP. Before initiation of treatment, there was anemia and marked leucocytosis which resolved following treatment. Serum biochemistry ...
Rigotti C, De Vries A, Taylor PM.A prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial in 47 ponies compared butorphanol and buprenorphine administered intravenously with detomidine prior to castration under anaesthesia. Detomidine 12 μg/kg intravenously was followed by butorphanol 25 μg/kg (BUT) or buprenorphine 5 μg/kg (BUP) before induction of anaesthesia with intravenous ketamine and diazepam. Quality of sedation, induction and recovery from anaesthesia, response to tactile stimulation, and surgical conditions were scored. If anaesthesia was inadequate 'rescue' was given with intravenous ketamine (maximum three dose...
Portier KG, Jaillardon L, Leece EA, Walsh CM.To evaluate the effects of local anaesthesia with lidocaine for castration of horses under intravenous anaesthesia. Methods: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Methods: Fifteen equidae, scheduled to undergo castration under total intravenous anaesthesia, were randomly distributed in two groups. One group received lidocaine injections (group L: two ponies, four horses, two donkeys) and the other received saline (group S: two ponies, three horses, two donkeys). Methods: Behaviour, heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (f(R)) were evaluated prior to anaesthesia. Body mass was measure...
Raekallio M, Leino A, Vainio O, Scheinin M.Thirty-nine horses were given detomidine 10 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt) intravenously (iv) and six horses were given a corresponding volume of saline solution before minor procedures. Venous blood samples were collected for catecholamine and cortisol determination immediately before the detomidine or saline injection and 20 mins after it. The behaviour of the horse at the time of detomidine injection and the extent of sedation were evaluated. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and the catecholamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and c...
