Topic:Medication
The topic of medication in horses encompasses the study and application of pharmaceutical substances used to treat, manage, or prevent diseases and conditions in equine patients. This field involves understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various drugs, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in horses. Medications commonly administered to horses include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, anthelmintics, and sedatives. The appropriate use of these medications is critical for ensuring therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Research in this area focuses on dosage optimization, drug interactions, resistance development, and withdrawal times to ensure both the health of the horse and compliance with regulatory standards. This page aggregates peer-reviewed studies and scholarly articles that explore the pharmacological aspects, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations of equine medications.
Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir after oral administration of its prodrug famciclovir to horses. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of penciclovir after oral administration of its prodrug famciclovir to horses. Following an oral dose of famciclovir at 20 mg/kg, maximum plasma concentrations of penciclovir occurred between 0.75 and 1.5 hr (mean 0.94 + or - 0.38 hr) after dosing and were in the range 2.22 to 3.56 microg/ml (mean 2.87 + or - 0.61 microg/ml). The concentrations of penciclovir declined in a biphasic manner after the peak concentration was attained. The mean half-life of the rapid elimination phase was 1.73 + or - 0.34 hr whereas that of the slow elimination phase was 34.34 +...
Analgesic effect of butorphanol in ponies following castration. In the UK butorphanol has a marketing authorisation for administration to horses for sedation in combination with detomidine, and at a higher dose (0.1 mg/kg bwt), for the alleviation of pain. There is only a limited number of clinical studies designed to examine the analgesic effects of butorphanol administration following surgery. Objective: To investigate the effect of premedication with butorphanol on post operative pain following castration under general anaesthesia in ponies. Objective: Ponies receiving butorphanol would experience less pain after castration than ponies that did not rece...
Supports compounding standards. The research article titled, “Effects of compounding and storage conditions on stability of pergolide mesylate” investigates the importance of adhering to the official US Pharmacopeia (USP) when formulating pergolide mesylate […]
Aminorex and rexamino as metabolites of levamisole in the horse. Administration studies of levamisole in horses were carried out using two different levamisole preparations, namely, levamisole hydrochloride oral bolus and levamisole phosphate injectable solution. These preparations were analysed in detail for the presence of aminorex-like impurities. Both levamisole preparations were found to contain 1-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone (I) and 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone (II) as degradation impurities, but neither aminorex nor rexamino was detected in these preparations. After the administration of these preparations to horses, aminorex, rexamino,...
Use of propafenone for conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation in horses. To investigate effects of IV administration of propafenone for naturally occurring and experimentally induced chronic atrial fibrillation in horses. Methods: 2 horses with naturally occurring atrial fibrillation and 4 horses with pacing-induced atrial fibrillation. Methods: Horses received a bolus of propafenone (2 mg/kg, IV over 15 minutes). If atrial fibrillation persisted after 20 minutes, a continuous infusion of propafenone (7 microg/kg/min) was given for 120 minutes. Before, during, and after treatment, plasma propafenone concentrations, hematologic and serum biochemical values, and elec...
Cutaneous fungal granuloma in a horse. This case report describes a 4-year-old-horse with two cutaneous masses on the right crest of the neck. Biopsy revealed chronic nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Giemsa and periodic acid-Schiff stains showed focal spherical, yeast-like organisms. A diagnosis of cutaneous fungal granuloma was made. The size of the masses decreased after oral treatment with fluconazole for 10 days combined with potassium iodide for 30 days, and the remaining masses were excised by laser. Lesions did not recur at the site. Fungal granuloma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in ho...
Evaluation of four topical preparations for the treatment of cannon hyperkeratosis in a horse. The response to treatment with four topical preparations was evaluated in an 11-year-old Morgan horse mare with histologically confirmed quadrilateral cannon hyperkeratosis. Each limb was treated for 30 days with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment, 0.1% adapalene gel, 0.2% phytosphingosine spray or a water-based emollient. Response to treatment was evaluated both histologically and visually. A water-based emollient and 0.1% tacrolimus ointment produced encouraging clinical responses. Pre-treatment histopathology identified marked, mostly compact, hyperkeratosis and follicular hyperkeratosis, most promin...
Prevalence of ergot derivatives in natural ryegrass pastures: detection and pathogenicity in the horse. In the present study, we determined the incidence and effects of season and weather on clinical manifestations of endophyte-infected ryegrass toxicity, performed chemical detection and pharmacological bioassays on ryegrass extracts, and conducted trials on: (i) effects of domperidone or metochlopramide on ovarian inactivity induced by endophyte-infected ryegrass; (ii) efficacy of buspirone or dihydrochloro phenyl piperazine (m-CPP) for preventing suppressed milk production induced by endophyte-infected ryegrass; and (iii) efficacy of domperidone to induce ovulation during winter anestrus. Mare...
Effects of mosapride citrate, metoclopramide hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, and cisapride citrate on equine gastric emptying, small intestinal and caecal motility. Although extensive work has been done to elucidate the beneficial and unfavorable effects of gastrointestinal prokinetic agents in humans, little is known on the effects of these agents in horses. In this study, we compared the effects of mosapride, metoclopramide, cisapride, and lidocaine on equine gastric emptying, jejunal and caecal motility and evaluated these agents' adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Methods: Seven healthy adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Mosapride 1.0mg/kg and 2.0mg/kg, metoclopramide 0.2mg/kg, and cisapride 1.0mg/kg were dissolved in 100mL distilled water for oral administrat...
Evaluation of the palatability of three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory top-dress formulations in horses. The efficacy of top-dress antiinflammatory drugs ultimately depends on a patient's willingness to consume treated feed. The current study compares the palatability of two phenylbutazone top-dress formulations (Equipalazone Powder, Dechra Pharmaceuticals, and Pro-Dynam, VetXX, Ltd.) and a suxibuzone top-dress formulation (Danilon Equidos, Janssen Animal Health). Results of a three-period, crossover study on 18 healthy horses showed that Pro-Dynam was significantly less palatable, with significantly less consumption of treated feed compared with either Equipalazone Powder or Danilon Equidos. The...
Long-term management of sabulous cystitis in five horses. Five horses with sabulous cystitis were managed for up to three years. They were treated by emptying the bladder through a urinary catheter and saline lavage with cytoscopic guidance to remove residual sabulous material. The cystitis was treated with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory medications, and bethanechol chloride was also administered. Frequent catheterisation and emptying of the bladder was an alternative to regular cystoscopic examination with saline lavage but it resulted in the development of a urethral stricture in one case. Four of the horses returned to work and one was retire...
The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance. Laminitis in equids is a very common debilitating disease, and insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinaemia are increasingly recognised as important predisposing factors. Pharmacological modification of IR and hyperinsulinaemia might reduce the risk of laminitis. Objective: Metformin, a drug commonly prescribed for treatment of human IR, may also decrease IR in equids. Methods: Eighteen horses and ponies with IR and recurrent laminitis were treated with 15 mg/kg bwt metformin per os q. 12 h. Each animal served as its own control by comparing pre- and post treatment proxies for IR, insulin sen...
Evaluation of the diffusion of corticosteroids between the distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa in horses. To determine whether clinically effective concentrations of methylprednisolone or triamcinolone can be achieved in the navicular bursa after injection of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) or triamcinolone acetonide (TA) into the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and whether clinically effective concentrations of these drugs can be achieved in the DIPJ after injecting the navicular bursa with the same doses of MPA or TA. Methods: 32 healthy horses. Methods: Horses in groups 1 through 4 received 40 mg of MPA in the DIPJ, 10 mg of TA in the DIPJ, 40 mg of MPA in the navicular bursa, and 10 mg of...
Retrospective study assessing efficacy of treatment of large colonic impactions. Cases with a history of colic due to a large colonic impaction were recruited retrospectively to assess the treatment efficacy and complications of oral and parenteral fluid therapy regimes for correction of primary large colon impactions. Oral isotonic fluids had been administered at varying intervals following initial treatment with magnesium sulphate and water. There was no significant difference in complication rates between groups. Considering complication rates with impaction clearance, hourly administration of oral fluids appears to be the most appropriate treatment regime of those inve...
The effect of omeprazole paste on intragastric pH in clinically ill neonatal foals. Administration of omeprazole paste per os to healthy neonatal foals has been shown to effectively increase intragastric pH, but has not been evaluated in sick neonatal foals. Objective: To determine the effect of orally administered omeprazole paste on intragastric pH in clinically ill neonatal foals requiring nasogastric intubation. Methods: Intragastric pH was measured continuously for 24 h using an indwelling electrode and continuous data recording system in hospitalised neonatal foals age < or =2 days. Intragastric pH was measured for 12 h prior to (pretreatment period) and 12 h followi...
The use of alpha-2 agonists in the equine practice: comparison between three molecules. Alpha-2 agonists are synthetic drugs which cause sedation, analgesia and myorelaxation due to their interaction with alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, widely distributed throughout bodily systems. Because of these actions such drugs are generally used in veterinary practice: to tranquilize animals (pharmacologic restraint) for the safety of both veterinar-ians and cooperators. Such properties facilitate diagnostic examinations or minimally in-vasive and poorly painful surgical procedures, as well as limiting stress factors to the patients. The aim of this study is to find out the minor dosage able to m...
Glossitis and tongue trauma subsequent to administration of an oral medication, using an udder infusion cannula, in a horse. A 10-year-old gelding was presented with a tongue that had swelled immediately after oral administration of oxfendazole, using an udder infusion cannula. The tongue appeared to have been punctured inadvertently. The horse recovered after treatment with intravenous fluid, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Administering oral medication by this method should be discouraged. Un cheval hongre âgé de 10 ans a été présenté avec une langue devenue tuméfiée immédiatement après l’administration orale d’oxfendazole à l’aide d’une canule à infusion du pis. La langue semblait a...