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Topic:Pony
Ponies are members of the Equidae family and share many physiological and anatomical characteristics, yet they are distinguished by several key differences. Ponies are generally smaller in stature, with a height at the withers of 14.2 hands (58 inches) or less, while horses exceed this height. In addition to size, ponies often exhibit a stockier build, thicker manes, tails, and coats, and a greater bone density compared to horses. These differences can influence their suitability for various tasks and environments. This topic encompasses a collection of peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic, phenotypic, and behavioral distinctions between ponies and horses, as well as their implications for breeding, management, and performance in equine disciplines.
Caecal intussusceptions in horses and the significance of Anoplocephala perfoliata. A caecocaecal intussusception in a pony and a caecocolic intussusception in a horse, both infected with Anoplocephala perfoliata, are described and the relevance of tapeworms in such intestinal disease of horses is reviewed.
Presence of a tracheal bronchus in ponies. A relatively unknown existence of a tracheal bronchus in three, approximately 2-3 years old ponies, is reported and the possible genesis of this anomaly is discussed.
Comparison of the lipoprotein pattern of the horse, the pony and the lactating and non-lactating cow obtained by a combination of an ultracentrifugation and a precipitation technique. 1. The serum lipoprotein pattern was studied in four horses, four ponies and in three high producing lactating and three non-lactating cows. The lipoprotein pattern was estimated with a combination of the preparative ultracentrifugation and the heparin-manganese precipitation technique. 2. The lipid composition of the lipoproteins of horse, pony, lactating cow and non-lactating cow was determined. 3. In all three species more than 50% of serum total lipids was found in the HDL fraction. 4. The mean chylomicron fraction in horse and pony was 3.1%. In the cow it varied from 1.5 to 2.5%. 5. Betwe...
The relationship of frog pressure to heel expansion. A study was carried out on five horses and four ponies to assess the effect of altering frog pressure on hoof expansion. Measurements of hoof expansion were made using strain gauges. It was concluded that whereas frog pressure affects hoof expansion, it is only one of several factors. Increasing frog pressure may result in increased expansion, or contraction, or may have virtually no affect. The variable results of changing frog pressure should be taken into account when considering therapeutic shoeing.
Effect of active immunization against estrogen on gonadotropin response to testosterone propionate treatment in ovariectomized pony mares. An experiment was conducted to determine whether partial neutralization of estrogens via active immunization alters testosterone propionate (TP)-induced increases in FSH secretion after GnRH administration in ovariectomized pony mares. Twenty mares were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 5/group). Factor 1 was long-term active immunization against either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or estrone-17-oxime-BSA. Factor 2 was 11-d administration of either vehicle (vegetable oil) or TP (175 micrograms/kg BW). Plasma concentrations of FSH were not affected (P greater than .1) by ei...
Effects of distention and neostigmine on jejunal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes in ponies. The influence of distention (high baseline intraluminal pressure) and neostigmine methylsulfate on intestinal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes (rhythmic contractions) was studied in terminal jejunal segments, which were perfused at a constant rate, in 16 anesthetized ponies. When baseline intraluminal pressure was increased to 10 mm of Hg, the intestinal vascular resistance and amplitude of rhythmic contractions were increased. Neostigmine induced cyclic increases in amplitude of rhythmic contractions whether intraluminal pressure was 0 or 10 mm of Hg. Neos...
The pony as an animal model for vascular implants. This study evaluated the pony as a potentially suitable model for vascular implant research. Healthy, conditioned ponies were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group I, carotid artery autografts (n = 6); group II, e-PTFE carotid interpositional grafts (n = 5); and group III, e-PTFE carotid interpositional grafts plus aspirin (10 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (3.5 mg/kg) drug administration. It was found that autografts remained patent longest (mean = 396.2 days; grafts were still patent at time of writing) followed by group III grafts (157.5 days), with group II grafts remaining patent for t...
Left ventricular function and haemodynamics in ponies during exercise and recovery. Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to strenuous treadmill exercise were monitored with chronically implanted instrumentation in seven physically untrained ponies. In two other ponies, haemodynamics were monitored using a conventional catheter technique. During exercise (mean +/- sem heart rate = 203 +/- 3 beats/min), left ventricular peak systolic ahd end-diastolic blood pressure significantly increased from 125 +/- 2 to 208 +/- 6 mmHg and from 29 +/- 1 to 58 +/- 3 mmHg, respectively (P less than 0.05). Peak positive first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was also increased s...
Work of breathing in exercising ponies. This paper attempts to evaluate the changes in the mechanical work of breathing induced by the increase of ventilation in ponies exercising on a treadmill. Airflow, tidal volume (VT) and oesophageal pressure were simultaneously recorded in eight ponies (four to six years old and weighing 258 +/- 11 kg) before, during and after standardised exercise. Respiratory frequency, VT and minute volume (Ve) for each phase of the experimental protocol were calculated from the collected data. The pressure-volume diagrams were traced and the work per cycle (Wrm) was estimated by measuring the area enclosed...
A preliminary comparison of lidocaine and xylazine as epidural analgesics in ponies. Xylazine (0.35 mg/kg) or lidocaine (0.35 mg/kg) was injected into the epidural space of six ponies to compare their effectiveness as epidural analgesics. Each pony received both treatments at 1 week intervals with the order of treatments randomized. Xylazine produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (247 +/- 58 minutes) than that produced by an equal dose of lidocaine (135 +/- 22 minutes). Mild transient ataxia of no clinical significance developed in all ponies with both treatments. Spinal cords were removed from two ponies and examined histologically. No discernible pathologic chan...
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) affects precopulatory behavior in testosterone-treated geldings. Twelve pony geldings with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) testosterone replacement (200 micrograms/kg testosterone propionate in oil, SC every 48 hours) received either gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 25 micrograms SC every 3 hours) or control treatment. Sexual behavior was recorded during 4-minute exposure to an estrous mare, 3 times weekly for 2 weeks before treatment, 3 weeks during treatment, and 3 weeks after treatment had been discontinued. The group receiving testosterone and GnRH (n = 3) exhibited significantly greater flehmen response frequency and attention duration and significant...
Comparative effects of cholera toxin, Salmonella typhimurium culture lysate, and viable Salmonella typhimurium in isolated colon segments in ponies. Isolated segments of left dorsal colon and a side-to-side colocolostomy (between the left ventral colon and left dorsal colon) were surgically created in 6 adult ponies. Four segments, each separated by an empty segment, were inoculated (20 ml) with 1 of the following 4 solutions: phosphate buffered saline solution (PBSS)/1% polyethylene glycol (PEG); purified cholera toxin in PBSS/1% PEG (5 micrograms cholera toxin/ml of PBSS/1% PEG); lyophilized Salmonella typhimurium UCD 1755 culture lysate, reconstituted in PBSS/1% PEG; and viable S typhimurium UCD 1755 (10(8) organisms/ml of PBSS/1% PEG)....
Biphasic disruption of fasting equine gut motility by dopamine–a preliminary study. Dopamine was infused intravenously (1, 5 and 10 micrograms/kg/min) for 60 min in three fasted ponies. A dose-dependent increase in heart rate occurred that was rapid in onset and termination at the start and end of the infusions, respectively. Dose-dependent changes in gastric and small intestinal motility were observed. An initial marked inhibition of gastric contraction amplitude was followed by a secondary prolonged period of activity. At the same time the small intestine showed a prolonged period of irregular activity (phase II) and a marked increase in the interval between successive phas...
In vivo activation of equine eosinophils and neutrophils by experimental Strongylus vulgaris infections. Eosinophils and neutrophils from ponies with Strongylus vulgaris-induced eosinophilia (eosinophilic ponies; activated eosinophils and neutrophils) were assayed in vitro for chemotactic and chemokinetic responses to zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) using the filter system in Boyden chambers, for Fc and complement (C) receptors using the EA and EAC-rosette assays, respectively, and for phagocytic and bactericidal activities using opsonized Escherichia coli and the acridine orange method. The responses of activated eosinophils and neutrophils in the above assays were compared with those of eosinophi...
Actions of the novel gastrointestinal prokinetic agent cisapride on equine bowel motility. The effect of cisapride was evaluated on the normal fasting bowel motility of four ponies with chronically implanted electromechanical transducers. Cisapride was infused over 60-min periods at 0.05 mg/kg (n = 4), 0.1 mg/kg (n = 5) and 0.25 mg/kg (n = 5). It produced marked and prolonged increases in electrical and mechanical activity at all sites examined. In the stomach there was increased total contraction activity with increased contraction amplitude and a slight reduction in rate. In the small intestine there was an increase in irregular (phase II) activity with an increase in number and a...
Effects of atropine in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. The effects of atropine on lung function and airway reactivity in two groups of ponies were measured. Principal ponies had a history of recurrent airway obstruction when housed in a barn and fed hay; control ponies had no history of airway obstruction. Principal and control ponies were paired, and measurements were made when principal ponies were in clinical remission (period A) and during an acute attack of airway obstruction (period B). Atropine did not alter pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), or airway responsiveness in either group of ponies at period A or in the control...
[2 cases of colonic pbstipation in ponies, probably as a sequela of a treatment with Taktic]. Within a one-year period two ponies were operated on because of colon impaction. The two ponies had each been treated with Amitraz (Taktik) quite recently. In view of findings reported in the literature, the colon impaction in these two ponies was very likely to have been due to treatment with Taktik.
Clinical, histopathological, and immunological responses of ponies to Ehrlichia sennetsu and subsequent Ehrlichia risticii challenge. Ehrlichia risticii has a close antigenic relationship to E. sennetsu. Sera of ponies experimentally infected with E. risticii, the etiologic agent of Potomac horse fever, consistently reacted with E. sennetsu, a human pathogen, in indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) testing, while human E. sennetsu convalescent serum reacted with E. risticii by IFA testing and immunoferritin labeling of cells infected in vitro. Two ponies injected intravenously with live E. sennetsu did no develop clinical illness. Subsequent injection with live E. sennetsu did not develop clinical illness. Subsequent injectio...
A comparison of enterotomies through the antimesenteric band and the sacculation of the small (descending) colon of ponies. Three pairs of longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the small colon of 10 ponies. Each pair consisted of one enterotomy through the antimesenteric band and one through the sacculation. The ponies were destroyed 96 h after surgery. The enterotomies in the two sites were compared for: speed of surgery, adhesions, bursting wall tension, neovascularisation by micro-angiography, and histological reaction. Enterotomies made through the antimesenteric band were superior because they were quicker to perform, stronger, more accurately apposed, and had less inflammation than those made through th...
Variation in plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta and their relationship to those of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha and oxytocin across pregnancy and at parturition in pony mares. Concentrations of plasma progesterone were similar to values reported in the literature except that a significant decrease in progesterone during the last day, but before parturition, was detected by systematic, high-intensity blood sampling. Mean concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta increased sharply and significantly, plateaued for 132.8 +/- 1.5 days (mean +/- s.e.m., N = 9), then declined sharply in each mare. There was obvious variation between the mares in when these increases and decreases in oestradiol-17 beta occurred, with the events being related closely to ambient photoperiod condit...
Evaluation of ivermectin for larvicidal effect in experimentally induced Parascaris equorum infections in pony foals. A controlled test was carried out on 15 pony foals inoculated with 1,500 +/- 108.8 infective Parascaris equorum eggs. The foals were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Treatments given on postinoculation day 11 included 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight, formulated as paste (n = 5), or liquid (n = 5), or no treatment (controls; n = 5). The foals were euthanatized on postinoculation day 25, and examined for larvae in the small intestine, lungs, and liver. Larvae were not found in foals treated with ivermectin liquid or paste, whereas significantly (P less than 0.05) higher mean numbers (960.9...
Oxfendazole: activity of a two-dose treatment regimen on natural infections of internal parasites of equids, with emphasis on migrating large strongyles in controlled tests in 1986 and 1987. Oxfendazole paste formulation was administered intraorally at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, twice (48 hours between treatments) in 5 controlled tests (experiments A, B, C, D, and E) to 18 equids (14 horses and 4 ponies) that were 5 to 24 months old in 1986 and 1987. Activity was evaluated against naturally acquired infections of various internal parasites, with emphasis on migratory stages of Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus. The number of treated and nontreated equids in each experiment (horses in experiments A to D and ponies in experiment E) was: A, 1 and 1; B, 3 and 3; C, 3 and 1...
Costal vs. crural diaphragmatic blood flow during submaximal and near-maximal exercise in ponies. The present study was carried out 1) to compare blood flow in the costal and crural regions of the equine diaphragm during quiet breathing at rest and during graded exercise and 2) to determine the fraction of cardiac output needed to perfuse the diaphragm during near-maximal exercise. By the use of radionuclide-labeled 15-micron-diam microspheres injected into the left atrium, diaphragmatic and intercostal muscle blood flow was studied in 10 healthy ponies at rest and during three levels of exercise (moderate: 12 mph, heavy: 15 mph, and near-maximal: 19-20 mph) performed on a treadmill. At re...
Cardiovascular effects of acupuncture stimulation at point Governing Vessel 26 in halothane-anesthetized ponies. The acupuncture point Governing Vessel (GV-26) is used commonly in the Orient to treat shock in human beings and other species. The cardiovascular effects of stimulation of GV-26 were studied in healthy ponies during 2 episodes of halothane anesthesia. During one anesthetic episode, electrical stimulation (electrostimulation) of GV-26 was performed, and during the other anesthetic episode, heat stimulation (moxibustion) of GV-26 was performed. The order of the stimulations was random. A nonacupuncture point was selected for comparable control stimulation during each experiment. Control and acu...
Costal diaphragmatic O2 and lactate extraction in laryngeal hemiplegic ponies during exercise. Diaphragmatic O2 and lactate extraction were examined in seven healthy ponies during maximal exercise (ME) carried out without, as well as with, inspiratory resistive breathing. Arterial and diaphragmatic venous blood were sampled simultaneously at rest and at 30-s intervals during the 4 min of ME. Experiments were carried out before and after left laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) was produced. During ME, normal ponies exhibited hypocapnia, hemoconcentration, and a decrease in arterial PO2 (PaO2) with insignificant change in O2 saturation. In LH ponies, PaO2 and O2 saturation decreased well below tha...
Aqueous drainage paths in the equine eye: scanning electron microscopy of corrosion cast. The anterior vasculature of the pony eye was examined by the corrosion cast method. The anterior segment of the pony eye has a vascular pattern which is similar but distinct from that of other mammalian species. Large iridal veins collateralized directly with the anterior vortex venous system. The intrascleral plexus was present but formed a fine, radially oriented, extensive network. This contrasted to the circumferential larger-diameter intrascleral plexus noted in dogs and the canal of Schlemm present in primates. The intrascleral plexus only drained posteriorly in the pony as compared to t...
A comparison of three methods of end-to-end anastomosis in the equine small colon. Six animals were used to compare simple interrupted, simple continuous, and stapled techniques for end-to-end rotated small colon anastomoses. Three ponies were evaluated three days after surgery for adhesion formation and luminal diameter at each anastomosis site. Two ponies and one horse were evaluated 14 days after surgery for adhesion formation. All anastomosis sites were examined histologically for alignment of tissue planes, and evidence of inflammation. No single technique was superior in all areas examined. While only three of the nine anastomoses had mild fibrinous adhesions at three ...
Left ventricular oxygen extraction during submaximal and maximal exertion in ponies. 1. Left ventricular (LV) myocardial O2 extraction was studied in five healthy ponies which had catheters implanted in the great cardiac vein and main pulmonary artery 15-30 days before the study. The abdominal aorta was percutaneously catheterized to sample arterial blood. 2. In addition, phasic LV and aortic pressures, LV dP/dtmax and rate-pressure product were also studied; dP/dtmax is the maximal rate of rise of the left ventricular pressure during the isovolumic phase, and is considered an index of myocardial contractility. Measurements were made at rest (control) and during adenosine infu...
Effect of environmental temperature and relative humidity on breathing pattern and heart rate in ponies during and after standardised exercise. A preliminary study attempted to assess the influence of atmospheric conditions on the breathing pattern of ponies. The respiratory airflow, tidal volume, breathing frequency, minute volume, total pulmonary resistance and heart rate of five ponies (257 +/- 9 kg and three to five years old) were measured by a standardised procedure. Data were collected at rest, during a nine minute period of treadmill exercise and during a five minute recovery period. The ambient temperature (degrees C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at the time of each investigation and the respiratory parameters were...
