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Topic:Pony
Ponies are members of the Equidae family and share many physiological and anatomical characteristics, yet they are distinguished by several key differences. Ponies are generally smaller in stature, with a height at the withers of 14.2 hands (58 inches) or less, while horses exceed this height. In addition to size, ponies often exhibit a stockier build, thicker manes, tails, and coats, and a greater bone density compared to horses. These differences can influence their suitability for various tasks and environments. This topic encompasses a collection of peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic, phenotypic, and behavioral distinctions between ponies and horses, as well as their implications for breeding, management, and performance in equine disciplines.
Effect of repeated biopsy sampling on endometrial concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin following intramuscular injection in pony mares. Endometrial concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin were determined in biopsy samples from anoestrous pony mares after intramuscular administration of the penicillin at 22,000 iu/kg. Serum samples, collected at the same time as biopsies, were also assayed for their penicillin content. In experiment 1 a single pair of blood and tissue samples was taken from each mare between five and 360 minutes after injection. In experiment 2 each mare was sampled consecutively six times (between five and 300 minutes) after injection. Both serum and endometrial concentration reached a peak between 15 and 30...
Natural infection with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in pony and donkey foals. From June to October 1978 four pony mares and foals and two donkey mares and foals grazed a paddock contaminated with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi larvae. No signs of respiratory disease were seen in the foals but within 11 weeks of exposure to the paddock all six developed patent lungworm infections. In October 1978 one donkey and two pony foals were killed. At post mortem examination parasites in various stages of development and measuring up to 8 cm in length were found in the lungs. At this time the three surviving foals were stabled for the remainder of the experiment. Two of these ceased passi...
Plasma oxytocin concentrations in cyclic mares and sexually aroused stallions. An experiment was conducted to measure plasma oxytocin concentrations at 4 different stages of the estrous cycle in 11 pony mares. Plasma oxytocin concentrations (muU/ml +/- SE) were found to be higher (P<.01) on day 2 of estrous (39.8 +/- 12.5) and day 5 post-ovulation (33.1 +/- 12.0) than on day 10 (2.3 +/- 1.6) and day 15 post-ovulation (6.8 +/- 4.1). A second experiment was conducted to measure jugular plasma oxytocin concentrations before and after sexual arousal in six pony stallions. Oxytocin concentrations (muU/ml +/- SE) were higher (P<0.06) after sexual arousal (50.5 +/- 8.9) than be...
External cardiovascular resuscitation of the anesthetized pony. External cardiac massage and concomitant respiratory support were used successfully 6 of 8 anesthetized ponies sustaining unexpected cardiac arrest while being used in a study of shock. Approximately 20 thoracic compressions/min maintained systolic and diastolic aortic blood pressures in excess of 50% of the corresponding base-line values in 5 ponies. The high success rate was attributed to early recognition of the problem, the small size of the patient, and the relatively short duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (average, 2.9 minutes). It was concluded that external cardiac message can...
Proximal equine radial and median motor nerve conduction velocity. Radial and median motor nerve conduction velocities were determined on 10 clinically healthy 1- to 11-year-old ponies. These velocities were obtained by stimulation at the brachial plexus directly through a surgical incision and later in the ambulatory pony via implanted Formvar-coated wire electrodes. Percutaneous stimulation was used at the cubital region in both anesthetized and ambulatory ponies. The values for radial motor nerve fibers ranged from 96.4 to 100 m/s. These were 15.3% faster than previously reported distal values. Median motor nerve fiber values ranged from 86.8 to 90.2 m/s, ...
Esophageal healing in the pony: comparison of sutured vs nonsutured esophagotomy. Esophageal healing was evaluated in 10 ponies after sutured and nonsutured cervical esophagotomy techniques. Mucosal healing occurred significantly (P less than 0.005) faster after sutured esophagotomies (x = 7.5 days after surgery) than after nonsutured esophagotomies (x = 25.6 days after surgery), based on endoscopic and clinical evaluations. Although endoscopy was an accurate assessment of the return of normal passage of a food bolus through the esophagus, 4 of 10 ponies had radiographic evidence of a sinus tract after the mucosa was considered healed, based on endoscopic and clinical exami...
Endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes in ponies: effects of flunixin meglumine. A study was made of flunixin meglumine, an analgesic agent with antiinflammatory and antiprostaglandin activity, for the management of endotoxin-induced cardiovascular derangements. Three groups of 5 ponies each were used: controls--group 1; given endotoxin but not treated--group 2; and given endotoxin and treated with flunixin meglumine--group 3. Shock was induced in anesthetized ponies with IV injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Hemodynamic changes were monitored, and regional blood flow was determined at 4 different times, using microspheres labeled with 1 of 4 nuclides. There were ext...
Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy. No abstract available
Biochemical changes in equine erythrocytes during experimental regenerative anemia. Hemolytic or blood loss anemia was induce in six ponies and red blood cell concentrations of creatine, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured during the ensuing regenerative period. Creatine and G-6-PD levels correlated well and increased concentration of either was good indication of increased erythrogenesis. Erythrocyte LDH levels were of value in assessing the response to hemolytic anemia but not to blood loss anemia. The difference may be, at least in part, the result of differing degrees of regenerative effor...
Urinary incontinence in a pony mare. URINARY incontinence has been reported in mares suffering
from equid herpesvirus infection (Greenwood and Simson 1980)
and in a foal (Ordidge 1976). Observations on a pony mare (122
cm high) which showed gross urinary incontinence after the
onset of a severe respiratory disorder are described here.
Experimental evidence of reciprocal temperature relationship between the parietofrontal region and the orbital emissary vein in the pony. The heads of 5 ponies were embalmed and the vessels were double injected with latex. Dissection of these specimens revealed venous pathways (1) from the nasal area to the cavernous sinus and (2) from the parietofrontal region to the ventral petrosal sinus. Thermistors were chronically implanted near the orbital emissary veins of 3 additional ponies. Hot and cold packs were applied alternately to the parietofrontal regions. The temperature near the orbital emissary veins increased during the 5 trials with cold application and decreased during the 5 trials with hot application. The authors were ...
Endotoxemia following experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Experimental small intestinal strangulation obstruction was produced in anesthetized ponies. The limulus amoebocyte lysate test demonstrated the presence of endotoxin in the general circulation 60 and 120 minutes following restoration of mesenteric blood flow. Mucosal degeneration, with loss of villus epithelial cells, was demonstrated coincident with endotoxemia. The findings were consistent with an ischemia-mediated alteration in the intestinal barrier to endotoxin.
Experimental induction of Proteus mirabilis cystitis in the pony and evaluation of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. Proteus mirabilis cystitis was induced in 9 ponies by chemically eroding the bladder mucosa before the organism was inoculated. Comparisons were made in the treatment of P mirabilis cystitis between ponies treated daily for 13 days with a trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMP-SDZ) paste and both positive and negative controls. Urine cultures from ponies treated with TMP-SDZ became negative for P mirabilis between days 3 and 9 after the start of the treatment, whereas positive controls remained infected until day 13. Urine cultures from all ponies were negative for P mirabilis on day 28. Urine concent...
Controlled tests of ivermectin against migrating Strongylus vulgaris in ponies. Twelve pony foals were reared worm-free and inoculated with Strongylus vulgaris. On day 7 after inoculation, 6 ponies were given ivermectin IM at a dose of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight and on day 28 were necropsied. Ivermectin was effective in eliminating early 4th-stage S vulgaris larvae and reducing clinical signs associated with acute arteritis. After administrative ivermectin was effective against early 4th-stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae in ponies when administered at 100, 300, or 800 micrograms/kg of body weight. The purpose of the present study was to report on a more extensive tri...
Haloxon: critical tests of antiparasitic activity in equids. Critical tests were conducted in 14 naturally infected equids (13 horses and 1 pony) to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of haloxon. Single doses were administered by stomach tube to 3 horses and 1 pony (60 mg/kg of body weight), by addition to the feed of 3 horses (60 mg/kg), and intraorally by powder gun to 7 horses (65 mg/kg). Haloxon was efficacious (99% to 100%) against infections of Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi (mature and immature), and Strongylus vulgaris at both dosage levels. Probstmayria vivipara parasites were removed in 1 horse treated at 60 mg/kg by stomach tube and S equi...
Puberty in the female pony: reproductive behavior, ovulation, and plasma gonadotropin concentrations. Reproductive behavior and gonadotropin concentrations were studied in 14 female ponies during the period from 10 to 21 months of age (February 1978 to January 1979). Nine fillies were born during April of 1977 (spring-born) and five were born during the summer and fall of 1977 (late-born). Three of the spring-born fillies had been ovariectomized (OVX) at 4 months of age. All intact spring-born fillies ovulated during late spring when they were 12–15 months old. Two of five late-born fillies did not ovulate, and there tended to be fewer ovulations and a shorter breeding season in late-born th...
Blood flow in the hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium of unanesthetized ponies. To examine the effects of right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy on regional myocardial blood flow and coronary vascular reserve, hemodynamics and myocardial blood flow (15-micrometers radio-nuclide-labeled microspheres) were studied in 12 unanesthetized adult ponies before and during intravenous isoproterenol HCl infusion (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1). Six ponies served as controls, whereas in each of the others the main pulmonary artery (PA) had been banded 35-90 days prior to the study. Marked RV hypertrophy was present in PA-banded animals. In these ponies, there was a significant increase in RV sy...
Contagious equine metritis: antibody response of experimentally infected pony mares. Intrauterine inoculation of pony mares with the bacterium that is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM) resulted in clinical disease. A humoral immune response could be detected by agglutination and complement fixation (CF), and in some cases precipitating antibody was found by immunodiffusion tests. Agglutinating antibody was the most reliable serological indicator of overt infection and was detected in 8 ot 28 mares after initial intrauterine inoculation of 3-4 x 10(5) bacteria. Seventy percent of mares given a second inoculation and all mares given a third inoculation of 3...
The pharmacokinetics of meclofenamic acid in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of meclofenamic acid were studied in Thoroughbred horses and in ponies. After intravenous (i.v.) administration of either 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg sodium meclofenamate the elimination half-life was of the order of 0.9 h while the volume of distribution was found to be 0.128 litre/kg. Elimination was in accordance with a one-compartment model. Following oral administration of either meclofenamic acid (4 mg/kg) or sodium meclofenamate (4 mg/kg) a much longer terminal half-life than that calculated for Kel from i.v. data was found. This anomaly indicated that the 'flip-flop' phenom...
Surgical technique and considerations for implantation of electromagnetic blood flow transducer and occluder onto the coronary arteries. A technique was developed for the implantation of an electromagnetic flow probe and vascular occluder onto the right and left coronary arteries in the calf and pony. Surgical manipulation was well tolerated in the animals. The subcutaneous housing on the peripheral ends of these devices of the lateral thoracic wall served as a maintenance-free technique for chronic exteriorization of these devices. Implantation onto the coronary arteries required a surgical technique which accomplished the prerequisites for proper flow probe function. A reactive hyperemic response was elicited in each animal b...
Acid-base and electrolyte alterations associated with salivary loss in the pony. Esophageal fistulas were made in 6 ponies to evaluate whole blood acid-base values and serum and salivary electrolyte alterations associated with salivary depletion. Acid-base and electrolyte values remained within normal ranges for 15 days in 3 control ponies fed a pelleted diet through nasogastric tubes. In 6 ponies with esophageal fistulas that were fed the same diet through esophagostomy tubes, hypochloremia and hyponatremia developed during the same period. Serum K concentrations were only marginally depleted, probably because of dietary replacement. Salivary depletion resulted in transie...
Equine cervical esophagostomy: complications associated with duration and location of feeding tubes. Cervical esophagostomy for tube feeding was evaluated in 11 ponies. Minor complications responded to supportive therapy in 8 ponies. Two died of complications, and 1 pony had a permanent fistula because of persistent infection. There was a positive correlation between the duration of tube feeding and the event of closure of the esophageal stoma after the tube was removed. There was no difference in the frequency of complications related to duration of tube feeding. When the distal end of the feeding tube was located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus, instead of in the stomach, tubes wer...
Two equine true hermaphrodites with 64,XX/64,XY and 63,XO/64,XY chimerism. The karyotypes of a Welsh pony and a Standardbred were 64,XX/64,XY and 63,XO/64,XY respectively. Both intersexes were true hermaphrodites with bilateral ovotestes. Neither intersex showed stallion-like behaviour. Each one had an underdeveloped penis, bilateral seminal vesicles and uterine tissue. It would appear that the chimerism in these equine intersexes resulted from double fertilization or fusion of blastocysts. Mosaicism in the Standardbred is a possibility, resulting from loss of a Y chromosome by anaphase lag in an early embryonic XY cell.
