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Topic:Sedation

Sedation in horses involves the administration of pharmacological agents to induce a state of calmness, relaxation, or sleepiness. This practice is commonly employed to facilitate veterinary procedures, diagnostic imaging, or transportation by reducing stress and movement in the animal. The primary sedatives used in equine medicine include alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, such as xylazine and detomidine, and opioids, like butorphanol. These agents act on the central nervous system to achieve the desired sedative effects. The choice of sedative and its dosage depend on various factors, including the horse's age, weight, health status, and the procedure's nature. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety considerations of sedation in equine practice.
Dose-related effects of detomidine on autonomic responses in the horse.
Journal of autonomic pharmacology    September 1, 1988   Volume 8, Issue 3 241-249 doi: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.1988.tb00187.x
Kamerling SG, Cravens WM, Bagwell CA.1. Detomidine is a novel veterinary sedative analgesic which is thought to act by stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoreceptors. The present study was undertaken to determine the direction, time course, and dose-response relationship of detomidine on specific autonomic responses in the unanaesthetized horse. 2. Detomidine was administered intravenously to eight adult thoroughbred racehorses at doses of 0.010-0.040 mg kg-1, according to a double-blind Latin square crossover design. Cardiac and respiratory rates, pupil diameter and rectal temperature were monitored for 180 min postinjection. 3. Detomid...
Epiglottic entrapment. A transnasal surgical approach to divide the aryepiglottic fold axially in the standing horse.
Veterinary surgery : VS    September 1, 1988   Volume 17, Issue 5 246-251 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1988.tb01007.x
Honnas CM, Wheat JD.Transnasal, axial division of the aryepiglottic fold was performed to correct entrapment of the epiglottis in 20 sedated, standing horses, using a hooked bistoury and topical anesthesia. Presenting complaints included decreased exercise tolerance or loss of racing performance, abnormal respiratory noise, and coughing. The surgical procedure was technically easy to perform with a minimum of instrumentation. The horses were rested an average of 18 days before race training or riding was resumed. Evaluation of racing records or contact with owners indicated that most affected horses competed succ...
Detomidine: a preliminary analysis of its duration of action in the horse by variable interval responding.
Equine veterinary journal    September 1, 1988   Volume 20, Issue 5 320-322 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01535.x
Wood T, Weckman T, Woods WE, Tobin T, Dougherty J.Variable interval (VI) reinforcement scheduling is a specific type of operant conditioning that is sensitive to drug effects even when overt clinical signs of the drug have diminished. Six horses were conditioned to break a light beam with a head-bobbing movement and this behaviour was reinforced with a reward of clean oats (approximately 30 mg/reinforcement). Initial training procedures included familiarisation with the behavioural equipment and fixed-ratio reinforced scheduling. To establish baseline rates of behaviour, the horses were converted to a variable interval (60 secs) reinforcement...
Objective assessment of detomidine-induced analgesia and sedation in the horse.
European journal of pharmacology    June 22, 1988   Volume 151, Issue 1 1-8 doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90685-1
Kamerling SG, Cravens WM, Bagwell CA.The effects of detomidine, a veterinary sedative analgesic, were studied in the horse. Novel objective techniques were employed to assess the analgesic and sedative potency of this compound. Intravenous doses of 0.010, 0.020 and 0.040 mg/kg were administered to eight adult Thoroughbred racehorses according to a double-blind crossover design. Analgesia was measured by determining the latency to onset of the skin twitch and hoof withdrawal reflexes following noxious thermal stimulation of the withers and fetlock, respectively. Sedation was assessed by quantifying spontaneous locomotor activity i...
Selected aspects of the clinical pharmacology of visceral analgesics and gut motility modifying drugs in the horse.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine    April 1, 1988   Volume 2, Issue 2 85-91 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1988.tb02799.x
Kohn CW, Muir WW.Comparison of the visceral analgesic effects of xylazine, morphine, butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, dipyrone, and flunixin in a cecal distention model of colic pain indicated that xylazine produces the most relief from abdominal discomfort. Repeated administration of xylazine may reduce visceral pain so effectively that the seriousness of abdominal disease is obscured. Xylazine decreased propulsive motility in the jejunum and pelvic flexure of healthy ponies. Morphine and butorphanol also gave relief from visceral pain in the cecal distention model. Morphine may inhibit colonic, and buto...
Hyperglycaemia and diuresis during sedation with detomidine in the horse.
Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A    November 1, 1987   Volume 34, Issue 9 641-648 doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00326.x
Gasthuys F, Terpstra P, van den Hende C, De Moor A.No abstract available
Analysis of detomidine in horse blood, plasma and urine samples utilizing a sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method.
Journal of chromatography    August 28, 1987   Volume 404, Issue 1 223-232 doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)86852-7
Singh AK, Mishra U, Ashraf M, Abdennebi EH, Granley K, Dombrovskis D, Hewetson D, Stowe CM.Chemical ionization- and electron impact ionization-selective ion monitoring provided a simple and sensitive method for measuring detomidine (Domosedan), a potent sedative-analgesic drug for horses and cattle. Chemical ionization was at least 10 times more sensitive than electron impact ionization. By using propranolol as an internal standard, we found that the recovery of detomidine from the extraction procedure used in this study was greater than 75% for plasma, whole blood, or urine samples. Approximately 68% of detomidine was bound to plasma protein and 53% was bound to red blood cells.
Rapid reversible immobilization of feral stallions using etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate.
Journal of wildlife diseases    July 1, 1987   Volume 23, Issue 3 471-478 doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-23.3.471
Plotka ED, Seal US, Eagle TC, Asa CS, Tester JR, Siniff DB.Forty-eight newly captured free-ranging feral stallions (Equus caballus) from two different locations and six captive stallions were immobilized using combinations of etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate with or without acepromazine. Six animals were immobilized twice, 1 mo apart. The drugs were administered either intramuscularly (n = 13) or intravenously (n = 44). Mean immobilization time (+/- SE) after intravenous (i.v.) injection of etorphine, xylazine and atropine was 55 +/- 4 sec (range 20 to 185 sec) compared to 708 +/- 131 sec (range 390 to 1,140 sec) fo...
Responses of horses to acepromazine maleate administered orally in a paste.
Research in veterinary science    May 1, 1987   Volume 42, Issue 3 318-325 
Miller PJ, Martin IC, Kohnke JR, Rose RJ.The effects of acepromazine maleate (ACP), given orally in a paste form, were examined in six standard-bred geldings over a 12 hour period. Three dose rates, zero (placebo paste), 0.13 mg kg-1 and 0.26 mg kg-1, given before or after feeding, were investigated. The data were divided into two sampling periods for analysis, one from zero to 120 minutes and the other from four to 12 hours. Sedation was assessed by a score (TS score) based on general appearance, anal sphincter relaxation and penile protrusion. This TS score was significantly elevated 40 minutes after dosing with ACP, irrespective o...
Anaesthetic regimens for the castration of ponies.
The Veterinary record    April 11, 1987   Volume 120, Issue 15 374 doi: 10.1136/vr.120.15.374-b
Jones RS.No abstract available
Radioimmunoassay of detomidine, a new benzylimidazole drug with analgesic sedation properties.
Life sciences    April 6, 1987   Volume 40, Issue 14 1357-1364 doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90325-0
Vakkuri O, Salonen JS, Leppäluoto J, Anttila M, Karjalainen A, Järvensivu P.A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for detomidine, 4(5)-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)imidazole. The antibodies were raised in rabbits against a conjugate of detomidine and bovine thyroglobulin prepared by diazo reaction. Detomidine was iodinated with chloramine-T and immunoreactive tracer was purified in cation exchange chromatography. The sensitivity of the RIA was 1.6 fmol/tube allowing direct detomidine measurements from minute serum and urine samples (0.1-0.2 microliter) as well as tissue homogenates (10 microliters). For concentrations below 16 pmol/ml chloroform extraction wa...
Cystometrography and urethral pressure profiles in healthy horse and pony mares.
American journal of veterinary research    April 1, 1987   Volume 48, Issue 4 552-555 
Clark ES, Semrad SD, Bichsel P, Oliver JE.Cystometrography and urethral pressure evaluations were performed in 7 horse mares and 5 pony mares before and after sedation with xylazine. Before sedation, mean (+/- SD) maximal bladder contraction pressure was 91.4 +/- 16.5 cm of H2O in horses and was 86.0 +/- 14.4 cm of H2O in ponies, and maximal urethral closure pressure was 49.1 +/- 19.4 cm of H2O in horses and 37.7 +/- 14.4 cm of H2O in ponies. A significant difference was not found between values of nonsedated vs sedated animals. Only values for threshold volume were significantly different (P less than 0.05) between nonsedated horses ...
Investigation into the use of narcotic antagonists in the treatment of a stereotypic behavior pattern (crib-biting) in the horse.
American journal of veterinary research    February 1, 1987   Volume 48, Issue 2 311-319 
Dodman NH, Shuster L, Court MH, Dixon R.Crib-biting in horses is a repetitive behavior pattern which may involve the activation of both narcotic receptors and dopamine receptors in the CNS. Crib-biting frequency, determined in 7 nontreated horses under controlled conditions, was usually linear for many hours and ranged from 0.3 to 14.9 bites/min. Intravenous or IM injections of narcotic antagonists decreased these rates to almost zero by about 20 minutes after the injection was given. The duration of the response to a single injection ranged from 20 minutes for naloxone to 4 hours or more for nalmefene and diprenorphine. Effective d...
Effects of xylazine on equine intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption.
American journal of veterinary research    February 1, 1987   Volume 48, Issue 2 198-203 
Stick JA, Chou CC, Derksen FJ, Arden WA.Isolated jejunal segments were perfused at a constant blood flow rate to determine simultaneously the effects of xylazine on intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption in 12 anesthetized ponies. Xylazine was infused into the artery perfusing the intestinal segment (group 1), or into the jugular vein as a single IV bolus (group 2), or 3 times as IV boluses repeated at 10-minute intervals (group 3). Dose-response curves in group 1 indicated a biphasic response to the drug with vasoconstriction, increased motility, and increased oxygen consumption at lower doses ...
Detomidine: a new sedative for horses.
Equine veterinary journal    September 1, 1986   Volume 18, Issue 5 366-370 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03655.x
Clarke KW, Taylor PM.Detomidine, given intravenously at doses of 5 to 30 (mean 13) micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt), provided adequate sedation for a variety of clinical procedures in 93 per cent of administrations, and improved the ease of handling in the remaining animals. Side effects of ataxia and bradycardia were minimal at the lower dose rates. Higher doses were required for intramuscular use. In experimental trials 10 and 20 micrograms/kg bwt resulted in deep sedation and also significant hypertension and bradycardia of over 15 mins duration. Current literature on the use of detomidine in horses is reviewed.
Clinical experiences with Domosedan in horses and cattle. A review.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 193-196 
Alitalo I.No abstract available
Cardiovascular and pulmonary function studies of a new sedative/analgetic (detomidine/Domosedan) for use alone in horses or as a preanesthetic.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 139-155 
Short CE, Matthews N, Harvey R, Tyner CL.No abstract available
Detomidine/ketamine anaesthesia in the horse.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 167-179 
Clarke KW, Taylor PM, Watkins SB.No abstract available
Detomidine (Domosedan) in sedation, premedication and general anaesthesia of horses.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 181-185 
Szeligowski E, Janicki AM, Krzeski M.No abstract available
Sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine in horses and cattle. Based on a symposium. Turku, Finland, September 2-4, 1985.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 1-206 
No abstract available
Sedation and analgesia with Domosedan (detomidine hydrochloride) in horses: dose response studies on efficacy and its duration.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 69-84 
Jöchle W, Hamm D.No abstract available
Sedative and analgesic action of detomidine in horses as evaluated from evoked potentials.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 97-109 
Stenberg D, Sandström M, Pyyhtiä AM, Kuussaari J.No abstract available
Analgesic and sedative effects of detomidine compared to xylazine in a colic model using i.v. and i.m. routes of administration.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 85-95 
Lowe JE, Hilfiger J.No abstract available
Cardiac effects of atropine premedication in horses sedated with detomidine.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 131-136 
Alitalo I, Vainio O, Kaartinen L, Raekallio M.No abstract available
The effect of sedatives on lung function in horses.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 111-120 
Reitemeyer H, Klein HJ, Deegen E.No abstract available
Clinical experience with Domosedan in equine practice in newmarket.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 197-201 
Ricketts SW.No abstract available
The use of atropine to control heart rate responses during detomidine sedation in horses.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica    January 1, 1986   Volume 27, Issue 4 548-559 doi: 10.1186/BF03548134
Short CE, Stauffer JL, Goldberg G, Vainio O.Detomidine is a sedative-analgesic which has a pharmacological profile similar to xylazine. There is evidence that the sedative effects are mediated through alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Cardiopulmonary responses were determined using detomidine as the principal agent and as a preanesthetic prior to the induction of general anesthesia. Compatibility with guaifenesin, sodium thia-mylal and halothane were determined. As in the case of xylazine, detomidine produces a slowing of heart rates. This was found to be either sinus bradycardia or heart block. There may be a corresponding increase in systolic bl...
Dose-related effects of ethylketazocine on nociception, behaviour and autonomic responses in the horse.
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology    January 1, 1986   Volume 38, Issue 1 40-45 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04464.x
Kamerling SG, Dequick DJ, Weckman TJ, Tobin T.Sensitive methods for measuring the analgesic, physiological and behavioural effects of opioids in the horse have recently been developed. Fentanyl, a prototypic mu-opiate receptor agonist, has been previously shown to produce a syndrome characterized by marked analgesia and locomotor stimulation as well as tachycardia, tachypnoea and behavioural arousal. To determine whether other opiate receptors mediate some of the actions of the narcotic analgesics in the horse, an agent with activity at kappa- and to lesser extent mu-receptors was studied using a vigorous experimental protocol. Like fenta...
Detomidine in horses.
The Veterinary record    December 21, 1985   Volume 117, Issue 25-26 674-675 doi: 10.1136/vr.117.25-26.674
Clarke KW, Taylor PM.No abstract available
Immobilization of free-ranging desert bighorn sheep, tule elk, and wild horses, using carfentanil and xylazine: reversal with naloxone, diprenorphine, and yohimbine.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    December 1, 1985   Volume 187, Issue 11 1253-1254 
Jessup DA, Clark WE, Jones KR, Clark R, Lance WR.No abstract available