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Topic:Sedation

Sedation in horses involves the administration of pharmacological agents to induce a state of calmness, relaxation, or sleepiness. This practice is commonly employed to facilitate veterinary procedures, diagnostic imaging, or transportation by reducing stress and movement in the animal. The primary sedatives used in equine medicine include alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, such as xylazine and detomidine, and opioids, like butorphanol. These agents act on the central nervous system to achieve the desired sedative effects. The choice of sedative and its dosage depend on various factors, including the horse's age, weight, health status, and the procedure's nature. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety considerations of sedation in equine practice.
Rapid reversible immobilization of feral stallions using etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate.
Journal of wildlife diseases    July 1, 1987   Volume 23, Issue 3 471-478 doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-23.3.471
Plotka ED, Seal US, Eagle TC, Asa CS, Tester JR, Siniff DB.Forty-eight newly captured free-ranging feral stallions (Equus caballus) from two different locations and six captive stallions were immobilized using combinations of etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate with or without acepromazine. Six animals were immobilized twice, 1 mo apart. The drugs were administered either intramuscularly (n = 13) or intravenously (n = 44). Mean immobilization time (+/- SE) after intravenous (i.v.) injection of etorphine, xylazine and atropine was 55 +/- 4 sec (range 20 to 185 sec) compared to 708 +/- 131 sec (range 390 to 1,140 sec) fo...
Responses of horses to acepromazine maleate administered orally in a paste.
Research in veterinary science    May 1, 1987   Volume 42, Issue 3 318-325 
Miller PJ, Martin IC, Kohnke JR, Rose RJ.The effects of acepromazine maleate (ACP), given orally in a paste form, were examined in six standard-bred geldings over a 12 hour period. Three dose rates, zero (placebo paste), 0.13 mg kg-1 and 0.26 mg kg-1, given before or after feeding, were investigated. The data were divided into two sampling periods for analysis, one from zero to 120 minutes and the other from four to 12 hours. Sedation was assessed by a score (TS score) based on general appearance, anal sphincter relaxation and penile protrusion. This TS score was significantly elevated 40 minutes after dosing with ACP, irrespective o...
Anaesthetic regimens for the castration of ponies.
The Veterinary record    April 11, 1987   Volume 120, Issue 15 374 doi: 10.1136/vr.120.15.374-b
Jones RS.No abstract available
Radioimmunoassay of detomidine, a new benzylimidazole drug with analgesic sedation properties.
Life sciences    April 6, 1987   Volume 40, Issue 14 1357-1364 doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90325-0
Vakkuri O, Salonen JS, Leppäluoto J, Anttila M, Karjalainen A, Järvensivu P.A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for detomidine, 4(5)-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)imidazole. The antibodies were raised in rabbits against a conjugate of detomidine and bovine thyroglobulin prepared by diazo reaction. Detomidine was iodinated with chloramine-T and immunoreactive tracer was purified in cation exchange chromatography. The sensitivity of the RIA was 1.6 fmol/tube allowing direct detomidine measurements from minute serum and urine samples (0.1-0.2 microliter) as well as tissue homogenates (10 microliters). For concentrations below 16 pmol/ml chloroform extraction wa...
Cystometrography and urethral pressure profiles in healthy horse and pony mares.
American journal of veterinary research    April 1, 1987   Volume 48, Issue 4 552-555 
Clark ES, Semrad SD, Bichsel P, Oliver JE.Cystometrography and urethral pressure evaluations were performed in 7 horse mares and 5 pony mares before and after sedation with xylazine. Before sedation, mean (+/- SD) maximal bladder contraction pressure was 91.4 +/- 16.5 cm of H2O in horses and was 86.0 +/- 14.4 cm of H2O in ponies, and maximal urethral closure pressure was 49.1 +/- 19.4 cm of H2O in horses and 37.7 +/- 14.4 cm of H2O in ponies. A significant difference was not found between values of nonsedated vs sedated animals. Only values for threshold volume were significantly different (P less than 0.05) between nonsedated horses ...
Investigation into the use of narcotic antagonists in the treatment of a stereotypic behavior pattern (crib-biting) in the horse.
American journal of veterinary research    February 1, 1987   Volume 48, Issue 2 311-319 
Dodman NH, Shuster L, Court MH, Dixon R.Crib-biting in horses is a repetitive behavior pattern which may involve the activation of both narcotic receptors and dopamine receptors in the CNS. Crib-biting frequency, determined in 7 nontreated horses under controlled conditions, was usually linear for many hours and ranged from 0.3 to 14.9 bites/min. Intravenous or IM injections of narcotic antagonists decreased these rates to almost zero by about 20 minutes after the injection was given. The duration of the response to a single injection ranged from 20 minutes for naloxone to 4 hours or more for nalmefene and diprenorphine. Effective d...
Effects of xylazine on equine intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption.
American journal of veterinary research    February 1, 1987   Volume 48, Issue 2 198-203 
Stick JA, Chou CC, Derksen FJ, Arden WA.Isolated jejunal segments were perfused at a constant blood flow rate to determine simultaneously the effects of xylazine on intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption in 12 anesthetized ponies. Xylazine was infused into the artery perfusing the intestinal segment (group 1), or into the jugular vein as a single IV bolus (group 2), or 3 times as IV boluses repeated at 10-minute intervals (group 3). Dose-response curves in group 1 indicated a biphasic response to the drug with vasoconstriction, increased motility, and increased oxygen consumption at lower doses ...
Detomidine: a new sedative for horses.
Equine veterinary journal    September 1, 1986   Volume 18, Issue 5 366-370 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03655.x
Clarke KW, Taylor PM.Detomidine, given intravenously at doses of 5 to 30 (mean 13) micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt), provided adequate sedation for a variety of clinical procedures in 93 per cent of administrations, and improved the ease of handling in the remaining animals. Side effects of ataxia and bradycardia were minimal at the lower dose rates. Higher doses were required for intramuscular use. In experimental trials 10 and 20 micrograms/kg bwt resulted in deep sedation and also significant hypertension and bradycardia of over 15 mins duration. Current literature on the use of detomidine in horses is reviewed.
Clinical experiences with Domosedan in horses and cattle. A review.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 193-196 
Alitalo I.No abstract available
Cardiovascular and pulmonary function studies of a new sedative/analgetic (detomidine/Domosedan) for use alone in horses or as a preanesthetic.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 139-155 
Short CE, Matthews N, Harvey R, Tyner CL.No abstract available
Detomidine/ketamine anaesthesia in the horse.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 167-179 
Clarke KW, Taylor PM, Watkins SB.No abstract available
Detomidine (Domosedan) in sedation, premedication and general anaesthesia of horses.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 181-185 
Szeligowski E, Janicki AM, Krzeski M.No abstract available
Sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine in horses and cattle. Based on a symposium. Turku, Finland, September 2-4, 1985.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 1-206 
No abstract available
Sedation and analgesia with Domosedan (detomidine hydrochloride) in horses: dose response studies on efficacy and its duration.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 69-84 
Jöchle W, Hamm D.No abstract available
Sedative and analgesic action of detomidine in horses as evaluated from evoked potentials.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 97-109 
Stenberg D, Sandström M, Pyyhtiä AM, Kuussaari J.No abstract available
Analgesic and sedative effects of detomidine compared to xylazine in a colic model using i.v. and i.m. routes of administration.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 85-95 
Lowe JE, Hilfiger J.No abstract available
Cardiac effects of atropine premedication in horses sedated with detomidine.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 131-136 
Alitalo I, Vainio O, Kaartinen L, Raekallio M.No abstract available
The effect of sedatives on lung function in horses.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 111-120 
Reitemeyer H, Klein HJ, Deegen E.No abstract available
Clinical experience with Domosedan in equine practice in newmarket.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum    January 1, 1986   Volume 82 197-201 
Ricketts SW.No abstract available
The use of atropine to control heart rate responses during detomidine sedation in horses.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica    January 1, 1986   Volume 27, Issue 4 548-559 doi: 10.1186/BF03548134
Short CE, Stauffer JL, Goldberg G, Vainio O.Detomidine is a sedative-analgesic which has a pharmacological profile similar to xylazine. There is evidence that the sedative effects are mediated through alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Cardiopulmonary responses were determined using detomidine as the principal agent and as a preanesthetic prior to the induction of general anesthesia. Compatibility with guaifenesin, sodium thia-mylal and halothane were determined. As in the case of xylazine, detomidine produces a slowing of heart rates. This was found to be either sinus bradycardia or heart block. There may be a corresponding increase in systolic bl...
Dose-related effects of ethylketazocine on nociception, behaviour and autonomic responses in the horse.
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology    January 1, 1986   Volume 38, Issue 1 40-45 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04464.x
Kamerling SG, Dequick DJ, Weckman TJ, Tobin T.Sensitive methods for measuring the analgesic, physiological and behavioural effects of opioids in the horse have recently been developed. Fentanyl, a prototypic mu-opiate receptor agonist, has been previously shown to produce a syndrome characterized by marked analgesia and locomotor stimulation as well as tachycardia, tachypnoea and behavioural arousal. To determine whether other opiate receptors mediate some of the actions of the narcotic analgesics in the horse, an agent with activity at kappa- and to lesser extent mu-receptors was studied using a vigorous experimental protocol. Like fenta...
Detomidine in horses.
The Veterinary record    December 21, 1985   Volume 117, Issue 25-26 674-675 doi: 10.1136/vr.117.25-26.674
Clarke KW, Taylor PM.No abstract available
Immobilization of free-ranging desert bighorn sheep, tule elk, and wild horses, using carfentanil and xylazine: reversal with naloxone, diprenorphine, and yohimbine.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    December 1, 1985   Volume 187, Issue 11 1253-1254 
Jessup DA, Clark WE, Jones KR, Clark R, Lance WR.No abstract available
[Monitoring circulation in the horse during sedation and anesthesia by indirect blood pressure measurement].
Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift    May 1, 1985   Volume 98, Issue 5 166-173 
Fritsch R, Bosler K.No abstract available
[Clonidine as a sedative in horses].
Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift    May 1, 1985   Volume 98, Issue 5 190-193 
Wintzer HJ, Krause D, Siedentopf C, Frey HH.No abstract available
Intensive care of the neonatal foal.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice    April 1, 1985   Volume 1, Issue 1 3-34 doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30766-6
Koterba AM, Drummond WH, Kosch P.The basic concepts of diagnosis and treatment in the abnormal neonatal foal are presented. Methods of restraint, sedation, and general nursing care are discussed, as well as more specific techniques of respiratory and circulatory system support.
Electroencephalographic patterns of clinically normal, sedated, and tranquilized newborn foals and adult horses.
American journal of veterinary research    January 1, 1985   Volume 46, Issue 1 36-41 
Mysinger PW, Redding RW, Vaughan JT, Purohit RC, Holladay JA.To establish a clinically practical procedure for recording the equine EEG, 25 healthy adult horses and 6 newborn foals were used. Recordings were taken with the animals alert and tranquilized, confined in metal stocks, or physically restrained. The dominant alert waveforms of adult horses were fast activity (25 to 40 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 40 microV-dominant 10 to 15 microV). Underlying this fast activity was slower (0.5 to 4.0 Hz) activity with medium-to-low voltages (10 to 40 microV). Twelve of the 25 adult horses had EEG frequencies in the alpha frequency range (10 to 15 Hz,...
[Doping control in race horses].
Tierarztliche Praxis    January 1, 1985   Volume 13, Issue 1 35-53 
Ungemach FR.Doping in performance horses is defined as the "illegal application of any substance, except normal diet, that might modify the natural and present capacities of the horse at the time of the race." The prohibition of doping is mainly based on the protection of animals. Doping can be performed with various aims: "doping to win" can be regarded as the classical method by mobilization of overphysiological capacities. Such positive doping may be classified as an acute form using psychomotoric stimulants, as a chronic form using anabolic hormones, and as a paradoxical form using small doses of neur...
Pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine in horses.
American journal of veterinary research    July 1, 1984   Volume 45, Issue 7 1333-1335 
Kitzman JV, Wilson RC, Booth NH, Hendricks HL, Bush PB.The pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a drug capable of antagonizing nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, as well as several classes of injectable sedative and anesthetic agents, were studied in 6 intact, awake horses. Plasma samples were assayed for 4-AP over a frequent sampling schedule for 8 hours after IV administration. The plasma 4-AP vs time data best fit a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Distribution half-life was 7.4 minutes, elimination half-life was 259 minutes, volume of the central compartment was 0.89 L/kg, volume of distribution (area) was 1.98 L/kg, volu...
Anesthesia for cesarean section in large animals.
Modern veterinary practice    July 1, 1984   Volume 65, Issue 7 522-524 
McGrath CJ.Respiratory minute volume, blood volume, RBC mass and cardiac output increase while the functional residual capacity decreases during late pregnancy. General anesthetics reach the fetus in high concentrations and tend to persist in the fetus after delivery. Use of small doses of a combination of anesthetics is recommended. Ephedrine increases vascular tone and cardiac output. Glycopyrrolate and fentanyl-droperidol are used to restrain sows for cesarean section. Morphine alone or with acepromazine works well in depressed sows. Acepromazine or xylazine, used with ketamine, is good in restraining...