Topic:Serum
Serum in horses refers to the component of blood that remains after the removal of cells and clotting factors. It contains a variety of proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and metabolic waste products. Serum analysis is a valuable tool in veterinary medicine for assessing the health status of horses. It provides insights into organ function, nutritional status, and the presence of disease. Common parameters measured in equine serum include enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), as well as electrolytes like sodium and potassium. This page assembles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the composition, diagnostic applications, and implications of serum analysis in equine veterinary practice.
Serum levels of progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnanones in the prepartum and postpartum equine. Blood samples were collected from eight mares for ten days before and two days following parturition. Progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnanones were extracted from serum, separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and quantitated by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone levels ranged from 8.5 to 4.1 ng/ml among mares with normal parturition and decreased to 1.2 ng/ml after parturition. One mare with a retained placenta maintained the prepartal levels of progesterone into the postpartum period. 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone increased to a level of 133 ng/ml at 80 h...
Effect of diethylstilboestrol on the relationship between LH, PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in the mare. Two studies were conducted to determine the relationship between LH and progesterone and between PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in mares. In the first, samples of jugular blood were collected daily from 7 mares from the first day of oestrus until Day 28 of pregnancy, and in the second, samples were collected weekly from 14 mares from Day 35 of gestation until parturition. In an attempt to prolong secretion of progesterone from accessory corpora lutea, 7 of these 14 mares were injected with increasing doses (2--10 mg) of diethylstilboestrol (DES) between Days 84 and 142 of gestation. Th...
Serum folate levels in horses, with particular reference to the English thoroughbred. The assay of serum folate has been used to investigate the folate status of thoroughbreds in training to race, in-foal thoroughbred mares at stud and crossbred ponies kept permanently at grass. Throughbreds in training, with no obvious haematological or clinical abnormalities, had lower serum folate levels (mean 3.3, range 1.5 to 6.1 microgram per litre) compared with thoroughbred mares at stud (mean 10.6, range 6.4 to 15.8 microgram per litre) and crossbred ponies at grass (mean 10.9, range 7.4 to 16.6 microgram per litre. Intensive exercise, over a period of six months, significantly decreas...
Direct colorimetric determination of serum arginase in various domestic animals. A direct colorimetric method for the determination of serum arginase activity in various domestic animals is described. Serum arginase activity in healthy mature dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs ranged from 0 to 14 IU/L. Serum arginase activity increased considerably in these animals during experimental hepatic damage induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride.
The course of serum antibody development in two ponies experimentally infected with contagious metritis. Serum agglutination tests, anti-globulin tests, and complement fixation tests were carried out on sera taken over a period of 98 days from two fillies experimentally infected with the contagious equine metritis organism. The pattern, and significance in diagnosis, of these results is discussed. All 3 tests showed positive titres in the acute phase of experimental disease; reactions in the complement fixation test persisted longest.
Specific reaction of aloe extract with serum proteins of various animals. We found that aloe extract contains a lectin-like substance which reacts with serum proteins of various animals. Furthermore, in human serum 2 proteins, alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, were shown to be reactive with aloe extract.
Serological response in mares affected by contagious equine metritis 1977. A serum agglutination and antiglobulin test is described for the detection of antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism. A provisional interpretation of the test is proposed and using this interpretation the results of 66 such tests are discussed.
Measurement of neonatal equine immunoglobulins for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion with the zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, refractometry for total serum protein, and the sodium sulfite precipitation test. Four procedures for assessment of adequacy of colostral immunoglobulin (Ig) transfer in foals were evaluated. Results of zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, total serum protein refractometry, and sodium sulfite precipitation test were compared with immunoglobulin G content determined by single radial immunodiffusion. The zinc sulfate turbidity test gave acceptable results for IgG, except that hemolyzed serum samples gave higher than expected values. A correction factor for hemolyzed serum was found to be useful. Serum electrophoresis was a satisfactory method of estimating IgG ...
[Blood serum biochemistry of ponies (author’s transl)]. A wide blood serum biochemical profile, concerning especially blood lipids has been performed in 31 apparently healthy Shetland and Potiock ponies. These blood standard values will be useful for studies on ponies' hyperlipemia.
A new allele in the prealbumin system of horse serum markers. A family study of an index case in the Arabian breed of horses demonstrated the presence of a new allele in the prealbumin (Pr) system of electrophoretically determined markers in horse serum which, when homozygous, results in the absence of any recognizable zones in the Pr region. The symbol PrO is proposed for this allele which has an estimated frequency in Arabian horses of 0.09.
Isoelectric focusing of horse serum esterase isozymes and detection of new phenotypes. A new method for separating the isozymes of horse serum esterase is described. The improved resolution has enabled us to detect several previously undescribed phenotypes. This method has also been used to detect two different apparently 'silent' alleles.
Antigenic relatedness of equine herpes virus types 1 and 3. Antiserums prepared in specific pathogen free (SPF) ponies were used in direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, complement fixation and serum neutralization procedures to study the interrelationships of the three types of equine herpes viruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-3). Equine cell cultures infected with each type virus fluoresced when stained with homologous conjugated antiserum. In reciprocal tests EHV-1 and EHV-3 cross-fluoresced, but EHV-2 did not cross-fluoresce. Non-infected cell cultures did not fluoresce when stained with the 3 conjugates. EHV-1 and EHV-3 cross-fluores...
Immune response of ponies to experimental infection with Ehrlichia equi. Four ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia equi developed substantial cell-mediated immune responses, as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Serum anti-E equi antibodies up to 1:1,280 were demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cell-mediated immune responses returned to a base-line value by day 200 after primary inoculation, but serum antibody titers persisted for at least 300 days after inoculation. Two additional susceptible ponies, which were inoculated with convalescent blood or organ homogenates from ponies recovered from acute equine ehrlichiosis...
Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein and another post-albumin protein in horse serum. Horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, on 10% separation gel, of horse serum revealed polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) and another post-albumin protein (Pa). Family data supported the hypothesis that Gc and Pa types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Gc and Pa proteins, the homozygous types showed a single fraction while the heterozygous type had two fractions. Pa types were found to be identical to the post-albumin types reported earlier by starch gel electrophoresis. Two Gc alleles, GcF and GcS, and three Pa alleles, Pa D, Pa F and Pa ...
The influence of neuroleptanalgesia on the serum activity of muscle enzymes in ponies. The serum activities of creatine kinase (CPK), aldolase (ALD) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) were determined in a group of Welsh Mountain ponies before and after a 30 minute period of neuroleptanalgesia induced by i.v. injection of Immobilon and terminated by i.v. injection of Revivon. There were slight but significant increases in the serum activities of CPK and HBD following neuroleptanalgesia, but no change in the serum activity of ALD. It is suggested that this form of neuroleptanalgesia may be associated, in ponies, with a degree of reversible myocardial hypoxic change, pos...
A subunit-sized butyrylcholinesterase present in high concentrations in pooled rabbit serum. A butyrylcholinesterase of mol.wt. approx. 83000 was observed in pooled rabbit serum. The enzyme was named monomeric butyrylcholinesterase to distinguish it from the larger oligomeric butyrylcholinesterase of horse and human serum whose subunits are the same size as the monomeric enzyme. The active-site concentration of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase in the pooled serum was 0.18mum, which is five times the concentration of butyrylcholinesterase in pooled horse serum. This was surprising, since the horse serum is regarded as a rich source of butyrylcholinesterase, whereas rabbit serum is not g...
Cell mediated immunity in equine herpesvirus type 1 infection I. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis and serum neutralization antibody in normal parturient and aborting mares. Blastic transformation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum neutralization antibody levels for equine herpesivurs type 1 were measured in 19 mares from three farms at the time of termination of their pregnancy by normal foaling or viral abortion. The stimulation indexes of lymphocytes obtained from the mares from two farms (Farm 1 and 2) which had virus abortions, ranged from 2.1 to 10.8. But there was no significant difference in stimulation index levels between the aborting and normal foaling mares on these two farms. Equine herpesvirus type 1 was isolated from the mononuclear cel...
Phenylalanine inhibited p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity in the serum as an indication of intestinal cellular disruption in the horse. Examination of tissues obtained from thoroughbred horses showed that the 'intestinal' phosphatase activity could be differentiated from other phosphatases by analysis at a pH of 9-5 and inhibition with 15 mM L-phenylalanine. A simple method for the measurement of 'intestinal' phosphatase in heparinised plasma or serum is described. Application of the technique to serum or plasma from normal and diseased horses indicates that the increase in the activity of 'intestinal' phosphatase is associated with cases showing clinical, biochemical and haematological evidence of intestinal damage.
Practical methods of determining serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G concentrations in foals. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be determined in the horse with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, using commercially available reagents. Selected lots of anti-human IgM can be used in precipitation tests to detect and quantitate equine IgM. Commercially available anti-equine IgG tended to overestimate the amount of IgG in single radial immunodiffusion tests. Even with these limitations, commercial reagents can be used to differentiate immunodeficiency disorders of foals, including combined immunodeficiency and failure of passive transfer of colost...
Serum antiproteases and respiratory diseases of the horse. The serum antiprotease (AAT) levels are reported in healthy horses and horses with respiratory diseases. Of the methods used, only the STIC test seemed to give useful results; this test showed variations in horses with respiratory diseases, especially in horses with acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema.