Species comparison in horses involves examining the physiological, anatomical, and behavioral differences and similarities between horses and other animal species. This area of study can provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations and ecological roles of horses. Researchers often focus on aspects such as digestive systems, locomotion, sensory capabilities, and social structures to understand how horses have evolved to meet their environmental and survival needs. Comparative studies may also explore genetic differences and similarities, contributing to a broader understanding of species evolution and adaptation. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that analyze various aspects of species comparison involving horses, highlighting significant findings and methodologies used in the field.
Anjos DH, Rodrigues ML.The structure of the community of Strongylidae nematodes in the dorsal colon of naturally infected horses from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro State was evaluated in 33 samples. Twenty-three species were found: Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cyathostomum tetracanthum were the central ones; Cylicostephanus minutus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicocyclus leptostomus, Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus and Parapoteriostomum euproctus were secondary, and there were 14 satellite species. The community was considered stable, with positive associ...
Bjørnstad G, Nilsen NØ, Røed KH.Human populations of Central Asian origin have contributed genetic material to northern European populations. It is likely that migrating humans carried livestock to ensure food and ease transportation. Thus, eastern genes could also have dispersed to northern European livestock populations. Using microsatellite data, we here report that the essentially different genetic distances DA and (deltamu)2 and their corresponding phylogenetic trees show close associations between the Mongolian native horse and northern European horse breeds. The genetic distances between the northern European breeds a...
Crespo MJ, Abarca ML, Cabañes FJ.During a study on the occurrence of Malassezia spp. in 112 animals (50 horses, 25 goats, 25 sheep and 12 cows), Malassezia spp. were isolated from 60% of horses, 28% of sheep, 44% of goats and 58% of cows. In these animals, the occurrence of lipid-dependent species (42%) was much greater than the occurrence observed for M. pachydermatis (3%). Among the results obtained, we point out the first isolation of M. sympodialis, M. globosa and M. restricta from sheep, M. pachydermatis, M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. obtusa, M. globosa and M. restricta from goats and M. furfur, M. slooffiae, M. obtusa, ...
Tayyab S, Khan NJ, Khan MA, Kumar Y.Bilirubin (BR) binding properties of serum albumins from different mammalian species viz. human (HSA), equine (ESA), dog (DSA) and guinea pig (GPSA) were studied by absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. Whereas, a complex of BR with ESA produced maximum change, GPSA-BR complex showed weaker interaction as reflected from absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic data. Conformational analysis of these albumins by near- and far-UV CD spectra suggested similar structural characteristics (both secondary and tertiary structures) for ESA and HSA, whereas, DSA and GPSA had lower amounts of sec...
The Journal of parasitologyJanuary 23, 2003
Volume 88, Issue 6 1130-1134 doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1130:GHOPIL]2.0.CO;2
Chapman MR, French DD, Klei TR.A survey in Louisiana of gastrointestinal helminths recovered at necropsy from 117 ponies with minimal exposure to anthelmintics between 1989 and 2000 is compared with a survey conducted 20 yr earlier in the same region. An objective of this study was to determine whether species diversity has been affected by the advent and use of the macrocyclic lactone (ML) parasiticides and by the increased anthelmintic pressure on the helminth species infecting the general equine population. Twenty-six cyathostome species and 8 strongyle species were recovered. Two cyathostome species that were not found ...
Chiaradia E, Gaiti A, Scaringi L, Cornacchione P, Marconi P, Avellini L.To better define the species-specific antioxidant systems and to ascertain the influence of the intracellular redox status on the immune system of different animal species, we determined lymphocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity, plasmatic glutathione levels (GSH) and the effect of H2O2 on the responsiveness of lymphocytes to proliferative stimuli. Among the three species considered, sheep presented the lowest plasmatic GSH and the highest lymphocyte GSHPx activity. On the contrary, dogs showed an inverted pattern (high GSH - low GSHPx). Horses displayed intermediate values for both p...
Tallmadge RL, Lear TL, Johnson AK, Guérin G, Millon LV, Carpenter SL, Antczak DF.A clone containing beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)-m), the light chain of the major histocompatibility complex class I cell surface molecule, was isolated from an equine bacterial artificial chromosome library. This clone was used as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and unidirectional sequencing to elucidate the genomic sequence and intron/exon boundaries. We obtained 7,000 bases of sequence, extending from 1,100 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the coding region start through 1,698 nt downstream of the stop codon. The sequence contained regulatory elements in the region upstream of t...
Giese A, Jude R, Kuiper H, Raudsepp T, Piumi F, Schambony A, Guérin G, Chowdhary BP, Distl O, Töpfer-Petersen E, Leeb T.The cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family consists of three members called acidic epididymal glycoprotein 1 (AEG1), AEG2, and testis-specific protein 1 (TPX1), which share 16 conserved cysteine residues at their C-termini. The CRISP proteins are primarily expressed in different sections of the male genital tract and are thought to mediate cell-cell interactions of male germ cells with other cells during sperm maturation or during fertilization. Therefore, their genes are of interest as candidate genes for inherited male fertility dysfunctions and as putative quantitative trait loci fo...
Goodwin S.Body temperature of goats, horses, and sheep was measured, using 3 methods. Tympanic temperature was measured with a tympanic infrared thermometer, subcutaneous temperature was measured with an implantable microchip transponder, and rectal temperature was measured with a digital thermometer. For goats, rectal and subcutaneous temperatures were significantly higher than tympanic temperatures, but rectal and subcutaneous temperatures did not differ significantly. For horses and sheep, rectal temperatures were significantly higher than tympanic and subcutaneous temperatures, and tympanic temperat...
Jung YH, Han SH, Shin T, Oh MY.We determined the nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from horse bone (humerus, A.D. 700 to A.D. 800) that was excavated from the Kwakji archaeological site, Jeju, Korea. We compared them with ones from extant horses. We designed three pairs of oligonucleotide primers from the tRNA-Thr and tRNA-Phe gene regions of mtDNA that are highly conserved among many other animal species. We cloned 232, 336, and 644 bp from the horse bone in order to determine the mtDNA D-loop sequence. The sequence was 1,124 bp long; the middle contained 19 tandem repeats...
Raudsepp T, Lear TL, Chowdhary BP.The X chromosomes of the extant equids, in general, share morphology and banding pattern similarities. However, the donkey X is, in part, an exception because of significantly different centromeric index and variant banding patterns in the pericentromeric region. To verify the underlying molecular basis of this difference, twelve equine BAC clones were FISH mapped to donkey (EAS) and Hartmann's mountain zebra (EZH) metaphase spreads. Loci from the terminal region of Xp and distal to terminal regions of the Xq showed the same order and relative position in all three species, implying cross-spec...
Koho NM, Väihkönen LK, Pösö AR.The lactate transport activity of red blood cells (RBC) varies widely among different species; in equine RBC, the activity of the main lactate carrier, H+-monocarboxylate co-transporter (MCT), is distributed bimodally. The influence of lactate transport activity is measurable in vivo; after maximal exercise, the RBC lactate concentration in horses with high (HT) lactate transport activity is higher than in those with low (LT) activity. To study the expression of MCT in HT and LT horses, blood samples were taken from 10 horses at rest and after submaximal exercise. Blood and plasma lactate conc...
Larsdotter S, Holm L, Dahlborn K, Jansson A, Josefsson M, Ridderstråle Y.Sweat gland morphology and carbonic anhydrase (CA) distribution was studied after exercise in trained and untrained horses using a histochemical technique and light microscopic image analysis. Three trained and 3 untrained Standardbred trotters performed an exercise test (20 min trot at 6 m/s with 5 min walk at 1.8 m/s in the beginning and end) on a high-speed treadmill at 35 degrees C. Skin biopsies were taken before exercise and after trot. The fluid loss after exercise was 10, 12 and 12 g/kg bwt in the untrained horses and 4, 6 and 11 g/kg in the trained. Trained horses had a larger cell ar...
Milenkovic D, Oustry-Vaiman A, Lear TL, Billault A, Mariat D, Piumi F, Schibler L, Cribiu E, Guérin G.The aim of this study was to increase the number of type I markers on the horse cytogenetic map and to improve comparison with maps of other species, thus facilitating positional candidate cloning studies. BAC clones from two different sources were FISH mapped: homologous horse BAC clones selected from our newly extended BAC library using consensus primer sequences and heterologous goat BAC clones. We report the localization of 136 genes on the horse cytogenetic map, almost doubling the number of cytogenetically mapped genes with 48 localizations from horse BAC clones and 88 from goat BAC clon...
Sato F, Kanno T, Nagasawa S, Yanaihara N, Ishida N, Hasegawa T, Iwanaga T.We investigated the existence of chromogranin A (CgA) in salivary glands of the horse by Western blotting and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using an antiserum against a peptide sequence of equine CgA. We also compared its cellular distribution between the horse and rat salivary glands with a tyramide signal amplification immunofluorescence technique. Western blotting gave three significant immunoreactive bands (74, 56 and 48 kDa) in adrenal medulla and three major salivary glands of horses. Immunoreactivities for CgA measured by EIA in horses were 154.05 +/- 41.46, 20.32 +/- 5.59 and 4.43 +/- 2.23 ...
Widdicombe JH, Pecson IS.Horses commonly suffer from respiratory diseases associated with excess secretions in the airway lumen, some of which are presumably derived from airway mucous glands. However, these structures have been little investigated in the horse. Accordingly, we describe here the number, distribution and size of equine tracheal mucous glands, and compare the data with similar information for other mammalian species. Two types of gland acini were present. In the thick connective tissue, up to 400 microm beneath the epithelium, gland acini were grouped in thin sheets that, in cross-section, averaged 20 m...
Matiasovic J, Kubícková S, Musilová P, Rubes J, Horín P.The complete coding cDNA sequence of the horse NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene was determined (GenBank accession number AF354445). The nucleotide sequence of the horse NRAMP1 gene is similar to sequences of this gene in other species. The gene contains 15 exons whose total length of 1,635 bp corresponds to 544 amino acids constituting the resulting putative protein. Hydrophobicity profile analysis of the deduced horse NRAMP1 gene product showed a nearly identical structure with the mouse NRAMP1 protein. The gene was found to be located on the short arm of ECA 6p12-13 by fluorescence in situ hybridizatio...
Mirol PM, Peral García P, Vega-Pla JL, Dulout FN.South American horses constitute a direct remnant of the Iberian horses brought to the New World by the Spanish conquerors. The source of the original horses was Spain, and it is generally assumed that the animals belonged to the Andalusian, Spanish Celtic, Barb or Arabian breeds. In order to establish the relationship between Argentinean and Spanish horses, a portion of the mitochondrial D-loop of 104 animals belonging to nine South American and Spanish breeds was analysed using SSCP and DNA sequencing. The variability found both within and between breeds was very high. There were 61 polymorp...
Lieto LD, Swerczek TW, Cothran EG.Necropsy of two American Saddlebred fillies diagnosed with epitheliogenesis imperfecta (EI) revealed missing patches of epithelium of the skin and oral mucosa as well as dental abnormalities. Examination of the digestive tract did not reveal signs of pyloric atresia in either foal. Histopathologic examination revealed separation of the epidermis from the dermis. In both foals a division within the lamina lucida of the basal lamina was observed by transmission electron microscopy. In comparison with an age-specific control, the ultrastructure of intact skin from the EI-affected foals showed abn...
Lackey BR, Gray SL, Henricks DM.The multi-functional proteins, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leptin were present in seminal plasma from different species. Concentrations of IGF-I in equine and porcine semen were 20 and 17.5 ng/ml, respectively. Seminal plasma concentrations of leptin were 1 ng/ml in human and 11 ng/ml in porcine samples.
Schelling C, Hagger C, Pieńkowska A, Siegfried JP, Stranzinger G.A population of Baudet du Poitou donkeys was genetically characterized using microsatellites. The results were used to verify the pedigrees and to estimate the genetic variability. It could be confirmed that a equine parentage test kit works well for donkeys and that by using 13 microsatellites more than 99% of wrong pedigree informations would be detected. The genetic variability was comparable to a representative group of Baudet du Poitou donkeys in France.
Pirhonen A, Linnala-Kankkunen A, Kenney RM, Mäenpää PH.Protamine P1 amino acid sequences were determined from semen samples of the Przewalski horse, donkey, Somali wild ass, Grevy's zebra, and Grant's zebra (odd-toed perissodactyls), and compared with those of the domestic horse. Although the rate of amino acid variation of protamine P1 is known to be among the most rapidly diverging polypeptides, the equid sequences revealed only little variation. The sequence from the Przewalski horse was identical with that from the domestic horse. The other sequences differed from the corresponding sequences of the domestic and Przewalski horses in two positio...
Aranguren-Méndez J, Gómez M, Jordana J.The hierarchical population structure of five, native-Spanish donkey breeds (Andaluza, Catalana, Mallorquina, Encartaciones and Zamorano-Leonesa) has been studied using F-statistics. In addition, nine Moroccan asses and 24 Merens breed horses were included in the analysis. Data came from 15 DNA microsatellites. The analysis shows that Spanish donkeys are substructured at both hierarchical levels studied, among breeds and within breeds (between subpopulations). In the whole population, the deficit of heterozygotes was estimated to be about 21%. The fixation indices corresponding to differences ...
Mateos-Trigos G, Evans RJ, Heath MF.Horses show susceptibility to platelet-related disorders. Equine platelets differ from human platelets in some of their responses, so information available about human platelets must be validated in the horse. Aggregation of platelets by ADP involves both P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors on the platelet surface. We have compared the effect of the P2Y(12) antagonist, AR-C67085, on equine and human platelets in vitro using turbidimetric aggregometry to measure the rate and final extent of aggregation. Aggregation profiles, concentration-response curves and pA(2) values show that the rate of aggregat...
Lichtenfels JR, Gibbons LM, Krecek RC.Terminology for common names for the Tribe Cyathostominea (cyathostomins), and disease caused by the nematodes (cyathostominosis), were recommended to replace the previously used names cyathostomes and cyathostomosis, which are ambiguous, inaccurate or synonymous, by the Third Internal Workshop on the Systematics of Cyathostominea of Horses, held in Stresa, Italy, 28 August 2001. The progress by this international working group at three workshops is reviewed briefly and a list of publications is provided. Included are an annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names and th...
Hill EW, Bradley DG, Al-Barody M, Ertugrul O, Splan RK, Zakharov I, Cunningham EP.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences (381 bp) from 100 thoroughbreds in 19 of the most common matrilineal female families were used to reconstruct a founder female population for the thoroughbred ( approximately 1650-1750 AD). Seventeen haplotypes were found to have contributed to the 19 female lineages. In order to place the reconstructed founder population in wider historical context, we examined, using both single strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequence analysis, variation in a 343 bp mtDNA fragment in that population and 13 other horse populations of disparate provenance...
Wagner B, Greiser-Wilke I, Wege AK, Radbruch A, Leibold W.It is generally assumed that the different mammalian IgG isotypes have developed during evolution by duplications of a common ancestor gamma heavy chain constant region gene (IGHG). In contrast to other species studied so far, which express between one and four IGHG genes, the horse (Equus caballus) genome contains six IGHG genes, and it has been postulated that they all can be expressed. For determination of the evolutionary history of the six horse IGHG genes, genomic DNA and cDNA of the IGHG genes were sequenced. The structure of these genes with reference to exons and introns was determine...
Ryder OA, Hansen SK.A (G + C)-rich density satellite DNA (rho = 1.713 gm/cc) has been purified from splenic DNA of Przewalski's horse, Equus przewalskii, by successive equilibrium density gradient centrifugations. The purified satellite, which may comprise as much as 29% of the total DNA, renatures rapidly; however, analyses of native, single-stranded, and reassociated molecules by analytical ultracentrifugation and melting properties suggest that some sequence heterogeniety exists in the 1.713 gm/cc satellite. Complementary RNA (cRNA) transcribed from satellite DNA has been utilized for in situ hybridization stu...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Kurdowska A, Pajdak W, Koj A.Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitors isolated from plasmas of horse, ox, pig, rabbit and man were used for determination of some kinetic parameters of interaction with three horse leucocyte proteinases and bovine pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin. Effective molar ratio of enzyme-to-inhibitor, inactivation rate constant and inhibition constant were measured. In horse, ox, pig and rabbit two principal electrophoretic forms of alpha 1-PI could be distinguished. Both forms effectively inhibited trypsin but usually only one form reacted promptly and stoichiometrically with chymotrypsin and leucocyte ela...
Hernández-Quiroz F, Murugesan S, Flores-Rivas C, Piña-Escobedo A, Juárez-Hernández JI, García-Espitia M, Chávez-Carbajal A, Nirmalkar K....Horses are non-ruminant, herbivorous mammals, been used through history for various purposes, with a gut microbiota from cecum to the colon, possessing remarkable fermentative capacity. We studied the fecal microbiota of Azteca, Criollo, Frisian, Iberian, Pinto, Quarter and Spanish horse breeds living in Mexico by next-generation DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries. Dominant phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteres, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia have different relative abundances among breeds, with contrasted alpha and beta diversities as well. He...
Perry GH, Makarewicz CA.A new analysis of paleogenomic data from 278 ancient horses (Fages et al. Cellhttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049) finds that this animal - crucially important to many ancient and contemporary human societies for subsistence, transportation, conflict, and more - was domesticated in at least two different regions, but with the geographic and cultural origins of the modern domestic horse lineage remaining unknown. By tracing ancient horse population movements and inferring the spatiotemporal trajectories of phenotypic adaptations, this study provides fresh perspectives on past human group ...
Green J, Xie S, Gan X, Roberts RM.This manuscript describes the cloning of a novel aspartic proteinase expressed in the placenta of the horse (order Perrisodactyla). Evidence for similar genes in the cat (Carnivora) and ruminants (Artiodactyla), indicates that these molecules have been conserved within widely divergent species with distinct types of placentation. Since ePAG is produced by the outer cell layer (trophoblast) of the placenta, it can tentatively be grouped with the pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) of cattle, sheep, and pig. The high sequence identity that ePAG shares with pepsinogens as well as the PAG, in...
van der Kolk JH, Fouché N, Gross JJ, Gerber V, Bruckmaier RM.In this review, we address the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis with special emphasis on the comparison between the bovine and equine species. The pars intermedia of the pituitary gland is particularly well developed in horses and cattle. However, its function is not well appreciated in cattle yet. The Wulzen's cone of the adenohypophysis is a special feature of ruminants. Total basal cortisol concentration is much higher in horses than that in cows with similar free cortisol fractions. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in equine pituitary veno...
Carpenter MA, Broad TE.The cDNA sequence of horse transferrin was determined by sequencing clones isolated from a horse liver cDNA library and clones obtained by PCR. The 2305 bp horse transferrin cDNA sequence included part of the 5' untranslated region and extended to the poly(A) tail. It had 80% sequence identity with the human transferrin cDNA, and encoded a protein of 706 residues, including a signal sequence of 19 amino acids. The horse transferrin sequence had the duplicated structure and conserved iron binding and cysteine residues which are characteristic of the transferrin family.
Muylle S, Simoens P, Lauwers H, Van Loon G.The dentition of 170 Arab horses of known ages was examined and compared with the dental characteristics of trotter horses and Belgian draft horses of the same ages. The results indicated that inaccuracies in the determination of the age of horses by their dentition may result, at least partly, from differences between the breeds of horse involved because there were some major differences between the three breeds examined. These differences increased as the horses' true age increased. In general, the rate of dental wear was slower in the Arab horses than in trotter horses and Belgian draft hor...
Röhrs M, Ebinger P.Analysed were the brain case capacities and brain weights of wild przewalski horses, przewalski horses from zoological gardens and domesticated horses. Domesticated horses have about 14% less brain case capacity and 16% less brain weight than wild przewalski horses. Przewalski horses from zoological gardens also have about 14% less brain capacity than wild przewalski horses. The brain weight of przewalski horses from zoological gardens shows no difference to the brain weight of domesticated horses. If we look at the brain size, przewalski horses from zoological gardens are domesticated horses....
Lima TS, Silva RAF, Pereira RMF, Soares KL, Santos NTA, Sousa MS, Mendonça FS, Lucena RB.The skin of donkeys and mules represents a promising source of income; however, cultural, productive, and infectious factors can directly interfere with the quality of the integumentary tissue and well-being of these species. The objective of this study is to present a literature review on equine dermatopathies. This literature review included scientific articles related to equine medicine and breeding according to pre-established search terms and expressions published in recently articles. The evaluation of the clinical and pathological behavior of dermatopathies implies the use of control st...
Celaya R, Ferreira LM, García U, Rosa García R, Osoro K.As the number of horses is steadily increasing in Cantabrian less-favoured areas, mostly occupied by nutritionally poor heathland communities, the objective of this research was to study and compare diet selection and performance of crossbred horses and beef cattle (Asturiana de los Valles breed) grazing these areas during the summer. A total of 20 cows (seven lactating their calves and thirteen dry) and 20 mares (eight lactating their foals and twelve dry) were managed during 3 years on a heathland area from June to September and October. The proportion of grass (mostly Pseudarrhenatherum lon...
Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, López-Fernández C, Fernández JL, Crespo F, Gosálvez J.The presence of constitutive alkali-labile sites (ALS) has been investigated using a protocol of DNA breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization and comet assay in spermatozoa of donkey (Equus asinus) and stallion (Equus caballus). These results were compared with those obtained using a similar experimental approach using somatic cells. The relative abundance of ALS was of the order of four times more in spermatozoa than in somatic cells. Alkali-labile sites showed a tendency to cluster localized at the equatorial-distal regions of the sperm. The amount of hybridized signal in the AL...
Bergan T, Versland I.To be active, antimicrobials must reach the bacteria in the infectious foci in adequate concentrations. Direct measurements of levels in the various foci are difficult to perform, but a number of animal models with artificial extravascular foci have been developed. In many ways, the physiology of pigs resemble that of humans. Consequently, it was thought that pigs might also parallel humans in the handling of penicillins. General pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and flucloxacillin and the penetration of the substances to subcutaneously implanted teflon tistisue chambers were investigated. Ampici...
Naval J, Calvo M, Lampreave F, Piñeiro A.1. A high concentration Cibacron Blue-Sepharose derivative has been used to study the affinity chromatography of albumin from eight animal species. 2. The apparent affinity constants for albumin varies between 3.9 x 10(4) M-1 and 0.9 x 10(4) M-1, in the order: Human greater than rabbit greater than horse greater than pig = dog greater than bovine greater than rat greater than chicken. 3. Other serum proteins were also bound to the gel, particularly lipoproteins and alpha 2-macroglobulin.
Hopkins SR.Horses are bred selectively for aerobic performance and have extraordinarily high maximal oxygen consumption, approximately double the mass-specific value for human athletes. Pulmonary limitations to exercise performance are well described in these animals, including exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. In human athletes, pulmonary limitations are recognized increasingly as affecting athletic performance. Potential pulmonary limitations during maximal exercise are compared in human and equine athletes.
Li S, Zhao G, Han H, Li Y, Li J, Wang J, Cao G, Li X.It is important to resolve the evolutionary history of species genomes as it has affected both genome organization and chromosomal architecture. The rapid innovation in sequencing technologies and the improvement in assembly algorithms have enabled the creation of highly contiguous genomes. DNA Zoo, a global organization dedicated to animal conservation, offers more than 150 chromosome-length genome assemblies. This database has great potential in the comparative genomics field. Results: Using the donkey (Equus asinus asinus, EAS) genome provided by DNA Zoo as an example, the scaffold N50 leng...
Bai DY, Yang LH, Unerhu U, Zhao YP, Zhao QN, Hasigaowa H, Dugarjaviin M.Coat color of horse is an important basis for both species identification and individual recognition and is also one of the important references traits for breeding. Therefore, the research on the mechanism of coat fading has become an important part of horses' coat color study. It has been found that the white phenotype is closely related to the mutation of kit gene, which is located on chromosome 3. Investigated results showed that the formation of the epidermal melanoblast and melanin relies on the expression of kit gene, which determines the presence of white phenotype. Nevertheless, studi...
Puppione DL, Whitelegge JP, Yam LM, Bassilian S, Schumaker VN, MacDonald MH.In pigs, humans, chimpanzees and probably other great apes, a cysteine at residue 6 enables apolipoprotein A-II to form a homodimer. However, the apoA-IIs of other primates, lacking a cysteine residue, are monomeric. We have already reported that horse apoA-IIs form homodimers due also to a cysteine at residue 6. In this study, we wanted to determine whether other equine apoA-IIs might be monomeric. The high density lipoproteins were ultracentrifugally isolated from the plasmas of a horse (Equus caballus), a donkey (Equus asinus) and five wild equines: two types of zebras (Equus zebra hartmann...
Ma Y, Ke C, Wan Z, Li Z, Cheng X, Wang X, Zhao J, Ma Y, Ren L, Han H, Zhao Y.The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is involved in IgG metabolism and transport in placental mammals. However, whether FcRn is responsible for IgG transfer from maternal serum to colostrum/milk is controversial. Interestingly, large domestic animals, such as cows, pigs, sheep, and horses, in which passive IgG transfer is exclusively completed via colostrum/milk, all express an FcRn α-chain that is shorter in the cytoplasmic tail (CYT) than its counterparts in humans and rodents. To address whether the length variation has any functional significance, we performed in vitro experiments using the Tr...
Hood DM, Amoss MS, Grosenbaugh DA.Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and equine laminitis in the horse are medical enigmas. Clinical and scientific data were compared to evaluate the degree of similarity that exists between these two peripheral vascular diseases. Data indicate that certain pathologic and pharmacologic aspects seem to have common features. Some of the correlations maybe due simply to both diseases having ischemia of the distal digits as a pathologic component. The exact etiology of the ischemia is not known for either disease. The results of this study suggest the hypothesis that RP and laminitis are the same disease in...
Montesissa C, Stracciari JM, Fadini L, Beretta C.A comparison has been made of the in vitro metabolism of febantel (FBT) with that of one of its pharmacologically active metabolites fenbendazole (FBZ) using microsomal preparations from liver of sheep, calf, horse, pig, rat, chicken and trout. The oxidation of FBT to the corresponding sulphoxide appeared to be far more rapid with the exception of the trout, than a similar reaction with FBZ. Indeed FBT was further metabolized in several species by cyclization and further oxidation. This observation could have toxicological significance in view of the greater tetratogenic effects of the metabol...
Meneses CS, Müller HY, Herzberg DE, Uberti B, Bustamante HA, Werner MP.The role of glial cells in pain modulation has recently gathered attention. The objective of this study was to determine healthy spinal microglia and astrocyte morphology and disposition in equine spinal cord dorsal horns using Iba-1 and GFAP/Cx-43 immunofluorescence labeling, respectively. Five adult horses without visible wounds or gait alterations were selected. Spinal cord segments were obtained post-mortem for immunohistochemical and immunocolocalization assays. Immunodetection of spinal cord dorsal horn astrocytes was done using a polyclonal goat antibody raised against Glial Fibrillary ...
Meyer W, Neurand K.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates efficiently species-specific differences of hairy skin (integumentum commune) of domestic mammals (pig, cat, dog, horse, cattle, sheep, goat). This technique is very helpful in characterizing the typical structural features of the epidermal layers, the arrangement of the collagen fibre bundles and the elastic fibre network in the dermis, the external and internal construction of hair follicles and hair shafts, and the functional development of skin glands. It is also possible to observe certain domestication effects, especially where the hair coa...
Juneja RK, Gahne B, Stratil A.Pig, horse and dog plasma proteins, separated by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 9.0) and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, were tested for cross-reaction with antiserum to human plasma alpha 1B-glycoprotein (alpha 1B). The results showed that one previously reported polymorphic plasma postalbumin in each of these species (pig PO2, horse Xk and dog Pa protein) was homologous to human plasma alpha 1B. In the light of the previously known genetic linkages in these species, this implied: (1) alpha 1B gene is close linked to Phi, Pgd and Hal (halothane ...
Crichton RR.The researchers investigated the biochemical properties of ferritin, a protein responsible for iron storage in the body. They identified its distribution and structure, noting variations in different species and tissues. […]
Ding L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Luo C, Wu F, Huang Y, Zhen Y, Chen N, Wang L, Song L, Pool K, Blache D, Maloney SK, Liu D, Yang Z, Huang X, Li C, Yu X....Here, we describe the Herbivore Transcriptome Integrated Resource Database (HTIRDB, https://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn/HTIRDB#/). The HTIRDB comprises the self-generated transcriptomic data from 100 to 105 tissues from two female domestic herbivores from six species (cattle, donkey, goat, horse, rabbit, and sika deer) and two breeds of sheep, and an extra 28,710 related published datasets. The HTIRDB user-friendly interface provides tools and functionalities that facilitate the exploration of gene expression between tissues and species. The tools for comparative transcriptomics can be used to identif...
