Species comparison in horses involves examining the physiological, anatomical, and behavioral differences and similarities between horses and other animal species. This area of study can provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations and ecological roles of horses. Researchers often focus on aspects such as digestive systems, locomotion, sensory capabilities, and social structures to understand how horses have evolved to meet their environmental and survival needs. Comparative studies may also explore genetic differences and similarities, contributing to a broader understanding of species evolution and adaptation. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that analyze various aspects of species comparison involving horses, highlighting significant findings and methodologies used in the field.
Crichton RR, Millar JA, Cumming RL, Bryce CF.1. Ferritin was isolated from human and horse spleen and liver, and apoferritin prepared therefrom. 2. The electrophoretic mobilities of the four apoferritins were determined on polyacrylamide gels and on cellulose acetate strips, and all found to be equal. 3. Homologous ferritins share reactions of identity in immunodiffusion experiments, whereas heterologous ferritins show only partial identity. 4. The subunit molecular weight of each of the apoferritins was determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and by chromatography on agarose columns in 6m-guanidine-HC...
Vaerman JP, Querinjean P, Heremans JF.Equine serum and secretions were found to contain a protein which cross-reacted with an antiserum against human IgA, but not with antisera against any other human immunoglobulin. The physicochemical properties of equine IgA resembled those of human IgA. IgA was found to be the immunoglobulin having the highest secretion serum concentration ratio in equine lacteal and salivary secretions, and to be the protein produced by the majority of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the of the equine intestine.
Pichardo M.Analysis of the morphological characters in North and South American horses present during Paleoindian time indicates that at least eight Equus ecospecies occurred in North America. In South America, Equus had radiated into four ecospecies, Hippidion had one, and Onohippidium had three geographically separate ecospecies. These species are found in archeological deposits ranging from ca. 13,000 to 8,000 yr B.P., in tropical habitats as well as in the high Andean and Patagonian colder ecotopes.
Nasir L, Reid SW.An evolutionary conserved 1.3 kb fragment corresponding to the horse p53 tumour suppressor gene was PCR amplified, cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. The p53 fragment encoded exons 5 to 9 and the intervening introns. The nucleotide sequence and the predicted aminoacid sequence showed a high level of homology with human and donkey p53 sequences.
Massanyi L, Janisch R.According to the distribution of IMP, three different regions can be recognized on PF of the post-acrosomal plasma membrane of bull, ram, and boar spermatozoa. They are: (1) a region with linear aggregation of IMP, (2) a region with fewer and scattered IMP, and (3) a region with more numerous IMP. In the last two regions IMPs are randomly distributed or a clustering of certain particles is visible. In stallion spermatozoa the last two areas are undistinguishable. There are evident interspecies differences in the arrangement of linear aggregations of IMP which are characteristic for each specie...
Erzinclioglu YZ.The unusual structure of the mouth hooks of the third instar larvae of the species of Gasterophilus and Gyrostigma, parasites of the alimentary canal of Equideae and Rhinocerotidae respectively, is described.
Bowling AT, Nickel LS.Family data from Paso Fino horses support the existence of a new allele (Aabdf) in the A system of red cell alloantigens. Considering breeds throughout the world, the A system now consists of 13 alleles defined by reagents which serologically detect seven factors.
Pintea V, Ganţă C.The mm. lumbricales and the mm. capsulares of the shoulder and hip joints of the horse are rich in neuromuscular spindles (NMS). The mm. interossei of the pig, but not of the horse, have NMS too. In the m. orbicularis of the eye, m.hyo-epiglotticus and the m. palatinus of the horse NMS are absent. In the vestigial muscles, as m. extensor digitorum brevis and m. of Thiernesse, NMS are absent too. A role of modulator for the proximal muscles of the limbs by the distal muscles is hypothesized, as well as the absence of NMS in striated muscles not involved in locomotion.
Bell K.Transferrin, albumin, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and vitamin D-binding protein polymorphisms were detected in 242 feral and domesticated Australian donkeys by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, starch gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, immunoblotting with specific antisera and activity staining. All four TF and two ALB variants were donkey specific while only one of the PGD variants was donkey specific. The two GC variants were electrophoretically identical to the Equus caballus F and S proteins. Available evidence suggested that the TF, ALB, PGD and GC systems are controlled by co-d...
Collins MH.The placenta provides many critical services to the developing foetus. Proper placental implantation, growth and function are necessary for normal foetal growth and development. Placental structure varies widely among species but all mammalian placentas have a convoluted materno-foetal interface that may be quite simple or highly complex; the more complicated interdigitations tend to characterise smaller placentas that have limited areas of contact between the placenta and the endometrium. The intimacy of the contact between maternal and foetal tissue varies from apposition only, as in the equ...
Osterhoff DR, Groenewald J.By using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 Thoroughbred, 82 Nooitgedachter, 45 Percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. The numbers of other Equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (Equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (Equus zebra hartmannae). Phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.
Oukessou M, Bouljihad M, Van Gool F, Alvinerie M.The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen were determined in four donkeys after a single intravenous injection of a dose of 2.2 mg/kg body weight. The total body clearance (ClB) was 414.0 +/- 98.70 ml/h/kg (mean +/- SD), the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) 263.10 +/- 55.43 ml/kg and the elimination half-life 1.30 +/- 0.75 h. These values were compared to those obtained in horses.
Slota E, Wnuk M, Bugno M, Pienkowska-Schelling A, Schelling C, Bratus A, Kotylak Z.Cytogenetic investigations of the nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) show that there is variation in the transcriptional activity of rDNA in many organisms. As a consequence, genetic polymorphism of these regions has been detected. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hypothetic genetic mechanisms determining the NORs polymorphism of the domestic horse chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic analyses were carried out on Hucul horses and the following techniques were used: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), telomere primed in situ synthesis (PRINS), in situ nick-translation with...
Johansson IM, Anlér EL, Bondesson U, Schubert B.Two metabolites of meclofenamic acid have been isolated from equine urine. Both metabolites are found to be monohydroxylated forms of meclofenamic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extractive alkylation. The parent drug and the metabolites are separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Spherisorb ODS column, using methanol-phosphate buffer eluents and UV detection at 280 nm. The structure of the metabolites is discussed on the basis of LC, TLC and GC-MS data.
Losch K, Heinze W, Mieth K, Lender S.Pharmacokinetic data of sulphamerazine were recorded from eight heads each of calf, adult cattle, horse, and sheep, following intravenous application of Mebacid 200, and mathematical implications were discussed. Exponential excretion was recorded from all species, according to the following equation: c = B x e-k2 x t The most favourable pharmacokinetic parameters were recorded from calf.
McClure JJ.Although relatively little is known about autoimmunity and autoimmune mechanisms specifically in horses, the similarities between clinical syndromes with identifiable effector mechanisms in horses and other species suggest that comparable mechanisms may be applicable. Our understanding of equine autoimmunity undoubtedly will benefit from the extensive study of autoimmunity in other species.
Simić V, Ilić A.The caecum in man as a part of the large colon (intestinum crassum) differs morphologically and topographically from the caecum of domestic mammals. The caecum in domestic mammals differs not only from the human caecum but also comparatively morphologically and topographically among the domestic mammals. The appendix vermiformis does not exist in domestic mammals, which represents the main difference between the human caecum and that of domestic mammals. There are certainly some differences in the physiological function of the caecum in man and the caecum in domestic mammals, which are carnivo...
Lear TL, Trembicki KA, Ennis RB.Giemsa-11 (G-11) staining and in situ hybridization were used to identify the equine chromosome complement of horse x mouse somatic cell hybrids. The presence of horse chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids was determined by differential G-11 staining. The slides were then destained and hybridized with biotinylated total horse (Equus caballus) genomic DNA without suppression. Fluorescence detection permitted rapid confirmation of horse chromosomal DNA in the hybrid cells.
Mache C.The author presents in her paper the historical background of the heraldic. In the coming four papers she will discuss the use and position of different domestic animals in heraldic.
Kornilova OA.Endobiotic ciliates of native Yakut horse are investigated. 57 ciliate species have been found. From 17 up to 43 species of ciliates have been revealed in each host specimen. The specimens of Alloiozona trizona Hsiung, 1930 and Triadinium caudatum Fiorentini, 1890 were present in 100 % of the horses. The endemic genus and species of allantosomides, Strelkowella urunbasiensis Kornilova, 2004, has been found in 11 horses. Allantoxena japonensis (Imai, 1979) and Cycloposthium ishikawai Gassovsky, 1919 being recorded previously in Japan only were found for the first time in Russia. The species Cyc...
Kotzé SH.The muscle layers of the ileocaecal junctions of horses (n = 18), plains zebras (Equus burchelli antiquorum) (n = 3), mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) (n = 2), and a donkey were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The muscular tunic of the ileocaecal papilla was made up of 3 layers: an innermost circular layer which was a continuation of the circular muscle of the ileum, a central longitudinal layer which was a continuation of one part of the longitudinal layer of the ileum and an outermost layer, composed of two collateral semicircular lips, formed by the circular layer of the ca...
Li JL, Shi YF, Bu RQ, Mang L.Restriction endonucleases, namely BamH I, Taq I, Hae III, Rsa I and Hinc II, were used to analyze the polymorphism of partial mtDNA Cytb gene sequences from 256 horses 6 types (Thoroughbred, Sanhe, Wuzhumuqin, Xinihe, Wushen and Pony) including the imported breed, cultivated breed and local breed. The products of endonuclease digestion were run on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining. Results indicated BamH I and Taq I polymorphism. In all 7 restriction patterns were defected that could be sorted into 3 haplotypes, of which haplotypes I and III w...
Zorin NA, Rykov VA, Potekhin VK, Savinykh VI, Chirikova TS.Using disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunochemical methods, studies have been made on proteins from the vitreous body of mammals (albino mouse, rat, guinea pig, pig, dog, cat), birds (hen), amphibians (the frog Rana ridibunda) and fish (the perch Perca fluviatilis). It was found that vitreous body proteins in man and animals include both the specific proteins and those of the blood serum. During evolution, specific antigens of the vitreous body attained strict species specificity, although some of them preserved the initial properties.
Zarrilli A, Lacalandra GM, Minoia P.In mare, sheep and bitch the action of PGF2 alpha have been studied in the early pregnancy. Prostin F2 alpha (Upjohn) and Gabbrostim (Vetem ) are commercial names of PGF2 alpha used at doses which are luteolytic in the non pregnant female. Seric progesterone showed a temporaneous decrease but after four or five days the initial values were restored and none of the experimental females aborted. In the opinion of authors, embryo per se and/or with its adnexa might have interacted blocking the mechanism of luteolysis induced by the administration of PGF2 alpha.
Nagatomo H, Tokita Y, Shimizu T.Although it is known that commercialized bovine serum is sometimes contaminated with mycoplasmas, it is not clear whether mycoplasmas can survive in horse serum. In this study, as a preliminary examination of the survival of mycoplasmas inoculated in horse sera, the survivability of 8 strains of 7 mycoplasmas was tested. The results obtained reveal that two strains of M. bovis and M. gallisepticum were found to survive in non-heated and inactivated sera for 94 to 330 days at 30 or 37 degrees C. Three strains of M. bovirhinis, M. gateae and A. laidlawii lived for 7 to 330 days depending upon th...
Garnier M, de Preville G, Pilardeau P, Boudia D.Internal sodium and lipoprotein composition of RBCs of nine mammalian species are measured. A significant correlation can be demonstrated between the erythrocyte mean sodium value of studied species and the membrane protein/lipid ratio (r = 0.80, alpha less than 0.01). Erythrocyte internal sodium can be correlated with membrane-free cholesterol but not with the phospholipid fractions.
Khittoo G, Vermette L, Nappert G, Lariviere N.In mammalian species studied previously, pepsinogen consisted of biochemically different groups of isozymogens. By use of gel filtration chromatography and electrophoresis, we isolated a predominant pepsinogen from the gastric mucosa of a horse. Peptide mapping with V8 protease revealed differences with its porcine homologue. However, porcine and equine pepsinogens, when activated to pepsin, had a similar pattern of activity when hemoglobin was used as substrate. Those results suggest that differences must exist in the primary structure of the pepsinogens of the 2 species.
Mayr B, Resch S, Hepperle S, Brem G, Reifinger M, Schaffner G.Tumour suppressor p53 is critical in a broad panel of tumour types in human, mouse and other mammals. Regions of the promoter and exon 1 play an important role in expression of p53. In the present study, the DNA sequences of promoter and exon 1 regions of four domestic animal species (dog, cat, horse and cattle) are determined and compared with experimental rodents (mouse, rat and hamster) and man. A broad panel of tumour types have been investigated for mutations in this regulatory area in 90 canine, 136 feline, 25 equine and 10 bovine patients. No mutation was detected in any of the tumours ...
Meistrich ML.The problem of extrapolating effects of reproductive toxins on experimental animals to predict the doses that would produce infertility in human males is discussed using published data on effects of testosterone and estradiol on sperm production in the rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, ram, stallion, and humans. This analysis indicates that calculation of the dose of testosterone that reduces human sperm counts by a given percentage is best done using the dose administered to laboratory animals expressed on the basis of body weight, as opposed to some other parameter such as body surface area. A sur...
Catena C, Asprea L, Carta S, Tortora G, Conti D, Parasacchi P, Righi E.We have investigated and compared DNA damage and cell killing induced in human and equine lymphocytes after in vitro X-irradiation. Our data show that the cytogenetic and the lethality effects are both greater in equine lymphocytes, but that the difference is wider for lethality. The ratios between doses inducing the same effect are 1.3, 1.7 and 9.4 for the number of binucleated cells with micronuclei, micronucleus frequency in binucleated cells and DNA synthesis inhibition, respectively. The very different radiosensitivity observed for the two mammalian species encourages us to use their lymp...
Palmieri G, Panu R, Asole A, Branca A.The proprioceptive innervation of the external cremaster muscle of some domestic animals was studied. Muscle spindles and tendon organs with their well-known features were found, but this finding was uncommon and unexpected in the investigated animals. For this reason, we believe that there is no relationship between the presence of these proprioceptors and the cremasteric reflex.
Power MM.The results of Y chromosome measurements in 31 horses are presented. The Y chromosome was identified using G-, R-, and C-banding techniques. From G-banded metaphase spreads, total X and Y chromosome and separate proximal (P) and distal (D) Y-band measurements were made. Within this group, the Y/X ratio (%) for each animal varied from 18.93 to 43.95, with an overall mean of 34.85 and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16.12. The overall mean P/X ratio (%) was 23.57 with a CV of 20.57, compared with an overall mean D/X ratio (%) of 11.26 with a CV of 15.18. The group studied included 27 Thorough...
