Thoroughbreds are a breed of horse known for their agility, speed, and spirit, often associated with horse racing and equestrian sports. Originating from crossbreeding native English mares with imported Arabian, Barb, and Turkoman stallions, Thoroughbreds have a well-documented pedigree that traces back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. This breed is characterized by a refined head, deep chest, and long legs, contributing to their athletic capabilities. Thoroughbreds are primarily bred for their performance in racing but are also utilized in other equestrian disciplines. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetics, physiology, and performance characteristics of Thoroughbreds, as well as their management and welfare in various equine activities.
Evans DL, Rose RJ.Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training were investigated in 6 thoroughbred racehorses. Oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR) and arteriovenous oxygen content difference were measured during incremental treadmill exercise tests, before and after 7 weeks of treadmill training. Cardiac output during exercise was calculated by the direct Fick technique. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was increased by 23% after training, from 129.7 ml/kg/min to 160.0 ml/kg/min. The treadmill speed at which VO2max was attained increased by 19%. The increased aerobic power after training wa...
Humber KA.After becoming entangled in safety lines and being submerged in a chlorinated swimming pool, a 2-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was evaluated and treated successfully. Treatment included antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, bronchodilators, diuretics, humidified oxygen, and surfactant transplant. The results of follow-up examination of the gelding 120 days after hospitalization were normal.
Koblik PD, Hornof WJ, Seeherman HJ.Review of 121 bone scintigrams obtained on racing Thoroughbred horses with clinical histories indicative of forelimb lameness revealed 3 scintigraphic patterns of stress-induced trauma to the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone: (1) focal, intense uptake associated with recent stress fracture; (2) regional uptake of varying intensity or a mixed pattern of uptake associated with chronic stress fracture; and (3) diffuse, mild to moderate uptake associated with periostitis (bucked shins). The latter scintigraphic pattern appeared to be an exaggerated manifestation of the normal remodeling ...
Rose RJ, Hodgson DR, Kelso TB, McCutcheon LJ, Reid TA, Bayly WM, Gollnick PD.This study determined maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), maximal O2 deficit, and O2 debt in the Thoroughbred racehorse exercising on an inclined treadmill. In eight horses the O2 uptake (VO2) vs. speed relationship was linear until 10 m/s and VO2max values ranged from 131 to 153 ml.kg-1.min-1. Six of these horses then exercised at 120% of their VO2max until exhaustion. VO2, CO2 production (VCO2), and plasma lactate (La) were measured before and during exercise and through 60 min of recovery. Muscle biopsies were collected before and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60 min after exercis...
Ross MW, Stephens PR, Reimer JM.A 9-year-old pregnant Standardbred broodmare was evaluated for signs of mild abdominal pain, failure to defecate, and mild abdominal distention. Rectal examination revealed the leading edge of a small colon intussusception, and peritoneal fluid analysis indicated suppurative peritonitis. Surgical management, including reduction of the intussusception and small colon resection with end-to-end anastomosis, resulted in successful outcome (1-year follow-up evaluation). Postoperative complications including dehiscence of the ventral midline surgical incision and simple obstruction at the anastomosi...
Ralston JM, Stenhouse AM, Stenhouse NS, Buck GJ, Lucks SF, Reynoldson JA, Bolton JR.A survey of the concentrations of cortisol in blood and urine samples taken from thoroughbred and standardbred horses after racing is presented. Statistical analysis showed the only significant difference between thoroughbred and standardbred horses was a higher cortisol concentration in thoroughbred urine. Urine volume and pH had no significant influence on the urinary cortisol concentration, however 9.5% of the urinary cortisol variation could be explained due to the influence of plasma cortisol concentration. The results of cortisol and ACTH administrations are also shown and compared with ...
Foster CV, Harris RC, Snow DH.1. L-carnitine was administered orally to thoroughbred horses for 58 days. 2. Acceptability and effects on plasma, muscle and urine concentration were studied. 3. Ten-60 g/day (as 2-3 doses) was acceptable with no deleterious effects. 4. One x 10 g L-carnitine significantly raised the plasma-free carnitine concentration (7 hr post) from 21.2 to 31.8 mumol/l; 2 x 30 g increased the mean to 36.5 mumol/l. 5. Plasma acetylcarnitine increased from approximately 1 to 5.5 mumol/l (7 hr post) on 2 x 30 g/day. 6. Muscle total carnitine was unchanged over 58 days. 7. Urinary output accounted for 3.5-7.5...
Bell K, Pollitt CC, Patterson SD.Subdivision of equine TfH into two variants, designated H1 (faster) and H2 (slower), has been accomplished by high voltage, thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.9. Transferrin H1 and H2 have been shown to be controlled by codominant alleles and gene frequencies of the Tf alleles have been determined in the Australian Thoroughbred, Standardbred. Quarter Horse and Arabian Horse breeds.
McClure JJ, Koch C, Powell M, McClure JR.Associations were sought between ELA A1-A10 and W11 antigens and the presence of laryngeal hemiplegia, arytenoid chondritis, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds and/or Quarter Horses. No significant associations were detected between laryngeal hemiplegia and any ELA antigen in Thoroughbreds. The association between arytenoid chondritis and A9 was significant with a relative risk (RR) of 15.6 and aetiologic fraction (EF) of 0.80 in Thoroughbreds. There were apparent associations based on RR between A4 and A5 in Quarter Horses with umbilical hernias (RR = 7.5 and 6.1 respective...
Carroll CL, Huntington PJ.Three hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with height (r2 = 0.62), condition score (r2 = 0.22) and girth2 x length (r2 = 0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula: (...
Angelos J, Oppenheim Y, Rebhun W, Mohammed H, Antczak DF.The relationship between breed and the risk of developing sarcoid tumours or uveitis of unknown etiology was evaluated in a retrospective study of 16242 equine cases admitted between 1975 and 1987 to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Hospital, and 3198 equine tissue samples sent to the New York State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 1977 and 1987. Of 120 sarcoid cases from the Large Animal Hospital, sarcoids were twice as likely to develop in Quarter Horses (odds ratio, OR = 1.8, P less than 0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds and less than half as likely to de...
Martínez R, Godoy A, Naretto E, White A.1. Packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma catecholamines, cortisol and glucose were determined in blood samples obtained from race horses, after competition. 2. All these parameters were higher than basals but catecholamines increased 6-7 times while cortisol was enhanced only by 25%. 3. The increase of glucose and PCV was related to the rise of catecholamines. 4. In samples withdrawn after overnight stress caused by change of horseshoes, it was not possible to find values from basal values significantly different. 5. Influence of nervous temperament was observed only in the higher hematocrit fou...
Schorr G.Serum iron concentration and iron-binding capacity were determined in 34 respectively 35 clinically healthy horses of different sex, with the age of 3 to 21 years. In the Warm blooded horse, the Half bred, the Haflinger horse, the Heavy horse and the Arabian Haflinger the mean serum iron concentration amounted to 253 +/- 66 micrograms/dl, 202 +/- 87 micrograms/dl, 166 +/- 67 micrograms/dl, 183 micrograms/dl and 366 micrograms/dl, while the iron-binding capacity in the Warm blooded horse, the Half bred, the Haflinger horse, the Thoroughbred, the Heavy horse and the Arabian Haflinger ran up to 4...
Littlejohn A, Snow DH.These studies investigated circulatory, respiratory and metabolic responses in four Thoroughbred geldings during the first 400 metres of galloping (mean speed 14.4 +/- 0.38 m.s-1), cantering (mean speed 10.0 +/- 0.61 m.s-1) and walking (mean speed 1.58 +/- 0.05 m.s-1) from a standing start. A radio-controlled device which collected blood samples anaerobically during each 100 m section of the exercise track allowed analyses of changes in and functional relationships of the variables measured. During the 400 m gallop, the mean heart rate (HR) increased from 125 to 201 beats.min-1 and the haemato...
Pause B, Nolte I, Geiss V, Mayer H, Lasch HG.A thoroughbred horse, suffering from intermittent lameness was treated with streptokinase, urokinase and warfarin. The appearing fibrinolytic changes in coagulation were exhibited in a resonance thrombogram. In attendant coagulation studies fibrinogen- and fibrin-degradation products were demonstrated. The stallion does not show any lameness since the end of the treatment and is standing in a breeding station since March 1988.
Yang JM, Woods WE, Weckman TJ, Wood TW, Chang SL, Blake JW, Tobin T.1. Drug administration studies using diisopropylamine dichloroacetate (DADA) and diisopropylamine (DIPA) were conducted in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses to assess physiological effects and develop detection methods. 2. Four horses received 0.08 mg DADA/kg body wt and showed no changes in heart and respiratory rates or body temperature as measured over a 1-hr period after administration. A transient diuretic effect was found to occur in 2 mares dosed with 0.80 mg DADA/kg body wt. 3. A qualitative detection method using thin-layer chromatography was developed to detect DIPA, the major met...
Evans DL, Rose RJ.Six detrained Thoroughbred horses performed incremental treadmill tests. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured during exercise by analysis of expired gas. The relationships between oxygen consumption (VO2) and work rate, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV) and arteriovenous oxygen content difference [C(a-v)O2] were examined during submaximal and maximal exercise. The relative contributions of blood flow and extraction of oxygen from muscle capillaries were assessed during exercise at VO2max. Mean VO2max was 129.7 +/- 2.9 (mean +/- S.E.M.) ml kg-1 min-1, which occurred...
MacDonald MH, Richardson DW, Morse CC.A 23-year-old Thoroughbred stallion was admitted to the hospital for treatment of acute esophageal obstruction. Clinical examination and contrast radiography confirmed the presence of an esophageal obstruction. The horse was euthanatized, and examination revealed a bolus of feed material occluding the esophageal lumen 6 cm caudal to the thoracic inlet, with underlying necrosis of the esophageal mucosa. A large pulsion diverticulum was identified in the caudocervical portion of the esophagus. Apparently, the phytobezoar was formed within the esophageal diverticulum and subsequently became dislo...
Sugiura T, Matsumura T, Fukunaga Y, Hirasawa K.A sero-epizootiological study was conducted on horses which showed clinical pyrexia at two training centers, each of which maintained 1, 200 to 2, 100 racehorses for training, of the Japan Racing Association. It continued from 1980 to 1985 to clarify the cause of pyrexia, so that measures might be considered for the prevention of infectious disease. A total of 3, 849 horses were found to be affected with pyrexia for the 6 years. Of them, 2, 852 horses were tested to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), equine rhinovirus type 1 (ERhV-1), rotavirus and equine adenovirus (EAdV) by collecting paired...
Weber JM, Dobson GP, Parkhouse WS, Wheeldon D, Harman JC, Snow DH, Hochachka PW.This study characterizes the effects of exercise on the cardiac output (Q) and the metabolic rate (VO2) of trained Thoroughbred racehorses. Heart rate, Q, and arteriovenous (a-v)O2 difference were measured at rest and at three levels of submaximal treadmill exercise (1.6 m/s walk and 3-4 m/s trot at 6% incline, and 6.5 m/s horizontal canter). Heart rate and (a-v)O2 difference were also measured during maximal exercise (12.5 m/s gallop, 5% incline) to obtain an estimate of maximum O2 uptake (VO2max). The walk, trot, and canter represented 25, 45, and 55% VO2max. Mean heart rate went from 48.9 (...
Craig AM, Blythe LL, Appell LH, Slizeski ML.Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) had been postulated to be a 'masking agent' when used concurrently with therapeutic or prohibited drugs in racing animals. Eight drugs (flunixin, furosemide, caffeine, apomorphine, phenylbutazone, lidocaine, cocaine, and acepromazine maleate) were administered to six horses singly and with concurrent intravenous DMSO. Urine samples were analyzed for the presence of the drugs and/or their metabolites by thin layer chromatography. Direct comparison of thin layer chromatograms of extracts of positive urine samples with and without DMSO verified that DMSO did not interfer...
Weber JM, Parkhouse WS, Dobson GP, Harman JC, Snow DH, Hochachka PW.Plasma lactate turnover rate of Thoroughbred racehorses was measured by bolus injection of [U-14C]lactate at rest and two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise (3-4 m/s trot, 6% incline, and 6.5 m/s horizontal canter). Our goals were 1) to determine the relative effects of changes in cardiac output and in plasma lactate concentration on turnover rate [using cardiac output data from Weber et al. (28)] and 2) to assess the importance of lactate as a metabolic fuel in a trained animal athlete. Lactate turnover rates were 9.3 mumol.min-1.kg-1 (rest), 75.9 mumol.min-1.kg-1 at the beginning of the...
Clarke AF, Madelin TM, Allpress RG.The relationship between air hygiene within two types of identically managed horse housing and the incidence of covert respiratory disease (as revealed by endoscopic examination) of their inhabitants was assessed. The horses were all under the supervision of the same trainer. In one yard the design ensured the boxes were well ventilated in still air conditions. In the other yard the boxes were insulated and there was little provision for natural ventilation in still air conditions. There was heavy fungal and actinomycete contamination of wood shavings in the heavily insulated, poorly ventilate...
Snow DH, Gash SP, Cornelius J.The effects of oral administration of high doses of ascorbic acid on plasma concentrations were investigated in both experimental Thoroughbred horses and those within racing stables. A single oral dose (20 g) did not result in any increase in plasma concentrations. However, daily administration of either 4.5 g or 20 g doses resulted in significant increases in plasma concentrations. Monthly variations in plasma ascorbate concentrations were found in both supplemented (20 g daily) and unsupplemented stables. It is concluded that oral supplementation with ascorbic acid is a satisfactory route to...
Nishita T, Matsushita H, Kai M.The location of carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) in frozen sections of biopsies of Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle was studied. Fibre types were determined by ATP-ase and succinate dehydrogenase staining. CA-III isozyme was detected using a peroxidase conjugated anti-CA-III antibody. CA-III was found to be localised in slow twitch oxidative fibres (ST), but was also present in fast twitch oxidative (FTH) fibres in small amounts. Fast twitch glycolytic (FT) fibres were stained lightly compared with control sections. The concentrations of CA-III in muscle and liver were 70 micrograms/mg protei...
Barton MD, Embury DH.Pyogranulomatous pneumonia was induced in Thoroughbred foals by intranasal challenge with freeze-dried cultures of Rhodococcus equi (previously Corynebacterium equi). The incubation period was about 18 days and clinical signs were not seen for a further week. There were marked seasonal and individual foal differences in responses to infection. Elevations in serum caeruloplasmin oxidase activity and copper concentrations appeared to be sensitive indicators of infection. Serum zinc concentrations and serum alpha-mannosidase and alkaline phosphatase activities fell in the more severely infected f...
Kitson-Piggot AW, Prescott JF.Sera from Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses in southwest Ontario were tested for antibody to seven Leptospira interrogans serovars (autumnalis, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona), using the microscopic agglutination test. There was significantly higher seroprevalence of bratislava than of other serovars, in which prevalence was low. Seroprevalence of bratislava increased significantly with age; only 5% of two to three year old horses had titers greater than or equal to 1:80 compared to 52% of horses older than seven years. Eight of 16 foals from two fa...
Van Niekerk CH, Morgenthal JC, Starke CJ.Two thoroughbred mares bearing twins as diagnosed by rectal palpation, were subjected to nutritional stress by drastically reducing the daily ration. This resulted in a marked reduction in plasma progestagen levels and the death of either one or both of the twin embryos.
Goff LM, McGowan CM, Condie P, Jasiewicz J, van Weeren R.Diagnosis of sacroiliac dysfunction in horses includes manual motion palpation of the equine ilium and sacrum. Motion of the ilium and sacrum during manual force application to the equine pelvis has been measured previously in vitro. The aim of this study was to measure the amount and direction of motion in vivo, including comparison of bone-fixated and skin-mounted inertial sensors. Sensors were skin-mounted over tuber sacrale (TS) and third sacral spinous process of six Thoroughbred horses and later attached via Steinmann pins inserted into the same bony landmarks. Orientations of each TS ...
Tate LP, Corbett WT, Foreman JH, Bishop BJ, Sweeney CL.A device was constructed of easily obtained medical supplies, and hardware and could be used to obtain multiple arterial samples when manually triggered. The right carotid arteries in five normal horses were surgically elevated, thereby permitting percutaneous cannulation. Each horse was galloped on a 1.6-km test track at approximately 500 m/min, and the rider triggered the mechanism at each 0.4-km mark. Each horse underwent 10 test gallops, and a mean and standard error was determined for each sampling mark including preexercise and postexercise samples. The results indicated that horses ridd...
Hobo S, Aida H, Yoshida K.The present study was carried out to assessing the sedative effect of medetomidine and determining its optimal dose in thoroughbred horses. Excessive ataxia after sedative treatment is dangerous for horses. Therefore three doses which may cause sufficient sedation with only mild ataxia were examined. Response to stimulation and the severity of ataxia suggested that 7.5 micrograms/kg BW, i.v., is optimal.
Clarke KL, Reardon R, Russell T.To determine if arthroscopic surgery performed on weanlings/yearlings with trochlear ridge OCD of the femur (stifle OCD), or intermediate ridge of the tibia (tarsal OCD) detected on routine presale radiographs affects future racing performance. Methods: Retrospective case control study. Methods: Thoroughbred weanlings and yearlings. Methods: Stifle (N = 37; 22 male, 15 female) and tarsal (N = 35; 22 male, 13 female) OCD cases were identified. Outcome measures relating to racing performance (number of race starts, wins, places, and prize money earned, from races in their 2- and 3-year-old racin...
von Lepel J.A central control system for German Thoroughbred horses is described. Autumn examination of mares and stallions enables them to be classified according to breeding potential. The results of 25 years of study are reported.
Preedy DF, Colborne GR.Metabolic and mechanical energy costs of locomotion can be combined to calculate locomotor efficiency, which is the quotient of the mechanical energy and metabolic costs. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the mechanical and metabolic energy costs of locomotion at a range of 7 trotting speeds (2.5 to 6.2 m/s) on a level treadmill. A single, sound Thoroughbred horse was modelled as a system of 15 linked segments incorporating all 4 limbs, head, neck and trunk. The horse performed a continuous incremental exercise test at increasing trotting speeds while VO2 was recorded using a bre...
Stoff M, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P.During summer, permanent or temporary pasture keeping carries an increased risk of death caused by lightning strikes. Although - due to their body structure and pasture grazing - large animals are particularly susceptible to step voltage effects in consequence to a lightning strike to the ground there are only few published cases in the veterinary literature. Frequently in lightning-related accidents, a current flow through the heart occurs resulting in acute cardiac and circulatory failure. In the vast majority of cases, this is accompanied either by very unspecific lesions or even lacks any ...
Bowling AT.Preliminary evidence for the fifth autosomal linkage group in the horse, comprised of the loci for a red cell alloantigen (U) and serum protease inhibitor (Pi), was demonstrated by means of paternal half-sib groups in thoroughbred, standardbred and Arabian breeds. Recombination frequency in males was estimated to be 0.125 +/- 0.019.
Faulkner J, Vanderperren K, Duchateau L, O'Sullivan C.Ascertain the radiographic prevalence and variation in characteristics of juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOC) in the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) of Australian Thoroughbred racehorse yearlings. Establish whether there are any significant associations with public auction sale results and racing performance. Unassigned: Retrospective evaluation of 1,098 yearling repository radiograph sets. Comparison of sales results and whole career racing performance of the case group with two control groups: maternal siblings ( = 397) and yearlings without PIP JOC ( = 391). Unassigned: 6.3% of ye...
Lindner A, Will Y, Chrispeels J.Reference values for Cortisol, T4 and T-Uptake, determined with the Fluorescence-Polarization-Immunoassays (FPIAs) in blood-plasma of different horse groups were established. The highest Cortisol values were measured in blood samples from thoroughbred racehorses and riding horses taken between 7 and 8 a.m. (181 +/- 37 and 268 +/- 43 nmol/l), the lowest gained between 5 and 6 p.m. (69 +/- 45 and 85 +/- 32 nmol/l respectively). Peak values for T4 in riding horses were found in blood samples collected between 1 and 2 p.m. (28.2 +/- 5.7 nmol/l) followed by the samples taken at 5-6 p.m. and 7-8 a.m...
Madison JB, Young D, Richardson D.Shoulder luxation in a 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly was treated by closed reduction, using a calf jack to provide traction on the limb. Arthroscopic examination of the shoulder allowed removal of soft tissue and bony debris. After surgery, the filly was confined to a box stall for 6 months. Eight months after surgery, the filly was doing light work and was not lame. Muscular atrophy present before surgery had resolved. Use of a calf jack may allow reduction of shoulder luxation under field conditions.
Strubbe DT.A periocular neurofibrosarcoma was debulked and treated with intralesional cisplatin in a 5-year-old Thoroughbred mare. The horse presented with a 1-year history of a large slowly progressing subcutaneous mass over the right supraorbital process. The mass was surgically debulked, and intralesional cisplatin (1.0 mg/cm3) was injected in 3 doses at 2 weeks, 5 weeks, and 8 weeks postoperatively. No recurrence was noted over a 15-month follow-up period. Histopathology of the mass indicated neurofibrosarcoma.
Sato T, Oda K, Kubo M.Hematological and biochemical parameters in five Thoroughbred foals during the first six months of life are reported. The samples were analyzed for red blood cell, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, platelet, white blood cell, absolute number for leukocytes, and erythrocyte fragility and serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, icterus index unit, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, blood glucose, lacticdehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G...
O'Brien TJ, Rosanowski SM, Mitchell KD, Carrick JB, Butt TD, Adkins AR.There is little consensus on factors associated with survival in foals with septic arthritis and limited data on long-term racing performance of Thoroughbred foals treated for septic arthritis. A more thorough understanding of short- and long-term outcome is necessary to help inform owners, and subsequently guide treatment. Objective: To investigate factors associated with survival, and to analyse racing performance of foals with septic arthritis compared with their maternal siblings. Methods: Retrospective cohort and a case-control study. Methods: Veterinary clinical records of Thoroughbred f...
Reppas GP, Canfield PJ, Hartley WJ, Hutchins DR, Hoffmann KL.An echocardiographical and clinical pathological investigation of the rapid loss of weight by a yearling thoroughbred filly revealed an atrial septal defect, a ventricular septal defect and hyperfibrinogenaemia. A post mortem examination confirmed the cardiac abnormalities and revealed a severe thoracic aortitis. It is proposed that the idiopathic thoracic aortitis contributed to the horse's compromised cardiovascular homoeostasis.
Milne FJ.FOR MANY YEARS, concern has been expressed at the wastage of young Thoroughbreds at the racetrack. This concern even manifested itself in the publication of a book (1) which referred to the prevailing practice of prematurely start-ing the racing career of the Thoroughbred long before it had attained sufficient maturity to engage in stiff, damaging competition. This is not a fault of the Thoroughbred industry alone, because in certain parts of the U.S.A., Quarter Horses less than two years of age are already racing. We could swing to the opposite extreme, of course, to the pleasure horse world ...
Harrison SM, Whitton RC, Stover SM, Symons JE, Cleary PW.Distal limb injuries are common in racing horses and track surface properties have been associated with injury risk. To better understand how track surfaces may contribute to equine limb injury, we developed the first 3D computational model of the equine hoof interacting with a racetrack and simulated interactions with model representations of 1) a dirt surface and 2) an all-weather synthetic track. First, a computational track model using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method with a Drucker-Prager (D-P) elastoplastic material model was developed. It was validated against analytical...
Jones RS, Payne-Johnson CE, Seymour CJ.A NUMBER of post general anaesthetic complications are
known to occur in the horse and are well documented (Heath
1981). These include post anaesthetic forelimb lameness o r
ischaemic myopathy (so-called 'radial paralysis') (Trim and
Mason 1974) and spinal cord degeneration (Brearley, Jones,
Kelly and Cox 1986). The only postoperative respiratory
complication which has been documented in the horse is
postoperative hypoxaemia (Gillespie, Hall and 3 1 e r 1969;
Waterman, Jones and Richards 1982).
In a report of the post mortem examinations of 185 injured
human patients who died followi...
Mason TA.Two cases of bilateral atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice are described. The presenting sign was a persistent ocular discharge, clear in the one case and purulent in the other. Treatment by the creation of a fistula between the distal extremity of the blind ending duct and the nasal cavity was successful in both cases.
Johnson JH, Garner HE, Hutcheson DP.Indirect systolic and diastolic arterial pressure measurements of 456 Thoroughbred horses of various ages and sex stabled at 9 different race tracks were measured with an ultrasonic-Doppler device interfaced with a sphygmomanometer cuff. The mean systolic pressure was 111.8 +/- 13.3 mmHg and the mean diastolic pressure was 69.6 +/- 13.8 mmHg in this population.
Carpenter RS, Goodrich LR, Baxter GM, Joyce J, Wallis TW.To report treatment of a comminuted ulnar carpal (UC) bone fracture associated with carpal instability by pancarpal arthrodesis using 2 locking compression plates (LCP). Methods: Case report. Methods: A 2-year-old Thoroughbred filly. Methods: An UC fracture and luxation of the proximal row of carpal bones was diagnosed radiographically. Pancarpal arthrodesis was performed with 2 LCP positioned dorsolaterally and dorsomedially and centered over the carpus through a single skin incision. The filly was maintained in a full limb cast for 15 days, followed by a tube cast for 14 days, and subsequent...
Littlejohn A, Blackmore DJ.The occasions, position and relative concentration of LDH iso-enzymes in the blood tissues of the thoroughbred horse were determined. Locomotor muscles possess a high concentration of LDH 5 whereas non-locomotor muscles have a low concentration of this iso-enzyme.
Manohar M, Goetz TE, Hassan AS.Recently, it was reported that acute hypervolemia improves arterial oxygen tension in human athletes known to experience exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. Since exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia is routinely observed in racehorses and is known to limit performance, we examined whether pre-exercise induction of acute hypervolemia would similarly benefit arterial oxygenation in maximally exercising thoroughbred horses. Two sets of experiments, namely, placebo [intravenous (IV) physiological saline] and acute hypervolemia (IV 7.2% NaCl, causing an 18.2% expansion of plasma volume) studies we...
Greeves PR, Witherington DH.The difficulties that arise in filling out marking certificates for thoroughbreds are described. The description given on the certificate has to be both written and graphic. A general guide to whorl location is given.
Hoskinson JJ, Wooten P, Evans R.Nonsurgical, percutaneous, transvenous removal of a catheter fragment embolus was performed in a 14-day-old Thoroughbred foal. A basket retrieval catheter was introduced into the jugular vein and manipulated under fluoroscopic guidance to remove the fragment from the right side of the heart. Percutaneous retrieval should be considered as an alternative to thoracotomy for retrieval of intracardiac or intravascular foreign bodies.
Medeiros LO, Medeiros LF, Barcelos SR, Ferri S, Reiner UR.
Summary:
The authors studied glycolytic and non-glycolytic erythrocytic enzyme activities in 8 thoroughbred horses with equine infectious anemia (EIA) and 16 normal controls. Biochemical lesions were indicated, the most outstanding being a deficiency of pyruvatekinase. Adenvlatekinase could be considered as a “salvage pathway” for the formation of ATP.
Zusammenfassung:
Infektiöse Anemie bei Pferden Mangel an Pirovatokinase in Erythrocyten der Englischen Vollblutpferde
Die Autoren untersuchten die Aktivität der glykolytischen und der nichtglykolytischen Enzyme der Erythrocyt...
Rossdale PD.Diagnosis in veterinary medicine is based upon observations of the manner in which the behavioural patterns differ from those exhibited by normal subjects. The newborn foal adapts to an advanced level of activity within a period which is short relative to many other species, and the behavioural patterns which it exhibits during the period of adaptation are comparatively stereotyped. Because the status of any newborn mammal is affected by its previous experience of foetal development and birth, the behavioural patterns of the mother form an important anamnesis in the life of each individual neo...
Attenburrow DP, Flack FC, Portergill MJ.Peak expiratory sound intensity (dB SPL), obtained by means of a radiostethoscope, and peak expiratory flow rate, obtained using a mask incorporating a thermistor flow sensor, were measured in six Thoroughbreds over a range of stride rates from 100 to 140 strides per min. The results show linear relationships between peak dB SPL and stride rate, peak expiratory flow rate and stride rate and also between peak expiratory flow rate and peak dB SPL. Peak expiratory dB SPL can therefore indicate peak expiratory flow rate.
Guttormsen SA, Weitkamp LR.Polymorphism of equine erythrocyte malic enzyme is detactable on starch gel electrophoresis. The frequency of ME1S was 0.06 in 667 Standardbred and 0.09 in 85 Thoroughbred horses. No genetically determined electrophoretic variation in soluble malate dehydrogenase was detected.
