Tissue in horses refers to the various types of biological material that make up the body of the animal, including muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has specific functions and characteristics, contributing to the overall physiology and health of the horse. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion, connective tissue provides structural support and protection, epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, and nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals for communication and coordination within the body. The study of equine tissue encompasses aspects such as growth, repair, and response to injury or disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and pathology of different tissue types in horses, offering insights into their role in equine health and disease management.
Campbell MLH, Peachey L, Callan L, Wathes DC, de Mestre AM.This study was conducted to elucidate mare cervical dilation mechanisms by testing two hypotheses: (i) the proportion of collagen staining in histological samples of mare cervices and (ii) the abundance of hormone receptors in the equine cervix differ with stage of the oestrous cycle and site within the cervix. Tissues and jugular vein blood samples were collected from 15 mares. Collagen content was assessed using Masson's Trichome staining. Receptor abundance was assessed using RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In sub-epithelial stroma, there was less collagen during the follicular th...
Rassoli A, Fatouraee N, Guidoin R, Zhang Z.Bioprosthetic heart valves still have poor long-term durability due to calcification and mechanical failure. The function and performance of bioprostheses is known to depend on the collagen architecture and mechanical behavior of the target tissue. So it is necessary to select an appropriate tissue for such prostheses. In this study, porcine, equine, and bovine pericardia were compared histologically and mechanically. The specimens were analyzed under light microscopy. The planar biaxial tests were performed on the tissue samples by applying synchronic loads along the axial (fiber direction) a...
Kamel M, Pavulraj S, Osterrieder K, Azab W.Primary infection and pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) require an intricate interaction of virus with the mucosal epithelium, mononuclear cells and the vascular endothelium. Studies on EHV-1 have been facilitated by the development of different models that recapitulate the tissue complexity. The available assays can be categorized into (i) models mimicking the epithelium-peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) interaction, which include mucosal (nasal and vaginal) explants and equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) cultures; and (ii) PBMC-endothelium mimicking models,...
Kopper JJ, Travers JL, Schott HC, Cook VL.To investigate effects of body condition on permeability of intestinal mucosa in horses. Methods: 13 horses (7 obese and 6 lean) from 8 to 15 years of age. Methods: Body condition score was assessed, and an oral sugar test (OST) was performed to evaluate glucose and insulin dynamics. Horses were allowed a 2-week diet acclimation period and were then euthanized. Tissue samples were collected from the jejunum, ileum, cecum, pelvic flexure, right dorsal colon, and rectum. Mucosal permeability was assessed by measuring transepithelial resistance and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flux across tissue samp...
Boos GS, Nobach D, Failing K, Eickmann M, Herden C.A suitable RNA extraction protocol was established to gain high quality RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues to perform reliable molecular assays either applicable for using FFPE tissue archives or tissues with harsh formalin-fixation. Eighteen FFPE samples from the central nervous system of horses, stored up to 11 years, were used as archive cases. To test the influence of the fixation period, brain, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle tissue fragments from another horse, were treated either with water or tris-acetate-EDTA buffer after fixation under different timepoints with 10...
Jørgensen E, Pirone A, Jacobsen S, Miragliotta V.The re-epithelialization process in equine wound healing is incompletely described. For epithelial cells to migrate during embryogenesis they undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); this phenotypic transition occurs during wound healing in humans and rodents, but it has not been investigated in horses. Objective: To investigate keratinocyte differentiation and EMT in equine experimental excisional limb and body wounds healing by second intention. Methods: Six adult research horses. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect expression of the differentiation markers cy...
Korthagen NM, Brommer H, Hermsen G, Plomp SGM, Melsom G, Coeleveld K, Mastbergen SC, Weinans H, van Buul W, van Weeren PR.Cartilage repair remains a major challenge and treatment of (osteo)chondral defects generally results in poor quality fibrous repair tissue. Our approach aims to address some of the major biomechanical issues encountered in scaffold-based cartilage repair, such as insufficient stiffness of the scaffolds, step formation at the interface with the native tissue and inadequate integration with the original tissue. Two osteochondral defects were created on the medial femoral trochlear ridge in each stifle of six Shetland ponies. The defects were filled with a bi-layered implant consisting of a poly...
Yang Q, Lopez MJ.The equine hoof dermal-epidermal interface requires progenitor cells with distinct characteristics. This study was designed to provide accurate ultrastructural depictions of progenitor cells isolated from inflamed tissue and normal tissue before and after cryopreservation and following selection of cells expressing both keratin (K) 14 (ectodermal) and cluster of differentiation (CD) 105 (mesodermal). Passage 3 cell ultrastructure was assessed following 2D culture and after 3D culture on decellularized hoof tissue scaffolds. Outcome measures included light, transmission electron, and scanning e...
Yang Q, Pinto VMR, Duan W, Paxton EE, Dessauer JH, Ryan W, Lopez MJ.Damage to an ectodermal-mesodermal interface like that in the equine hoof and human finger nail bed can permanently alter tissue structure and associated function. The purpose of this study was to establish and validate culture of primary progenitor cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junction in equine hooves, the stratum internum, with and without chronic inflammation known to contribute to lifelong tissue defects. The following were evaluated in hoof stratum internum cell isolates up to 5 cell passages (P): expansion capacity by cell doublings and doubling time; plasticity ...
Inui T, Haneda S, Sasaki M, Furuoka H, Ito M, Yanagawa M, Hiyama M, Tabata Y, Sasaki N.In human cartilage tissue engineering, three-dimensional zirconia substrata have the potential advantage of producing many uniform cell clusters of controlled size without xenobiotic material, allowing easy clinical application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using zirconia porous three-dimensional microwell substrata for chondrogenic differentiation of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in vitro. In regular medium, 8 × 10, 2 × 10, and 5 × 10 equine BMMSCs from five thoroughbred horses were cultured on zirconia microwell su...
Mao J, Rassoli A, Tong Y, Rouse EN, Le-Bel G, How D, Germain L, Fatouraee N, Zhang Z, Reed RR, Guidoin R.Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has gained considerable acceptance in the past decade due to its lower risks than conventional open-heart surgery. However, the deformation and delamination of the leaflets during the crimping procedure have raised questions about the durability and long-term serviceability of the pericardium tissue from which the leaflets are made. The collagen architecture, wall thickness and mechanical properties of donkey pericardium were investigated to assess its suitability as an alternative material for the manufacture of heart valves. Coupons sampled from...
Shojaee A, Parham A, Ejeian F, Nasr Esfahani MH.Equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (eq-ASCs) possess excellent regeneration potential especially for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Besides their common characteristics, MSCs harvested from different species reveal some species-specific and donor-dependent behaviors. Hence, the molecular analysis of MSCs may shed more light on their future clinical application of these cells. This study aimed to investigate some behavioral aspects of eq-ASCs in vitro which may influence the efficacy of stem cell therapy. For this purpose, MSCs of a donor horse were isolated, characterized a...
McCoy AM, Arrington J, Yau PM.The protein content of amnion is thought to be the primary contributor to its efficacy as a biological dressing for wounds. Protein elution into antibiotic processing media has been reported, but the effect of antiseptic-based processing methods is unknown. Amniotic membranes were collected from eight healthy mares. Samples were collected after removal of gross debris. Tissues were subsequently divided and processed with either 0.05% chlorhexidine or 2% iodine/0.25% acetic acid. After protein extraction and trypsin digestion, the proteins were labeled with 8-plex iTRAQ tags, combined, and anal...
Bulak K, Łopuszyński W, Lutnicki K, Pomorska-Zniszczyńska A, Śmiech A, Jodłowska-Jędrych B.Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a soft tissue neoplasm characterized by abundant intracellular eosinophilic granules. The majority of GCTs are benign, although some display malignant behavior. Furthermore, GCTs may mimic other neoplasms. The clinical course and biology of GCTs are poorly understood. Regarding the histogenesis of GCT, a Schwann cell origin is currently favored in light of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. However, based on literature data, some of the primitive GCTs show non-neural origin; therefore, the histogenesis of this tumor has remained enigmatic. Granular c...
Khatibzadeh SM, Menarim BC, Nichols AEC, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for tendon strength and elasticity. Healed tendon ECM lacks structural integrity, leading to reinjury. Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) provides a scaffold and source of bioactive proteins to improve tissue healing, but has received limited attention for treating tendon injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to induce matrix organization and tenogenesis using a novel in vitro model. We hypothesized that addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels would improve matrix organization and cell differentiation. Hydrogels se...
Anderson JA, Alves DA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, da Silva AF, Murata FHA, Norris JK, Howe DK, Dubey JP.Neosporosis is a common cause of abortion in cattle worldwide but is rare in horses. Here, the first case of histologically, ultrastructurally, immunohistochemically, and molecularly confirmed equine abortion caused by neosporosis is reported. Samples of lung, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, tongue, brain, and the placenta from a female fetus aborted at 280 days of gestation were fixed in formalin and submitted for diagnosis. Histologically, there was disseminated neosporosis with severe lesions in lungs, liver and the heart. Protozoal tachyzoites in all tissues reacted with polyclonal anti-Neo...
Khatibzadeh SM, Menarim BC, Nichols AE, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for tendon strength and elasticity. Healed tendon ECM lacks structural integrity, leading to reinjury. Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) provides a scaffold and source of bioactive proteins to improve tissue healing, but has received limited attention for treating tendon injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to induce matrix organization and tenogenesis using a novel in vitro model. We hypothesized that addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels would improve matrix organization and cell differentiation. Hydrogels see...
Polly SS, Nichols AEC, Donnini E, Inman DJ, Scott TJ, Apple SM, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a heterogeneous population of cells that yields a homogeneous population of plastic-adherent adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASC) when culture-expanded. SVF and ASC have been used clinically to improve tendon healing, yet their mechanism of action is not fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for ASC to act as trophic mediators for tendon healing. Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons and adipose tissue were harvested from adult horses to obtain SVF, ASC, and tenocytes. Growth factor gene expressi...
Desantis S, Accogli G, Albrizio M, Rossi R, Cremonesi F, Lange Consiglio A.Equine amniotic mesenchymal cells (eAMCs) are involved in many mechanisms in tissue regenerative processes. Their secreted vesicles are important effectors in a wide array of biological processes, and contribute to in vivo healing of equine tendon lesions and endometrial inflammation. Glycoconjugates are involved in cellular recognition and in the efficient uptake of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by recipient cells. In this study, we evaluated the surface glycosylation pattern of eAMCs and their EVs from the eAMCs released in conditioned medium. We used a microarray procedure in which eAMCs and...
Arévalo-Turrubiarte M, Olmeo C, Accornero P, Baratta M, Martignani E.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in equines as an alternative therapy. A comparative study about the phenotype and in vitro performance of different MSCs tissue sources in adult equines was needed. This study might serve to provide the knowledge to select a valuable harvesting source of MSCs. Bone marrow, synovial and adipose (mesenteric, neck and tail fat) tissues were collected from adult equines. Cell surface markers expression (CD11α/CD18, CD45, CD79α, CD90, CD105 and MHC II) and in vitro differentiation assays were made. In vitro cell migration, cell growth and wound healing...
Noll CV, Kilcoyne I, Vaughan B, Galuppo LD.To report the clinical and diagnostic findings associated with fibrotic myopathy, describe the surgical procedure for standing fibrotic myotomy and report postoperative outcomes. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Twenty-two horses. Methods: Records were included if a clinical diagnosis of fibrotic myopathy was based on clinical and/or ultrasonographic examination and the horse was treated with myotomy of the affected muscle. Records were reviewed for signalment, preoperative findings, perioperative complications, and outcomes. Follow-up also included a phone survey of owners. Results: Qua...
de Holanda AGB, da Silva Leite J, Consalter A, da Silva KVGC, Dos Santos Batista BP, Fonseca ABM, Brandão FZ, Ferreira AMR.Endometritis consists of an acute or chronic inflammatory process involving the endometrium and together with endometrosis constitute the main causes of infertility in mares. The aim of this study was to associate the histopathological findings with the immunohistochemical markers interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10) to evaluate the inflammatory changes and progression of uterine tissue lesions of mares in the diestrus phase and their diagnostic implications. Twelve crossbred cyclic mares were used for endometrial biopsy collection. Samples were collected in the diestrus period (6 ± 1 da...
Adolph S, Schedlbauer C, Blaue D, Schöniger A, Gittel C, Brehm W, Fuhrmann H, Vervuert I.Fatty acids, as key components of cellular membranes and complex lipids, may play a central role in endocrine signalling and the function of adipose tissue and liver. Thus, the lipid fatty acid composition may play a role in health status in the equine. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition of different tissues and liver lipid classes by comparing Warmblood horses and Shetland ponies under defined conditions. We hypothesized that ponies show different lipid patterns than horses in adipose tissue, liver and plasma. Six Warmblood horses and six Shetland ponies were housed an...
Baird A, Dominguez Falcon N, Saeed A, Guest DJ.Horses, like humans, can experience bone fractures and due to their large size and the need to bear weight on all limbs during the recovery period, they can be difficult to treat. Surgical techniques to improve fracture repair are improving, but to date, regenerative medicine technologies to aid fracture healing are not commonly applied in horses. We have previously demonstrated that equine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into bone forming osteoblasts in 2D culture. In this study, we report on the use of a thermoplastic, 3D-printed polymer to provide a scaffold for...
Holz CL, Sledge DG, Kiupel M, Nelli RK, Goehring LS, Soboll Hussey G.Histopathological differences in horses infected with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) of differing neuropathogenic potential [wild-type (Ab4), polymerase mutant (Ab4 N752), EHV-1/4 gD mutant (Ab4 gD4)] were evaluated to examine the impact of viral factors on clinical disease, tissue tropism and pathology. Three of 8 Ab4 infected horses developed Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) requiring euthanasia of 2 horses on day 9 post-infection. None of the other horses showed neurologic signs and all remaining animals were sacrificed 10 weeks post-infection. EHM horses had lymphohistiocyti...
Adam EN, Janes J, Lowney R, Lambert J, Thampi P, Stromberg A, MacLeod JN.To determine the chondrogenic potential of cells derived from interzone tissue, the normal progenitor of articular cartilage during fetal development, compared to that of adult bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived mesenchymal cell isolates. The objective of this study was to compare the chondrogenic potential of fetal musculoskeletal progenitor cells to adult cell types, which are currently used therapeutically to facilitate joint cartilage repair in equine clinical practice. The hypothesis tested was that cells derived from interzone tissue have a chondrogenic potential that exceeds that o...
Elashry MI, Gegnaw ST, Klymiuk MC, Wenisch S, Arnhold S.Cell-based therapies have become a promising approach to promote tissue regeneration and the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Bone regeneration maintains bone homeostasis, mechanical stability and physical performance. Mechanical stimulation showed to induce stem cell differentiation into the osteogenic fate. However, the effect of various osteogenic protocols on the osteogenic commitment of equine adipose-derived stem cells is not fully elucidated. Here we examined the influence of fluid-based shear stress (FSS) via mechanical rocking to assess whether mechanical stimulation promotes o...
Kammergruber E, Rahn C, Nell B, Gabner S, Egerbacher M.The morphology of the corneal epithelium in two age groups of horses is described. Distribution patterns of proliferation-, differentiation-, stem cell-associated markers and cell junction proteins were assessed. Methods: Corneal samples from 12 horses (six foals and six adult horses) were analyzed after H&E staining and immunohistochemistry using the following antibodies: E-cadherin, β-catenin, Connexin 43 (Cx43), tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), cytokeratin (CK) 14, CK 19, CK 3, CK 10, vimentin, Ki67, p63, nerve growth factor (NGF), ABCG2, and epithelial growth factor receptor. Semiquan...
Costa D, Leiva M, Naranjo C, Ríos J, Peña MT.To evaluate microbiological, histological, and ultrastructural characteristics of short-term cryopreserved (STC) equine corneoscleral tissue (7 years). Methods: Thirty-four healthy equine globes. Methods: After a decontamination protocol, globes were enucleated and stored at -20°C in broad-spectrum antibiotics. Corneoscleral tissue was evaluated at different storage periods: 1 month-1 year (20 eyes) and 7-9 years (12 eyes). Two eyes were used as controls. Microbiologic study included direct (blood, McConkey, and Sabouraud agars) and enrichment (brain-heart infusion broth) cultures. Cryopr...
Wakuri H, Mutoh K, Ichikawa H, Liu B.We have observed and re-evaluated the histology of the skin of the horse, using samples from four Thoroughbreds. The skin was composed of the usual three components: epidermis, dermis and subcutis. In particular, the dermis was found to have three fibrous components: a papillary layer, a reticular layer and a cordovan-leather tissue layer. The cordovan-leather tissue layer was subdivided into a superficial main layer and a deeper accessory layer. The superficial main layer was thick, and present in all of the skin samples. The deeper accessory layer was found in the dorsal and dorso-lateral pa...
Bertone AL.Exuberant granulation tissue is common in large, lower limb wounds of horses, particularly horses of large body size. Methods of control include chemical cautery, cryogenic surgery, and surgical resection. Surgical resection is preferred because it is easy to perform, provides tissue for histologic evaluation, and preserves the epithelial margin. Effective treatments to prevent the formation of granulation tissue include leaving granulating wounds open to the air or, possibly, bandaging with topical steroids. Bandaging or casting may promote exuberant granulation tissue in wounds in which it h...
Nelson BB, King MR, Frisbie DD.Joint disease and osteoarthritis are common problems in the horse and numerous experimental studies have been developed to determine the safety and efficacy of new therapies. Synovitis, a critical component of joint disease, has been experimentally induced using recombinant interleukin-1 beta (reIL-1β) to investigate new joint therapies in a controlled environment, although the use of reIL-1β has not been reported in the equine tarsocrural joint. A common consequence of performing controlled experiments is that articular tissue collection typically requires general anesthesia or euthanasia. ...
Nelson BB, Stewart RC, Kawcak CE, Freedman JD, Patwa AN, Snyder BD, Goodrich LR, Grinstaff MW.To investigate the diffusion trajectory of a cationic contrast medium (CA4+) into equine articular cartilage, and to assess normal and degenerative equine articular cartilage using cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). In the first experiment (Exp1), equine osteochondral specimens were serially imaged with cationic CECT to establish the diffusion time constant and time to reach equilibrium in healthy articular cartilage. In a separate experiment (Exp2), articular cartilage defects were created on the femoral trochlea (defect joint) in a juvenile horse, while the opposite joint...
Croce MA, Silvestri C, Guerra D, Carnevali E, Boraldi F, Tiozzo R, Parma B.The purpose of this study was to evaluate adhesion and growth of human dermal fibroblasts on a 0.150 mm-thick matrix of reconstituted collagen isolated from horse tendon. Collagen was extracted and polymerized according to the standard procedures (Opocrin, Corlo, Modena, Italy). By light microscopy, the bottom surface of the matrix appeared linear and compact, whereas the superficial one was indented and less homogeneous. By scanning electron microscopy, the collagen fibrils had different diameters and the great majority of them was oriented parallel to the surface of the gel. By transmission ...
Henson FM, Davies ME, Jeffcott LB.This study describes (1) the histological appearance of dyschondroplasia, the primary lesion of osteochondrosis, in articular cartilage of the horse and (2) the localization of type VI collagen which is an important constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Dyschondroplastic cartilage was identified on the basis of the presence of cartilage cores (i.e., cartilage extending into the subchondral bone) and confirmed with subsequent histological examination. Full-thickness cartilage samples from 57 horses were collected and paraffin embedded. Histological examination was used to examine the n...
Erganis O, Sayin Z, Hadimli HH, Sakmanoglu A, Pinarkara Y, Ozdemir O, Maden M.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a pregnant mare immunization of a Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) vaccine candidate containing a water-based nanoparticle mineral oil adjuvanted (Montanide IMS 3012) inactive bacterin and virulence-associated protein A (VapA), as well as the administration of anti-R. equi hyperimmune (HI) plasma against R. equi challenge in the mares' foals. The efficacy of passive immunizations (colostral passive immunity by mare vaccination and artificial passive immunity by HI plasma administration) was evaluated based on clinical signs, complete blood count, bl...
Taouji S, Collobert C, Gicquel B, Sailleau C, Brisseau N, Moussu C, Breuil MF, Pronost S, Borchers K, Zientara S.Equine herpesviruses type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) are ubiquitous in the equine population. One of their main properties is their ability to establish life-long latent infections in their hosts even in those with natural or vaccine-induced immunity. However, effect of vaccination status on prevalence and tissue tropism was not established. In this study, EHV-1 and EHV-4 were detected by polymerase chain reaction and by classical virus isolation from neural, epithelial and lymphoid tissues collected from unvaccinated (33) or vaccinated (23) horses. The percentage of EHV-1- and EHV-4-positive h...
Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, De Clercq D, van Loon G.Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and 2-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) can quantify left ventricular (LV) function in horses. Objective: To evaluate LV function by TDI and 2DST in horses with myocardial dysfunction after accidental ionophore intoxication. Methods: Sixty-seven horses exposed to lasalocid in feed. Methods: Prospective study. Horses were included in the study if a full cardiac examination was performed, consisting of determination of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), electrocardiography, and echocardiography. By TDI, radial systolic velocity and strain were measured. By 2DST, circumfere...
Müller K, Ellenberger C, Hoppen HO, Schoon HA.The first part of our study (Müller et al., 2009) characterized angiogenesis in the equine cycling ovary through histomorphological and immunohistochemical examinations (vascular endothelial growth factors A and B [VEGF A, VEGF B], vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 [VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2], vascular angiopoietins 1 and 2 [Ang1, Ang2], angiopoietin receptor [Tie2], and von Willebrand Factor). Since angiogenesis plays an important role in development and growth of numerous tumours, the second part of our study involved a similar examination of 70 equine granulosa cell tumours (GCTt...
Fortier LA, Nixon AJ, Mohammed HO, Lust G.To determine the effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the synthesis of DNA, collagen, and proteoglycans (PG) by equine chondrocytes. Methods: Articular cartilage obtained from multiple joints of a 4-month-old foal. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion, cultured in monolayer, trypsinized, and implanted at a cellular density of 10 x 10(6) chondrocytes/ml in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. Chondrocytes in culture were supplemented with TGF-beta 1 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml in serum-free medium or medium containing fetal bovine seru...
Mahdavi FS, Salehi A, Seyedjafari E, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A, Ardeshirylajimi A.Horses with big bone fractures have low chance to live mainly due to the lake of a proper treatment strategy. We believe that further attempts in equine bone tissue engineering will probably be required to meet all the needs for the lesion therapies. Therefore in this study we aimed to investigate the osteogenic differentiation capacity of equine adipose-derived stem cells (e-ASCs) on nano-bioactive glass (nBGs) coated poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers scaffold (nBG-PLLA). Using electrospinning technique, PLLA scaffold was prepared successfully and coated with nBGs. Fabricated nanofibers w...
French DA, Barber SM, Leach DH, Doige CE.Arthroscopic surgery was performed on 12 horses (2-4 years of age) to create a 7 x 14 mm full-thickness cartilage defect in one radial carpal bone and in the contralateral third carpal bone. Six horses remained confined to a small paddock and six horses underwent a program of increasing exercise consisting of walking, trotting, and cantering for 13 weeks. All lesions showed evidence of healing at week 6 that progressed to more complete healing at week 13. There was no difference in the amount of repair tissue covering the defect. Histologically, the lesions healed with a combination of fibrous...
Pollitt CC, Pass MA, Pollitt S.A method for culturing explants of lamellar hoof was developed to investigate the process of lamellar separation that occurs in laminitis. Explants, consisting of hoof wall, dermal and epidermal lamellae and the adjacent sub-lamellar connective tissue remained intact when cultured in tissue culture medium for 2 days. However, when cultured in the presence of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activator aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA), the lamellae separated when tension was applied by pulling the hoof wall in an opposite direction to the connective tissue. The separation occurred between th...
Cogley TP, Cogley MC.The degree of penetration into the stomach and duodenum of the horse by bot fly larvae, Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis (Linnaeus) (Diptera : Gasterophilidae) was evaluated. Evidence of larval perforation of the stomach or duodenum was not found on gross inspection. Palpation of the intact stomach and duodenum was not effective in establishing the existence of Gasterophilus larvae within the organs. Findings suggest that larvae of both species produce an ulcer of similar depth within the gastrointestinal wall. The ulcer depth produced by larvae did not correlate with the no...
Desantis S, Accogli G, Albrizio M, Rossi R, Cremonesi F, Lange Consiglio A.Equine amniotic mesenchymal cells (eAMCs) are involved in many mechanisms in tissue regenerative processes. Their secreted vesicles are important effectors in a wide array of biological processes, and contribute to in vivo healing of equine tendon lesions and endometrial inflammation. Glycoconjugates are involved in cellular recognition and in the efficient uptake of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by recipient cells. In this study, we evaluated the surface glycosylation pattern of eAMCs and their EVs from the eAMCs released in conditioned medium. We used a microarray procedure in which eAMCs and...
Davis JL, Salmon JH, Papich MG.To determine the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole after IV or oral administration of a solution or capsules to horses and to examine disposition of itraconazole in the interstitial fluid (ISF), aqueous humor, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes after oral administration of the solution. Methods: 6 healthy horses. Methods: Horses were administered itraconazole solution (5 mg/kg) by nasogastric tube, and samples of plasma, ISF, aqueous humor, and leukocytes were obtained. Horses were then administered itraconazole capsules (5 mg/kg), and plasma was obtained. Three horses were administered itraconaz...
Andrews FM, Buchanan BR, Smith SH, Elliott SB, Saxton AM.To compare the effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and various concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on tissue bioelectric properties of equine stomach nonglandular (NG) mucosa. Methods: Gastric tissues obtained from 48 adult horses. Methods: NG gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) were measured and electrical resistance (R) and conductance calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and VFAs (5, 10, 20, and 40 mM) in normal Ringer's solution (NRS). Results: Mucosa exposed to HCl in NRS (pH of 1.5 and, to a less...
Ferreira-Dias G, Bravo PP, Mateus L, Redmer DA, Medeiros JA.Corpus luteum growth and endocrine function are closely dependent on the formation of new capillaries. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) tissue growth and microvascular development in the equine cyclic luteal structures; (ii) in vitro angiogenic activity of luteal tissues in response to luteotrophic (LH, PGE(2)) and luteolytic (PGF(2alpha)) hormones and (iii) to relate data to luteal endocrinological function. Our results show that microvascular density was increased in the early and mid luteal phase, followed by a fall in the late luteal phase and a further decrease in the cor...
Schwarz C, Leicht U, Drosse I, Ulrich V, Luibl V, Schieker M, Röcken M.Adult stem cells are of particular interest for the therapeutic approach in the field of regenerative medicine. Due to their ease of harvest, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive stem cell source that has become increasingly popular. Critical aspects of applied cell therapies are the circumstances of transport from the laboratory towards the site of operation and cell delivery into the desired area. With regard to these issues, agarose-hydrogel was analyzed as a cell carrier matrix of equine and canine ASCs in vitro, which can be used for minimally invasive applicati...
Kilic S, Dixon PM, Kempson SA.Ultrastructural examinations showed the diameter of cement lacunae to be greater in infundibular cement than in peripheral cement of upper cheek teeth, which in turn was greater than in the peripheral cement of the lower cheek teeth. However, numbers of lacunae/unit area remained similar in these 3 dentinal region. Two types of cemental hypoplasia were found in equine cheek teeth. The first type was termed central infundibular cemental hypoplasia and was confined to the central region of infundibular cement. The cement adjacent to these frequently large defects was very porous and contained la...
Davis EG, Sang Y, Blecha F.beta-Defensins are cysteine-rich endogenously produced antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in innate immune defense. Although, previous investigations have identified beta-defensins in several mammalian species, no reports have identified equine beta-defensins. Using a strategy of database searching for expressed sequence tags (EST) we identified putative expression of equine beta-defensins in hepatic tissue. Based on this information, sequence specific primers were designed for the equine gene enabling the identification of the full-length cDNA sequence of equine beta-defensin-...
Nürnberger S, Meyer C, Ponomarev I, Barnewitz D, Resinger C, Klepal W, Albrecht C, Marlovits S.Treatment of cartilage defects poses challenging problems in human and veterinary medicine, especially in horses. This study examines the suitability of applying scaffold materials similar to those used for human cartilage regeneration on equine chondrocytes. Chondrocytes gained from biopsies of the talocrural joint of three horses were propagated in 2D culture and grown on two different scaffold materials, hyaluronan (HYAFF®) and collagen (BioGide®), and evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The equine chondrocytes developed well in both types of materials. They were vital and physiol...
Grevemeyer B, Bogdanovic L, Canton S, St Jean G, Cercone M, Ducharme NG, Brown BN.Airway obstruction is a common cause of poor performance in horses. Structural abnormalities (insufficient length, rigidity) can be a cause for the obstruction. Currently, there are a few effective clinical options for reconstruction of the equine larynx. A regenerative medicine approach to reconstruction may provide the capability to stabilize laryngeal structures and to encourage restoration of site-appropriate, functional, and host-derived tissue. The purpose of this study was the histopathological evaluation of (1) decellularization of equine (horse) laryngeal cartilages (epiglottis and ar...
Griffon DJ, Cho J, Wagner JR, Charavaryamath C, Wei J, Wagoner Johnson A.Chitosan opens new perspectives in regenerative medicine as it enhances the properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through formation of spheroids. Hypoxia has also been proposed to enhance stemness and survival of MSCs after in vivo implantation. These characteristics are relevant to the development of an off-the-shelf source of allogenic cells for regenerative therapy of tendinopathies. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCM-MSCs) offer an abundant source of immature and immunoprivileged stem cells. In this study, equine UCM-MSCs (eqUCM-MSCs) conditioned for 3 and 7 days on chitosan films at 5...
Kheder MH, Bailey SR, Dudley KJ, Sillence MN, de Laat MA.Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is associated with insulin dysregulation, which often manifests as post-prandial hyperinsulinemia. Circulating concentrations of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) correlate with an increased insulin response to carbohydrate intake in animals with EMS. However, little is known about the equine GLP-1 receptor (eGLP-1R), or whether GLP-1 concentrations can be manipulated. The objectives were to determine (1) the tissue localisation of the eGLP-1R, (2) the GLP-1 secretory capacity of equine intestine in response to glucose and (3) whether GLP-1 s...
Warnock JJ, Fox DB, Stoker AM, Beatty M, Cockrell M, Janicek JC, Cook JL.Introduction. Tissue engineering is a new methodology for addressing meniscal injury or loss. Synovium may be an ideal source of cells for in vitro meniscal fibrocartilage formation, however, favorable in vitro culture conditions for synovium must be established in order to achieve this goal. The objective of this study was to determine cellularity, cell distribution, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation of equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) cultured on synthetic scaffolds, for potential application in synovium-based meniscal tissue engineering. Scaffolds included open-cell poly-L-l...
Lee KH, Park C, Kim J, Moon C, Ahn M, Shin T.The morphological characteristics and glycoconjugate composition of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the horse was investigated using histological, immunohistochemical, and lectin histochemical methods. The VNO is bilaterally located at the base of the nasal septum, has a tubular structure surrounded by cartilage, and consists of sensory and non-sensory epithelia. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VSE) consisted of receptor cells positive for both olfactory marker protein (OMP) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), supporting cells, and basal cells...
Douglas JE, Mittal C, Thomason JJ, Jofriet JC.During normal weight-bearing and locomotion, the equine hoof wall deforms in a consistent pattern; the proximal dorsal wall rotates caudo-ventrally about the distal dorsal border and there is latero-medial flaring posteriorly. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are regional differences in the modulus of elasticity of hoof wall material and whether such differences correlate with the pattern of deformation which occurs in vivo. The modulus of elasticity of equine hoof wall was determined in tension and compression for samples from six forefeet. Samples were tested at the mid-poin...
Kupratis ME, Gure AE, Benson JM, Ortved KF, Burris DL, Price C.Healthy articular cartilage supports load bearing and frictional properties unmatched among biological tissues and man-made bearing materials. Balancing fluid exudation and recovery under loaded and articulated conditions is essential to the tissue's biological and mechanical longevity. Our prior tribological investigations, which leveraged the convergent stationary contact area (cSCA) configuration, revealed that sliding alone can modulate cartilage interstitial fluid pressurization and the recovery and maintenance of lubrication under load through a mechanism termed 'tribological rehydration...
