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Topic:Veterinary Care
Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
[Cryptorchism in the horse]. Three different forms of cryptorchidism are differentiated in stallions: inguinal, incomplete and complete abdominal cryptorchidism. Following a description of the anatomy of these various conditions, the diagnostic procedure and subsequent surgical treatment are discussed in detail. Both examination and castration of the cryptorchid stallion should be carried out carefully at all times.
Clinical use of epidural xylazine in the horse. Xylazine was administered into the epidural space of nine horses to facilitate various perineal manipulations (ie rectovaginal laceration repair, replacement of prolapsed rectum and urethral extension). The resulting caudal analgesia was sufficient for all procedures. The duration of analgesia from a single injection of epidural xylazine (0.17 to 0.22 mg/kg bodyweight) was at least 3.5 h. No horses were ataxic during or after the treatment. This trial demonstrates that xylazine given into the epidural space of horses provides prolonged regional analgesia which is sufficient for clinical use.
Tracheobronchial perfusion during exercise in ponies. Tracheobronchial circulation during exercise has previously not been examined. Therefore blood flow to the trachea and bronchi (up to 7th generation of branching) was studied in seven healthy adult ponies at rest and during the 3rd and 10th min of exercise performed at a treadmill speed setting of 25 km/h. The ambient air temperature varied from 19 to 20 degrees C and humidity from 35 to 45%. To determine blood flow radionuclide-labeled 15-microns-diameter microspheres were injected into the left ventricle via a catheter advanced from the left carotid artery (exposed using local anesthesia), a...
Pulse oximetry in horses. The clinical usefulness of two pulse oximeters was evaluated at two probe sites in nine anesthetized horses. The hemoglobin saturation determined by the pulse oximeters (SaOx) was compared with the hemoglobin saturation calculated from the measured arterial oxygen tension (SaO2). The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated from the differences in saturation measurements, over the saturation range of 80% to 100%, for each oximeter used at the tongue probe site and for one oximeter used at the ear. The oximeter results tended to underestimate the SaO2 with mean differences of -3.7% on t...
Prolonged luteal activity in mares–a semantic quagmire. Prolonged luteal activity is one of the most formidable terminology challenges in mare reproductive biology. Prolonged luteal activity can be a result of persistence of an individual corpus luteum or the sequential development of luteal glands, each of which may have a normal life span. Luteal tissue can originate from an unovulated follicle or from an ovulation occurring during either follicular or luteal dominance. These complexities, together with ambiguous and inconsistent terminology, have resulted in confusion regarding those conditions which can be grouped broadly under the term prolong...
Observer variation in equine abdominal auscultation. The reliability of abdominal auscultation was investigated via an observer variation study. Clinicians listened to a variety of minute-long equine gut sound recordings. They evaluated the amount of gut sounds as 'absent', 'decreased', 'normal', or 'increased'. They subsequently evaluated the same recordings replayed in a different order. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was measured by the statistic kappa. There was significant intra-observer (kappa 0.57) agreement, but less agreement between observers (kappa 0.37). The best agreement was on the classification of sound tracks as 'absent' (i...
Comparison between six parasitological methods for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in the subtropical area of Argentina. In a total of 165 blood samples from horses in the Province of Formosa (Argentina), the diagnosis for equine trypanosomiasis (T. evansi) was made using Giemsa-stained smears (GSS), wet blood films (WBF), Strout's concentration method (SCM), haematocrit centrifuge technique (HCT), buffy coat method (BCM) and mouse inoculation of blood (MBI). Trypanosoma evansi was demonstrated in 52 samples. Mouse inoculation gave a sensitivity of 88.2%; HCT 71.1%; BCM 63.4%; WBF 53.8%; SCM 46.1% and GSS 45.6%. No single method alone was totally effective. The haematocrit centrifuge technique, mouse inoculation...
Fractures of the accessory carpal bone in the horse. The clinical signs and radiographic appearance of 19 cases of fracture of the accessory carpal bone of horses are described. In 17 cases the fractures were in the frontal plane and occurred palmar to the groove on the lateral aspect of the bone. In six cases radiographs taken six months to three years after the fracture occurred showed no evidence of bony union; nevertheless, these and five other horses for which follow-up information was available for up to seven years all became sound, and seven of them returned to competitive activity.
Potential of alfalfa as a source of calcium for calcium deficient horses. The potential of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried alfalfa as a source of calcium for horses was determined by means of a 4 x 4 Latin square digestibility trial using four thoroughbred horses (mean liveweight 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were timothy hay alone, 33 per cent alfalfa and 67 per cent timothy hay, 67 per cent alfalfa and 33 per cent timothy hay, and alfalfa alone. Significantly more calcium and magnesium were absorbed from the alfalfa than from the hay. Phosphorus absorption appeared to be unaffected by treatment. Alfalfa calcium was more available than timothy ha...
Respiratory problems in the racehorse. Racetracks are ideal environments for the promotion of lower respiratory disease. The stabling is close and unclean, the population is nationally and internationally mobile, and the work the racehorse performs is traumatic to the respiratory tract. The running horse must complete a respiratory cycle with each stride. This relationship requires 130-150 breaths a minute in the running horse. Minute volume has been measured at 1300 L per minute and peak flow rates of 60 L/second in horses traveling at a modest 8 meters per second. As a comparison, the fastest running horse approaches 18 meters pe...
[Evaluation of a new medium using red-cell lysate for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli]. A semiprepared medium containing horse globular lysate was evaluated for the isolation of Campylobacter under two incubation atmospheres (5% O2 and candle jar). Studying 19 known strains of C. jejuni, 151 human and 230 animal fecal samples. They were seeded on conventional medium (MC) and on the new medium (MLG) and incubated at 42 degrees C for 24 and 48 h. Campylobacter strains grew better in 5% O2 atmosphere after 48 h of incubation. All the strains that grew or were isolated on MC, could also grow in MLG incubation in candle jar. Campylobacter was isolated from human fecal samples with the...
Correlation between radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine carpus. The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in 150 carpal joints in 114 lame horses were compared. Chip, slab, or sagittal fractures were identified in 130 (87%) joints. In 101 (78%) of these there was good agreement between radiographic and arthroscopic findings on the number and position of fractures. In 23 (18%) joints, chip fractures additional to those seen radiographically were found arthroscopically. In one joint a large chip fracture from the craniolateral aspect of the distal radius was identified only by arthroscopy, while in 6 joints fractures were identified only by radiography. Obs...
Characterization of horse plasma gelsolin. Gelsolin can be purified from horse blood plasma by treating the plasma sequentially with an anion-exchange medium in the presence and then the absence of free Ca2+. The purified gelsolin migrates as a 90-kilodalton protein on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It has an absorption coefficient of 1.4 mL/(mg.cm) and is similar in amino acid composition to other plasma gelsolins. Horse plasma gelsolin has an intrinsic sedimentation coefficient of 4.8S and a Stokes' radius of 3.8 nm. Hydrodynamic calculations suggest it to be a rather globular protei...
Effect of age and training status on pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in thoroughbreds. The effect of age and training status on the pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine was evaluated in 16 Thoroughbreds. Horses were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of age and training status: group A (n = 6), horses in active training and less than or equal to 5 years old; group B (n = 5), horses out of training for a minimum of 6 weeks and less than or equal to 5 years old; and group C (n = 5), horses out of training for at least 2 years and greater than or equal to 9 years old. After administration of 500 mg of flunixin meglumine IV, multiple serum and urine samples were obtained over ...
[Veterinary examinations of horses during purchase transactions]. Veterinary examinations of horses on the occasion of sale or purchase take place on the basis of contracts for work and services. Three types may be distinguished: Examinations for sale (by order of the seller before the sales contract is concluded) Guarantee examination (by order of the buyer after conclusion of the sales contract) (Real) purchase examination (under a conditional contract of purchase). In the latter case the veterinarian acts as trustee for both seller and buyer and is equally obliged to both parties morally and at law. The deficiencies of the law of warranties for contracts ...
[Endodontics in horses. An experimental study]. A total of 44 experimental endodontic treatments were performed in incisors of eight horses of different ages. Four different endodontic pastes were used: Cloropercha, AH26 De Trey, Eugenol-Endometasone, and Universal N2. Gutta-percha points were also included in the last two treatments. Access to the pulp cavity of incisors was gained through their vestibular and occlusal faces. Holes drilled in vestibular faces were sealed with composite and those drilled in occlusal faces were sealed with Amalgama. Animals were observed during eighteen months at least after endodontics. Radiographic control...
Changes in accessory sex glands of stallions after sexual preparation and ejaculation. Ultrasonographic images of the accessory sex glands of 8 stallions were recorded immediately prior to sexual preparation, immediately after sexual preparation, and immediately after ejaculation. Relative size changes, determined by measurements of ultrasonograms of accessory sex gland, were contrasted. Length and width of the bulbourethral glands increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after sexual preparation and decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after ejaculation. The increase in bulbourethral gland volume following sexual preparation was correlated significantly (P less than 0.0...
A field study of post-exercise values of blood biochemical constituents in jumping horses: relationship with score, individual and event. The variability of the post-exercise values (PEV) of blood lactate and of some other blood constituents were studied in 8 healthy and fit jumpers through 5 national competitions of equal difficulty. The effects of factors such as the individual, performance and competition on these PEV were analysed. Venous blood was sampled immediately after the 5 show-jumping contests and was analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), blood lactate, blood glucose (GLU), total plasma protein (TPP), bicarbonate (HCO3-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), serum activities of lactate dehyd...
Traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus in foals. Traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus is a catastrophic injury in the horse. Although this injury has been described in the adult, little information is available in the foal. This paper describes 3 foals with metacarpophalangeal joint instability caused by traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus. Two foals had biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures in a single forelimb, and 1 foal had avulsion of the distal sesamoidean ligaments in 1 forelimb plus biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures in the other forelimb. The foals with single forelimb involvement were managed with splints, a...
Lameness diagnosis and treatment in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Thoroughbred racehorses are susceptible to any and all of the commonly described conditions that affect soundness in the horse. This discussion does not include every conceivable ailment or orthopedic condition that afflicts these animals. Rather, it confines itself to a few specific conditions of the racing Thoroughbred that are either unique to their particular endeavor or so overwhelmingly important to a successful racing career that they must, of necessity, be discussed.
Myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon in ponies during interdigestive, nonfeeding, and digestive periods. Myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon (RVC) was studied in 4 mature ponies. Eight Ag-AgCl bipolar recording electrodes were sutured to the seromuscular layer of the ileum (2 electrodes), cecum (4 electrodes), and RVC (2 electrodes). Myoelectric activity was studied beginning 10 days after surgery. Eight, 60-minute recording sessions were performed in each pony during the interdigestive period, which was the period 3 to 7 hours after the morning feeding. On separate days, food was withheld for 24 hours, and 90-minute recordings were obtained during the nonfeeding per...
