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Topic:Veterinary Care
Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
Subchondral osseous cystic lesions of the elbow of horses: conservative versus surgical treatment. Subchondral osseous cystic lesion of the elbow was diagnosed as a cause of lameness in 6 horses. Persistent lameness and signs of degenerative joint disease developed in the first 3 horses treated conservatively with confinement. Subsequently, 3 horses were each treated by extra-articular enucleation of the cystic cavity via the proximal-medial aspect of the radius. Compared with conservative management, better long-term success (determined by return of athletic soundness and less evidence of degenerative joint disease) was achieved with surgical curettage of elbow subchondral cystic lesions.
Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis. Seventeen cases of guttural pouch mycosis (including two bilaterally affected cases) were diagnosed in a three year period. The presenting signs were, in order of frequency, epistaxis at rest, nasal catarrh, pharyngeal paralysis, ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, swelling of the submandibular/parotid region, extension of the head and neck and dyspnoea. Ligation of the origin of the internal carotid and occipital arteries was attempted in 10 of the cases exhibiting epistaxis. Bilateral ligation was performed on one animal with an untoward sequelae. Where surgery was successfully completed furth...
[Determination of progesterone levels in the milk of mares: a useful aid in the diagnosis of early pregnancy]. The concentration of progesterone in milk was determined in 327 mares to establish pregnancy in an early stage (sixteen days or more). The 5 ng/ml-level of progesterone as a threshold in the EIA-system used resulted in a very useful aid in the diagnosis of early pregnancy in mares. The results of testing were not in accordance with the confirmed reality in fourteen out of 327 mares (4.3 percent). The result of the test was false non-pregnant in five mares (1.5 percent) and false pregnant in nine mares (2.8 percent).
Implantation of a permanent transvenous pacing catheter in a horse with complete heart block and syncope. A permanent, transvenous, atrioventricular, sequential pacing system was implanted successfully in a 7-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with complete heart block. The transvenous atrial and ventricular electrodes were placed in their respective positions in the heart, using real-time, 2-dimensional echocardiography. The horse was able to return successfully to competition as a show horse.
Histamine inhalation provocation test: method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids. After inhalation of increased concentrations of histamine solutions, equids had a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and an increase in airway resistance, work of breathing, and maximum intrathoracic differences in pressure. Because the change in Cdyn correlated best with the inhaled histamine concentrations, airway reactivity was assessed by the decrease in Cdyn. With the use of linear regression, histamine concentrations were calculated; this resulted in a 35% reduction of Cdyn and these concentrations were defined as 35% provoking concentration Cdyn. The histamine inhalation provocation ...
Epidemiology and control of parasites in warm climates. The kind of parasites a horse acquires depends upon its environment. Because patterns of transmission vary greatly with climate and management, no one worming program has universal applications. This article discusses epidemiology and control of equine parasites in the southern United States, where climates vary from warm temperate to subtropical and from humid in the southeast to arid in the southwest.
Immunity and potential of vaccination. This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.
Shoeing principles for the management of navicular disease in horses. Navicular disease was diagnosed in 36 horses. Each horse was treated, using shoeing as the only major means of treatment. Phenylbutazone was used initially for 10 days after shoeing. Shoeing was designed to correct preexisting problems, enhance physiologic function of the foot, and ease breakover of the foot. The horses were evaluated over a period ranging from 12 to 54 months. The lameness improved in all horses. Thirty-one of the 36 horses treated were not lame when last evaluated. Shoeing was most effective when performed within 8 months of the first signs of lameness. Also, horses used for...
Laboratory diagnosis. Diagnosis of internal parasitism is based on many factors, including clinical signs, case histories of individual animals and the herds of which they are a part, and, finally, specific laboratory findings. Laboratory methods used can be divided into those associated with the qualitative and quantitative examination of feces for parasite eggs, larvae, and oocysts, and laboratory findings on changes in physiologic status of individuals that may be produced by specific parasites.
Epidemiology and control of parasites in northern temperate regions. The serious and widespread problem of drug resistance has forced a re-thinking of basic philosophy regarding control of equine parasites. It has illustrated the dangers of total reliance on chemical control and stimulated the use of alternate strategies. Two new approaches are described. Prophylactic treatments in the spring and summer provide effective strongyle and colic control with less selection pressure for drug resistance. A nonchemical approach of pasture cleaning twice a week offers the same advantages with the added bonus of a 50 per cent increase in grazing area.
Large strongyles. Recent advances. This review cites recent advances in the knowledge pertaining to infections of large strongyles in equids. Emphasis is placed on Strongylus vulgaris and attention is focused on pathogenesis of clinical manifestations of infections and treatment and control, including chemotherapy of migrating larvae and drug resistance.
[Effectiveness of ivermectin in Strongyloides westeri cases in foals]. Efficacy of Ivermectin in combating Strongyloides westeri infection of foal. The efficacy of Ivermectin and Mebendazol in combating spontaneous Strongyloides westeri infections in foals has been tested by examining faecal egg output reduction. Ivermectin as a paste formulation was given to sucking foals and pregnant mares in a single dosage of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight by oral administration. A high efficacy of Ivermectin in combating patent Strongyloides westeri infection could be demonstrated; no side effects have been observed. Mebendazol at a dosage rate of 8 mg/kg did not yield satisfa...
Anthelmintics and drug resistance. Equine anthelmintics and the resistance of nematode parasites to anthelmintics are reviewed. Recommendations are made for effective treatment of these parasites and for procedures that can be performed to minimize the problem in the future.
Parasitic skin diseases. In this discussion of parasitic skin diseases of horses, details on life cycles are given to aid the understanding and development of control strategies.
Ascarids. Recent advances. P. equorum is a common and ubiquitous parasite that persists for many years in stables and on pasture in spite of good hygiene and anthelmintic control programs. Foals are usually infected early in life. During the migratory phase of the infection, clinical signs include coughing and a nasal discharge followed by depression and unthriftiness as the worms mature in the gut. Some foals die as a result of intestinal impaction or rupture. Patency is established around 3 months of age, and fecal egg counts may rise to very high levels. From 6 months of age onwards, the ascarid burden diminishes as ...
Protozoal diseases. The clinical and pathologic findings of and therapy for such protozoal diseases as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, pneumocytosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, besnoitiosis, and klossiellosis are discussed. Emphasis is placed on disorders that occur with greater frequency in North America and on emerging protozoal diseases affecting horses.
Pharmacokinetic disposition of dimethyl sulfoxide administered intravenously to horses. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was administered IV to 6 Thoroughbred horses at 2 dosages: 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg. The pharmacokinetics seemed linear, with biological half-lives of 8.6 +/- 0.3 hours and 9.8 +/- 2.2 hours for the 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg dosages, respectively. This was further substantiated by mean residence times of 9.8 +/- 0.44 hours and 13.8 +/- 4.25 hours, areas under the curve of 12.55 +/- 1.42 mg/ml/hr and 1.63 +/- 0.49 mg/ml/hr, and the clearances of 0.081 +/- 0.009 L/kg/hr and 0.066 +/- 0.022 L/kg/hr for the large and small dosages, respectively. At 12 hours after 1.0 g/kg was ad...
Bilateral renal hypoplasia in four young horses. Three horses less than or equal to 3 years old were evaluated because of stunted growth, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and lethargy of at least 1 month's duration. A neonatal foal was examined after its death. In each case, gross and microscopic renal lesions were compatible with bilateral renal hypoplasia (ie, cortical hypoplasia with severe medullary hypoplasia). In young horses with renal failure, bilateral renal hypoplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and may represent a congenital lesion.
Nosocomial infections and bacterial antibiotic resistance in a university equine hospital. A base-line study of bacteria isolated from horses admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during a 6-month period was performed to determine the extent of multiresistant nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria other than Salmonella spp. Results of this study indicated that 21.9% of the 105 horses from which cultures and sensitivities were available had developed nosocomial gram-negative aerobic infections, with high rates of resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim sulfadiazine, three of the most often prescribed antibiotics in this hospital. I...
Clinical experiences with isoflurane in dogs and horses. The inhalational anaesthetic agent isoflurane was administered to 22 dogs and 21 horses undergoing a variety of surgical procedures. Satisfactory anaesthesia was produced in all the animals. The cardiopulmonary changes were similar to those observed with halothane. Rapid changes in the depth of anaesthesia were achieved and recovery from anaesthesia was rapid in both dogs and horses, which was a reflection of the relative insolubility of isoflurane. Recovery from anaesthesia in the horses was particularly smooth and rapid with the animals spending a greater part of their recumbency in the ster...
Generalized steatitis associated with selenium deficiency and normal vitamin E status in a foal. A 7-month-old male Quarter Horse was examined because of severe cachexia, which had begun 2 months earlier. The foal was emaciated and weak despite an excellent appetite. Percutaneous biopsy revealed multiple areas of subcutaneous steatitis with mineralization. Radiography demonstrated calcification of the nuchal ligament. The foal died 9 days after admission. Necropsy revealed mineralized lesions throughout the fascial planes and adipose tissues of the thorax, abdomen, and skeletal muscles, with little to no involvement of muscular tissue. Serum magnesium, copper, and thyroxine concentrations...
Pi granules and related intracytoplasmic inclusions in equine Schwann cells. Suchwann cells from a variety of nerves in two adult horses and one adult pony contained perinuclear intracytoplasmic inclusion complexes consisting of lipid droplets, variably electron-dense rounded to elongated bodies and rod-shaped multilamellar structures. The latter were characteristic of pi granules of Reich. There were no significant axonal or myelin alterations associated with these inclusions. It was concluded that the inclusions are a component of normal equine Schwann cells.
