Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Cauvin ER, Munroe GA, Boyd JS.This study was undertaken to design a safe technique to examine the carpal flexor tendon sheath (carpal sheath) of horses endoscopically, using an arthroscope. The limbs from 15 horses were used to study the normal anatomy of the carpal sheath and related structures, establish a safe approach and endoscopic technique, and determine the normal endoscopic appearance of the sheath. Major arteries, veins and nerves, present within and around the sheath, left few 'safe' areas to insert the endoscope. Several portals were assessed and a distal lateral approach was found to be safest and to allow ade...
Henson FM, Davenport C, Butler L, Moran I, Shingleton WD, Jeffcott LB, Schofield PN.The effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II on fetal and foal chondrocytes were investigated in vitro. Chondrocytes from the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur were obtained from 2 fetuses (280 and 320 days gestation) and one 4-day-old foal and cultured. Membrane proteins consistent with type 1 and type 2 IGF receptors were demonstrated by radioligand cross linking and equilibrium binding analysis. It was demonstrated that both IGF-I and IGF-II acted as mitogens for isolated equine chondrocytes when present as the sole mitogenic factor in monolayer culture. ...
Duvivier DH, Votion D, Vandenput S, Art T, Lekeux P.Development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) for horses requires the use of an adapted face mask. In experiment I, 4 masks (A, B, C and D) were tested and factors influencing the delivery of the dry powder were determined. Mask A was one which is commercially available for metered-dose inhalation. Mask B had the same shape as Mask A but an airtight rubber seal was added for the connection between the mask and horse's head. Mask C was a prototype adapted for DPI with connection for the DPI device between the nostrils, airtight expiratory valves in front of each nostril and airtight rubber seal to...
Huber MJ, Grisel GR.An 18-month-old 450-kg [990-lb] sexually intact male Holsteiner was evaluated for lameness of the left forelimb of 3-months' duration. We were unable to localize the site of lameness, using intra-articular and perineural anesthesia, and radiography of the shoulder and cubital joint (elbow) did not reveal radiographic abnormalities. Nuclear scintigraphy was performed. An increase in radio-isotope uptake was evident at the lateral epicondyle of the left humerus. Radiographs of the region 3 weeks later revealed a 1.5-cm focal lucency surrounded by a 1.0-cm rim of necrotic bone. The lesion was con...
Anzai T, Nakanishi A, Wada R, Higuchi T, Hagiwara S, Takazawa M, Oobayashi K, Inoue T.For determination whether strangles has invaded the Hidaka district of Hokkaido, the main racehorse-breeding area of Japan, a epizootiological survey with bacterial isolation was carried out during the breeding season in 1995. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, which is the causative agent of strangles, was isolated from two Thoroughbred horses with submandibular lymphadenitis. Isolates were identified by serological grouping, biochemical tests and analysis of cell surface proteins by Western immunoblotting. Through this survey, it revealed that S. equi subsp. equi has invaded the Hidaka district...
Zhu FX, Zhang XY, Olszewski MA, Robinson NE.The effects of capsaicin and neuropeptides were examined in equine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). Neither capsaicin nor substance P (SP) contracted TSM. Capsaicin (100 microM) elicited relaxation in TSM contracted with methacholine. This relaxation was not mimicked by SP or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Relaxation was not attenuated by removal of the epithelium or by pretreatment of tissue with meclofenamate or the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine. Previous exposure of TSM to capsaicin did not eliminate the relaxation responses to subsequent capsaicin. Although...
Murphy D, Reid SW, Love S.To evaluate the effects of age and diet on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in healthy ponies, OGTTs were performed on 2 groups of British native breed ponies (Group A: 7 foals [6-9 months], Group B: 7 mature individuals [6-13 years]) when maintained on either a high fibre pelleted ration only (Groups A and B) or a hay only diet (Group B). Plasma glucose response, following oral glucose administration, for Group A (basal plasma glucose concentration [Glu0] 4.6 +/- 0.4 mmol/l (mean +/- s.d.) increasing to 11.5 +/- 1.3 mmol/l at 90 min) was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that o...
Tinker MK, White NA, Lessard P, Thatcher CD, Pelzer KD, Davis B, Carmel DK.A prospective study of one year was conducted on 31 horse farms to obtain population based estimates of incidence, morbidity and mortality rates of equine colic. Farms with greater than 20 horses were enrolled by randomly selecting horse owners from 2 adjacent counties of Virginia and Maryland. Descriptive information for 1427 horses was collected at the initiation of the study and updated at 3 month intervals. Time on the farm during the study was tabulated for each horse. When colic was reported by the owner, investigators visited the farm to obtain information about the colic. The crude inc...
Franchini M, Akens M, Bracher V, von Fellenberg R.A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on a combination of oligonucleotide primers selected using the octamer frequency disparity method with primers specific for EHV-5 (described by other authors) recognized all of a series of gamma herpesvirus field isolates. This PCR produced only three fragments: (1) one EHV-2-specific; (2) one EHV-5-specific; and (3) a fragment that occurred alone or in combination with the other two. Cloning and sequencing of four different isolates yielding only the last PCR product showed that this corresponds to a deletion/insertion mutant of EHV-2. The fact that thi...
McGuire TC, Zhang W, Hines MT, Henney PJ, Byrne KM.Horses with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have episodes of viremia and disease; however, most eventually become inapparent carriers. A possible mechanism of control is cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). To evaluate CTL in inapparent carriers with low viral loads, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with autologous EIAV-infected PBMC and human IL-2 to detect memory CTL (CTLm). In initial studies, three carriers had CTLm and one of these had low-level effector CTL (CTLe). The CTLm were restricted by equine lymphocyte alloantigen-A (ELA-A) locus encoded MHC clas...
van Niekerk FE, van Niekerk CH.The effect of 4 different diets, in terms of protein quantity and quality, on total serum protein (TSP), albumin and globulin was investigated. Non-pregnant mares that were not lactating (n = 36), pregnant mares that had foaled (n = 24) and their foals (n = 24) were used in this study. Daily total protein intake had no effect on blood protein concentrations in the mares. Total protein intake and quality (available essential amino-acids) did affect the body mass of mares during lactation. When mares were fed the minimum recommended (National Research Council 1989) total daily protein, foal mass...
Tinker MK, White NA, Lessard P, Thatcher CD, Pelzer KD, Davis B, Carmel DK.A 1 year prospective study was conducted on 31 horse farms to identify risk factors for equine colic. Farms were randomly selected from a list from 2 adjacent counties of Virginia and Maryland, USA. The association between colic and farm or individual horse risk factors related to management, housing, pasture, use, nutrition, health and events was first examined by univariate statistical analysis. Individually significant (P < = 0.25 for farm factors, P < = 0.10 for horse factors) variables were used in a stepwise multivariable forward logistic regression to select explanatory factors (P < = 0...
Gottschalk RD, van den Berg SS.Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in 11 mares and unilateral ovariectomy in 2 mares. The horses were standing and sedated for surgery. After appropriate preparation a laparoscope was inserted into the abdomen through the paralumbar fossa and the ovary was identified and anaesthetised with local anaesthetic via a custom-built needle. The ovary was then withdrawn from the abdomen through a separate flank incision and removed. The abdomen was not distended with gas before surgery. This method proved to be minimally invasive, rapid and effective.
Southwood LL, Baxter GM, Hutchison JM, Shuster R.To obtain information from specialists in equine surgery as to prevalence of, predisposing factors for, and methods to prevent postoperative adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods: Survey. Methods: Surveys were mailed to 196 diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons involved in equine practice. Results: 60 (31%) surveys were returned. Most respondents (55/60) routinely informed clients of the risk of postoperative adhesion formation in horses with small intestinal lesions. When asked after which procedures they routinely used measures to prevent adhe...
Mills PC, Ng JC, Kramer H, Auer DE.Five clinically healthy Thoroughbred geldings were injected with Freund's adjuvant 3 times to induce a chronic inflammatory response. Blood was collected at various times before and after adjuvant administration. Clinical responses (rectal temperature and general demeanor) were also monitored. Adjuvant injection induced increases in rectal temperature and plasma fibrinogen concentration (maximum levels measured were mean +/- s.d. 39.7 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 8.2 +/- 0.3 g/l, respectively), indicative of an inflammatory response. A mild clinical depression was also observed in the horses for 24 h...
Murray MJ, Haven ML, Eichorn ES, Zhang D, Eagleson J, Hickey GJ.Seventeen Thoroughbred horses with moderate to severe gastric ulceration were purchased from a race track within 10 days of racing and were treated once daily with either omeprazole (9 horses) or vehicle (8 horses) and evaluated gastroscopically for ulcer healing. Horses were administered omeprazole (1.5 mg/kg bwt/day) or vehicle by nasogastric tube once daily. Gastroscopic examination was performed on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28, until lesions healed completely. Selected images of gastric lesions were captured by computer at each endoscopic examination, with a measuring caliper in...
Williams TM, Dobson GP, Mathieu-Costello O, Morsbach D, Worley MB, Phillips JA.To establish a skeletal muscle profile for elite sprinters, we obtained muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and soleus of African cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Muscle ultrastructure was characterized by the fiber type composition and mitochondrial volume density of each sample. Maximum enzyme activity, myoglobin content and mixed fiber metabolite content were used to assess the major biochemical pathways. The results demonstrate a preponderance of fast-twitch fibers in the locomotor muscles of cheetahs; 83% of the total number of fibers examined in the vastus laterali...
DiPietro JA, Hutchens DE, Lock TF, Walker K, Paul AJ, Shipley C, Rulli D.A clinical trial carried out over 98 days was done to evaluate treatment of horses with moxidectin gel for efficacy as measured by (1) reduction in the production of parasite ova post treatment, (2) a comparison of the posttreatment parasite egg count suppression of moxidectin to ivermectin, and (3) assessment of the field safety, animal acceptance of the moxidectin formulation, and the utility of the moxidectin delivery device. One hundred and fifty Standardbred horses with naturally acquired parasite infections were used in the study. Moxidectin had more prolonged and greater suppressive inf...
McKeever KH, Malinowski K.To test the hypothesis that, compared with unfit young horses, unfit older horses have lower aerobic capacity and reduction in other indices of exercise capacity. Methods: 6 young (mean +/- SEM, 5.3 +/- 0.8 years and 445 +/- 13 kg) and 6 aged (22.0 +/- 0.4 years and 473 +/- 18 kg) healthy Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares. Methods: The mares, accustomed to running on a treadmill, were tested by use of an incremental exercise test. None of the mares had received exercise training for at least 4 months prior to the study. During testing, mares ran up a fixed 6% grade, starting at a speed of 4 ...
Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, McClenahan D, Fagliari JJ, Jenkins K.To determine whether platelets are hyperaggregable or form platelet-neutrophil aggregates during the prodromal stages of acute laminitis of ponies. Methods: Healthy adult ponies: 8 experimental and 6 control. Methods: Acute laminitis was induced by oral administration of corn starch and wood flour to 8 ponies, and indices of platelet activation were evaluated. Blood samples were collected before and at 4, 8, 12, 24, 28, and 32 hours after carbohydrate administration, and PCV, total plasma protein concentration, platelet count, activated clotting time, whole blood recalcification time, spontane...
Rose PL, Seeherman H, O'Callaghan M.Comminuted fractures of the middle phalanx have been well described in the horse. Choice of treatment, surgical planning and prognosis have traditionally been based upon evaluation of radiographs. However, the complex nature of comminuted fractures makes radiographic interpretation difficult. Computed tomography (CT) allows the production of cross-sectional images with spatial separation of structures which are superimposed on survey radiographs. This allows accurate assessment of the number and direction of fracture lines within the bone. In this paper we report the use of CT in the evaluatio...
Weil AB, Keegan RD, Greene SA.To determine whether a low dose of atropine is associated with decreased requirement for cardiovascular supportive treatment in horses given detomidine prior to maintenance of general anesthesia with halothane. Methods: 3 groups of 10 healthy horses. Methods: Detomidine (20 micrograms/kg of body weight, i.m.) was administered to all 30 horses. Then, 10 horses received atropine (0.006 mg/kg, i.v.) 1 hour after detomidine administration, 10 horses received atropine (0.012 mg/kg, i.m.) at the time of detomidine administration, and 10 horses served as a control group. Heart rate was measured prior...
Belloli C, Re G, Arioli F, Badino P, Carcano R, Odore R, Girardi C, Beretta C.To identify beta-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in motility inhibition of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers of equine ileum. Methods: Isolated strips of equine ileum circular smooth muscle and membrane preparations from circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Methods: Functional assays of circular muscle preparations and radioligand binding assays and measurements of cAMP production in smooth muscle membranes from circular and longitudinal layers. Results: Selective beta-adrenergic agonists exerted inhibitory effects on circular muscle preparations. Binding studies of cell membra...
Oliveira Spila D, Maranhão RPA, Ocarino NM, de Lima JTB, Melo FG, Boeloni JN, Serakides R.The effects of two concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3; 0.01 and 1,000 nM) on the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation abilities of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were evaluated. The osteogenic study evaluated the effect of T3 using alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assay; cell viability and density; and formation of mineralized nodules at Days 7, 14, and 21 in culture. The chondrogenic study tested the effect of T3 through ALP assay, mitochondrial metabolism, cell density, and periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS+) matrix percentage at Days 7 and 14. In bot...
Elzinga S, Reedy S, Barker VD, Chambers TM, Adams AA.Obesity is an increasing problem in the equine population with recent reports indicating that the percentage of overweight horses may range anywhere from 20.6-51%. Obesity in horses has been linked to more serious health concerns such as equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). EMS is a serious problem in the equine industry given its defining characteristics of insulin dysregualtion and obesity, as well as the involvement of laminitis. Little research however has been conducted to determine the effects of EMS on routine healthcare of these horses, in particular how they respond to vaccination. It has...
Parente EJ.The many testing methods available and the increasing sophistication of diagnostic equipment have enhanced greatly our capabilities to diagnose causes of exercise intolerance in the equine athlete during the last several years. High-speed treadmill examination has become the focus of this form of evaluation. Not all clinicians perform or have access to high-speed treadmill examinations. Testing methods that require the use of the high-speed treadmill, as well as methods that do not, are discussed.
Tomlinson JE, Sage AM, Turner TA.The pelvis is covered with extensive musculature and often presents a challenge in diagnostic imaging. Ultrasonography provides diagnostic information about soft tissue, articular cartilage and bone surfaces, although little information exists about the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine sacroiliac region. Objective: To determine the clinical applicability of ultrasonographic examination in horses with sacroiliac pain. Methods: Horses presented to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital for hindlimb lameness were evaluated and lower limb lameness was ruled out wi...
Mason BJ.A survey of 28 cases of chronic purulent infection of the sinuses in the horse showed a relationship between incidence and age, and a probable relationship with breed. Dental disease was apparently the cause of half the cases. The conventional treatment of trephination followed by irrigation with antiseptic solutions resulted in freedom from recurrence of the disease for over 1 year in 17 of the 28 horses. Antibiotic therapy appears to be useless in chronic empyema. The prognosis is adversely affected by the development of facial swelling, a sign seen usually only in long-standing cases.
Bailey E.Lymphocyte typing can be used to detect incorrectly identified parentage of horses. Efficacies of lymphocyte typing to solve paternity questions were calculated using gene frequency estimates of equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) markers for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Probabilities that ELA typing will detect an incorrectly assigned sire were 68.7% in Thoroughbreds, 67.9% in pacing Standardbreds, and 62.0% in trotting Standardbreds. These calculations demonstrate that ELA typing is among the most efficacious genetic systems for solving paternity questions in horses. Likewise, it could also ...
Junginger J, Geburek F, Khan MA, Müller G, Gruber AD, Hewicker-Trautwein M.Cutaneous mastocytosis is a rare benign disease occurring in domestic animals and humans. In previous reports, dermal findings in foals were accompanied by systemic mast cell infiltrations, whereas lesions in human cutaneous mastocytosis, including urticaria pigmentosa and solitary mastocytoma, are usually restricted to the skin. Objective: To describe a new variant of equine cutaneous maculopapular mastocytosis lacking systemic involvement. Methods: A 2.5-month-old warmblood foal with multiple skin nodules since birth. Methods: Clinical examination (including haematology, fine needle biopsy a...
Reilas T, Huhtinen M, Oksanen M, Katila T.The aim of the study was to determine whether neutrophil numbers (PMN), trypsin-inhibitor capacity (TIC), lysozyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), beta-glucuronidase (B-Gase), total protein, and plasmin in uterine lavage fluid of postpartum (p.p.) mares, either at the time of foal heat insemination or around the time of arrival of the embryo in the uterus, could be used in predicting conception. Fifteen mares were inseminated within 13 h after the first p.p. ovulation. Uterine lavage fluids were successfully collected from 9 out of 12 mares before insemination and from all 15 mares ...
van Rensburg IB, Stadler P, Soley J.A bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in the lungs of a horse which was euthanased after protracted respiratory disease and radiological evidence of pulmonary neoplasia. Multifocal, large, firm neoplasms occurred throughout both lungs. Neoplastic lesions were not found elsewhere. Histologically the bronchiolar and alveolar architecture was retained. The cuboidal cells lining neoplastic alveoli had very vacuolated cytoplasm, while some were ciliated. Electron microscopy identified the cells as Type II pneumocytes. Numerous distended myelinoid bodies in the tumour cells accounted fo...
Evans MJ, Alexander SL, Irvine CH, Kitson NE, Taylor TB.The GnRH antagonist cetrorelix was given during the early (Days 1-5), mid (Days 6-10 or 5-12) or for the entire (Days 1-16) luteal phase of mares to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH (Day 0=ovulation). Frequent blood sampling from Day 6 to Day 14 was used to determine the precise time-course of the suppression (cetrorelix given Days 6-10). Cetrorelix treatment caused a decrease in FSH and LH concentrations by 8 and 16 h, respectively, and an obliteration of the response to exogenous GnRH given 24h after treatment onset. Treatment never suppressed gonadotropin concentrations to undetectable l...
Weller D, Franklin S, White P, Shea G, Fenner K, Wilson B, Wilkins C, McGreevy P.This article reports on the results of a survey of racehorse trainers (n = 112) outlining the reasons for tongue-tie (TT) and noseband (NB) use by Thoroughbred trainers (TBTs) (n = 72) and Standardbred trainers (SBTs) (n = 40). The study also investigated the reported effectiveness of TTs and possible complications arising from their use. Tongue-tie use was reported by 62.5% (n = 70) of racehorse trainers. The reasons for TT use varied between TBTs and SBTs. For TBTs, the most common reason for TT use was to prevent or reduce airway obstruction (72.3%, n = 34), followed closely by to prevent o...
Brianza S, Brighenti V, Boure L, Sprenger V, Pearce S, Schwieger K.To evaluate the efficacy of a novel pin-sleeve cast (PSC) system for external fixation of distal limb fractures in horses and to compare it with the transfixation pin cast (TPC) system. Methods: Experimental. Methods: One bone substitute each was used for the TPC and PSC systems. The PSC was tested in 4 configurations characterized by different pin preloads. Methods: Specimens were loaded in axial compression in the elastic range. Variables compared statistically were: bone substitute axial displacement and axial strain measured above implants with strain gauges. Pin preload was correlated wit...
Fowlie J, Arnoczky S, Lavagnino M, Maerz T, Stick J.To evaluate the magnitude and distribution of joint contact pressure on the medial tibial condyle after grade III cranial horn tears of the medial meniscus. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Cadaveric equine stifles (n = 6). Methods: Cadaveric stifles were mounted in a materials testing system and electronic pressure sensors were placed between the medial tibial condyle and medial meniscus. Specimens were loaded parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tibia to 1800 N at 130°, 140°, 150°, and 160° stifle angle. Peak pressure and contact area were recorded from the contact maps. Testing...
Walders W, Gehlen H.This study evaluated a device for blood pressure measurement using high definition oscillometry (HDO) for its acceptability and practicability in the horse. Furthermore, we evaluated whether this device can determine differences in blood pressure between healthy horses and horses with heart diseases and between different measurement times. Methods: The study population consisted of 60 horses (aged 4-31 years). All horses underwent clinical examination, conventional echocardiography (including cardiac output measurement at the pulmonary artery), repeated noninvasive blood pressure measurement a...
Ferreira TH, Brosnan RJ, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Moore SB, Hollingsworth SR.To assess the effects of ketamine hydrochloride, propofol, or compounded thiopental sodium administration on intraocular pressure (IOP) and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg), and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg), propofol (3 mg/kg), or thiopental (4 mg/kg) in a crossover study with ≥ 1 week between treatments. For each horse, IOP in the right eye was measured with a handheld applanation tonometer before and after xylazine ...
Wasfi IA, Abdel Hadi AA, Elghazali M, Boni NS, Alkatheeri NA, Barezaig IM, Al Muharami AM, Hamid AM.The pharmacokinetics of tripelennamine (T) was compared in horses (n = 6) and camels (n = 5) following intravenous (i.v.) administration of a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, the metabolism and urinary detection time was studied in camels. The data obtained (median and range in brackets) in camels and horses, respectively, were as follows: the terminal elimination half-lives were 2.39 (1.91-6.54) and 2.08 (1.31-5.65) h, total body clearances were 0.97 (0.82-1.42) and 0.84 (0.64-1.17)L/h/kg. The volumes of distribution at steady state were 2.87 (1.59-6.67) and 1.69 (1.18-3.50) L/kg, ...
Watrous BJ.Head tilt in the horse is commonly a sign of either central or peripheral vestibular disease. The confirmation of vestibular disease is based on physical findings, including results of cranial-nerve function evaluation and observation of stance, posture, and gait. Further localization is made by ancillary tests such as cerebral spinal fluid analysis, electrodiagnostic testing, and radiography. The normal anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system, the abnormal clinical signs demonstrated during physical examination, and the various etiologies are discussed.
Tozaki T, Hirota K, Hasegawa T, Ishida N, Tobe T.The identification of candidate genes for significant traits is crucial. In this study, we developed and tested effective and systematic methods based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) for the identification of candidate regions for genes with Mendelian inheritance and those associated with complex traits. Our approach entailed the combination of primary screening using pooled DNA samples based on DeltaTAC, secondary screening using an individual typing method and tertiary screening using a permutation test based on the differences in the haplotype frequency between two neighbouring microsatellit...
Lin HC, Johnson CR, Duran SH, Waldridge BM.To evaluate the cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic effects of rapid IV administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in awake and halothane-anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 6 adult horses. Methods: Horses received IV infusion of 5 L of a balanced electrolyte solution with and without 1 g/kg (0.45 g/lb) of 10% DMSO solution when they were awake and anesthetized with halothane (4 treatments/horse). Arterial and venous blood samples were collected immediately before and at intervals during or after fluid administration and analyzed for blood gases and hematologic and ser...
Ito S, Hobo S, Kasashima Y.To evaluate the effects of compression atelectasis on the composition of pulmonary secretions in anesthetized horses, cytological and biochemical examinations were performed on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids obtained from both dependent and independent lung regions. Six horses were anesthetized with isoflurane and oxygen for 120 min, and were positioned in right lateral recumbency. Percentage of neutrophils and total protein concentration in BAL fluids significantly increased at the end of anesthesia, and total phosphorous concentration significantly decreased at 72 hr after anesthesia in...
Salas-Romero J, Gómez-Cabrera KA, Aguilera-Valle LA, Bertot JA, Salas JE, Arenal A, Nielsen MK.Increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance observed in equine cyathostomin parasites have led to recommendations of selective anthelmintic treatment strategies to lower the selection pressure favoring resistant populations. This principle is based on determining strongyle fecal egg counts from all herd members, and treating those exceeding a predetermined treatment cutoff. However, epidemiological information is lacking from horses kept under tropical conditions, where parasite burdens may be of a different composition and magnitude compared to those of horses kept under temperate climate co...
DiPietro JA, Todd KS, Reuter V.Four groups of 10 horses (mares) each were treated with a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base orally, a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base via nasogastric tube, a 1.87% paste of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) orally, or a 22.7% paste of oxibendazole (10 mg/kg) orally. Fecal examinations were done before treatment and on posttreatment days (PTD) 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Strongyle egg per gram counts and sugar flotation fecal examinations were performed. Results of fecal exami...
