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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Serologic diagnosis of canine and equine borreliosis: use of recombinant antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum samples from dogs and equids suspected of having canine or equine borreliosis, respectively, were analyzed in polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with whole-cell or recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Purified preparations of recombinant antigens included outer surface protein A (OspA), OspB, OspC, OspE, OspF, and p41-G (a fragment of flagellin). Of the 36 dog sera that reacted positively to whole-cell antigen, 32 (88.9%) contained antibodies to one or more recombinant antigens. Reactivities to OspF (88.9% positive) and p41-G (75% positive) were...
Relationship between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and conformation and radiographic measurements of the front feet in Finnhorses. One hundred Finnhorse cadaver front feet were measured and examined both radiographically and visually to report the incidence of various foot problems and their relationship to ossification of the cartilages of the foot. Ossification extending above the proximal border of the navicular bone and/or separate centres of ossification were found in 36 feet, and the lateral cartilages showed more ossification than the medial cartilages. The feet were generally broad with well developed frogs, but the long toe-low heel syndrome was a relatively common finding. Ossification of the cartilages correlat...
Effect of allopurinol on the formation of reactive oxygen species during intense exercise in the horse. Allopurinol was administered to six horses in a cross-over study to determine the relative contribution of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the horse during intense exercise. Exercise increased the mean (SEM) plasma lipid hydroperioxide concentration to a maximum of 492.7 (33.4) microM within one minute of exercise completion and maximum levels of both oxidised glutathione (GSSG) in haemolysates of red blood cells and the glutathione redox ratio (GRR) occurred 20 minutes after exercise (87.2 [12.2] microM and 8.9 [0.9] per cent, respectively)....
Age-related differences in collagen crimp patterns in the superficial digital flexor tendon core region of untrained horses. To measure collagen fibril crimp angles and lengths as well as collagen fibril mass-average diameters in central and peripheral regions of the superficial digital flexor tendon of wild horses, to ascertain any age-related changes in either region in the absence of imposed galloping exercise. Methods: Measurements from a random cull of wild horses. Methods: Superficial digital flexor tendon samples were taken from 23 wild horses ranging in age from two to ten years. Methods: Horses were divided into 'young' (< 5 years, n = 10), 'middle-aged' (5 to < 10 years, n = 9) and 'ol...
The equine endometrial mast cell during the puerperal period: evaluation of mast cell numbers and types in comparison to other inflammatory changes. Endometrial biopsies of 44 broodmares were histologically examined on days 3, 6, and 9 postpartum. The mares were subdivided into three groups according to the course of the puerperal period. In 29 mares, parturition and expulsion of the placenta was normal, six mares showed dystocia, and in nine mares, the placenta was retained for > 2 hours. Tissue samples were evaluated histologically, and the average numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, siderophages, and mast cells was determined. Protease content of mast cells was examined with a double-enzyme immunohistochemical staining te...
Thrombocytosis in 24 horses (1989-1994). The records of horses presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine between January 1, 1989 and April 30, 1994 were evaluated to determine risk factors associated with thrombocytosis. Of the 2,346 horses for which a CBC was performed, 24 (1.0%) had a platelet count > 400,000/microL. Demographic, diagnostic, physical examination, and clinicopathologic variables from these cases were compared with a reference population consisting of 189 horses with a normal platelet count presenting during the same period. Infectious/ inflamma...
The effect of detomidine and its antagonism with tolazoline on stress-related hormones, metabolites, physiologic responses, and behavior in awake ponies. Six ponies were used to investigate the effect of tolazoline antagonism of detomidine on physiological responses, behavior, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in awake ponies. Each pony had a catheter inserted into a jugular vein 1 hour before beginning the study. Awake ponies were administered detomidine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]) followed 20 minutes later by either tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg i.v.) or saline. Blood samples were drawn from the catheter 5 minutes before detomidine administration (baseline), 5 minutes after detomidine administration, 20 minute...
Immunohistochemical demonstration of equine herpesvirus-1 antigen in neurons and astrocytes of horses with acute paralysis. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection in a few widely scattered neurons and astrocytes plus endothelial cells in brain and spinal cord of two horses with naturally occurring paralytic disease was demonstrated by use of an immunoperoxidase technique. These horses were euthanatized less than 48 hours after the onset of clinical signs. No staining for EHV-1 was demonstrated in brain or spinal cord of three horses that had a longer duration of clinical disease or in two uninfected horses.
Lateral collateral ligament avulsion of the humeroradial joint in a horse. This report describes traumatic avulsion of the lateral collateral ligament of the humeroradial joint in a horse. The history and diagnostic procedures are included with relevant radiographs and ultrasonographs. The poor prognosis associated with this injury is due to degenerative joint disease.
Infectious agents in acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario. A study of acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario was undertaken to determine the identity of current causative infectious agents. A nasopharyngeal swab was designed and utilized to maximize isolation of viruses, mycoplasma, and pathogenic bacteria. Serum samples were collected for parallel determination of antibody titers to equine influenza virus type A subtype 1 (H7N7) and subtype 2 (H3N8), equine rhinovirus types 1 and 2, equine herpesvirus type 1, Mycoplasma equirhinius, and Mycoplasma felis. Equine rhinovirus type 2 was recovered from 28/92 horses tested, and equine influenza vir...
Application of equine infectious anemia virus core proteins produced in a baculovirus expression system to serological diagnosis. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) core proteins were obtained from a baculovirus expression system. Recombinant baculoviruses (rBVs) highly expressed the Gag precursor and p26 antigens in an rBV-infected Sf21 cell culture supernatant. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) were conducted using the expressed proteins to detect antibodies from experimentally infected horses. The expressed antigens showed low background levels, high specificity and sensitivity in ELISA and AGID. The results of the serological tests using the expressed antigens were ident...
Effect of 19-norandrostenololylaurate on semen characteristics of colts. The long-term effects of the anabolic steroid 19-norandrostenololylaurate on semen characteristics of Finnhorse colts were studied in 3 experiments. Semen was collected initially at 24 months of age and then twice a year. In experiment I, 500 mg or 100 mg of steroid per animal was given every 3rd week from 12 or 16 months to 24 months of age. In colts treated with 500 mg of anabolic steroid every 3rd week, azoospermia was observed in 3 out of 5 colts in the first semen collections, immediately after the end of treatment. The other 2 colts had low sperm numbers and a high percentage of proximal...
Analysis of equine scintigraphical lung images. A method is proposed (1) to create inhalation to perfusion ratio (I/Q) images from equine lung scintiscans and (2) to analyse these I/Q images. This method was applied to five healthy horses in order to establish reference ranges of I/Q distribution pattern. Computed I/Q images were divided in three regions based on the activity due to the inhalation (I) versus perfusion (Q) procedure. For each region a regional mismatching factor (Iri), i.e. the I/Q of the region, and an intraregional mismatching factor (Lri), which expresses the variability of pixels' I/Q within the region, were calculated. ...
[Orthopedic hippotherapy–new methods in treatment of segmental instabilities of the lumbar spine]. The orthopedic hippotherapy represents a new form of therapeutic exercise in the conservative treatment of segmental instabilities in the lumbar spine region. This kind of therapy works on the principle of conveying to the patient the three-dimensional swinging motion of the horse's back. The patient reacts to these movement impulses by moving up and down (vertical movement of the spine), back and forth (sagittal movement) and to the right and the left (horizontal movement). The small movements of the spine thus produced bring about a mobilization of the segments involved in movement and there...
Altered biological activity of equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix and supplemented with transforming growth factor beta-1. To determine the effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the synthesis of DNA, collagen, and proteoglycans (PG) by equine chondrocytes. Methods: Articular cartilage obtained from multiple joints of a 4-month-old foal. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion, cultured in monolayer, trypsinized, and implanted at a cellular density of 10 x 10(6) chondrocytes/ml in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. Chondrocytes in culture were supplemented with TGF-beta 1 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml in serum-free medium or medium containing fetal bovine seru...
The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in standardbred trotters. A retrospective cohort study was made of the racing performance of trotters which had been subjected routinely to radiography before they started training and racing. Sixty-one per cent (148) of the 243 horses, foaled in 3 consecutive years, had one or more abnormal findings categorised into 5 relevant groups based on radiography, of which osteochondrosis (OCD) was the most specific diagnosis. Parameters used to reflect racing performance were: proportion of horses starting in races, number of starts per year, earnings per year, earnings per start and racing longevity. No significant associati...
Complete upper airway obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst in a horse. Subepiglottic cysts have been identified in adult horses and in foals,
and are usually associated with partial upper airway obstruction
(Raker 1976, Koch and Tate 1978, Stick and Boles 1980, Tulleners
1991). We report the unusual presentation of complete upper
airway obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst.
Radiographical assessment of interphalangeal rotation in the evaluation of equine digital conformation. This study is a part of a work to design a radiographical method to objectively define the conformation of an equine digit and to assess the individual appropriate trimming of a horse. Various angles were measured directly from the phalangeal bones. The authors observed that the bone relief of the sesamoid ligament insertions on the proximal phalanx was an essential landmark to determine the phalangeal alignment. The same angles were measured from specific radiographs and made it possible to quantify the rotation imposed to the proximal phalanx. The authors also noticed that the phalangeal rot...
Benzimidazole resistance in cyathostomes in horses in the Ukraine. The efficacy of treatment with cambendazole was tested in 1-year-old horses on a farm in Dubrovka, Ukraine. Thirty-five horses were treated. Their egg output was compared on the day of treatment and 14 days later with that of 33 untreated horses. Before treatment the mean number of eggs g-1 faeces was 614 in the controls and 766 in horses that had been treated. After 14 days the mean egg output in the controls was 580 and in the treated horses 369. This means a reduction of 54.5%. Only cyathostome larvae could be cultured from faeces collected after treatment. It can be concluded that benzimid...
Racing performance in standardbred trotters with chronic synovitis after partial arthroscopic synovectomy in the metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal and intercarpal (midcarpal) joints. Chronic synovitis may cause recurring lameness in competing race horses. Forty-five standardbred horses with recurring lameness secondary to chronic synovitis were studied. Arthroscopic synovectomy was performed in 32 metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joints and in 28 intercarpal joints of horses that had previously been treated unsuccessfully with commonly used intraarticular medication The outcome of the synovectomy was evaluated by comparing racing performance before and after surgery. The synovial membrane was microscopically characterized as chronic synovitis of varying severity. Racing perf...
Effect of 19-norandrostenololylaurate on serum testosterone concentration, libido, and closure of distal radial growth plate in colts. The long-term effect of anabolic steroid was investigated in 3 experiments. In experiment I, 500 mg of 19-norandrostenololylaurate was given to 5 colts and a dose of 100 mg to another 5 colts every 3rd week. Six colts served as untreated controls. The animals were 12-16 months old at the start, and 24 months at the end of treatment. In experiment II, a dose of 1 mg/kg was given every 3rd week to 4 colts and 0.3 mg/kg every week to another 4 colts. Six colts served as controls. The colts were treated from 7 months to 12 months of age. In experiment III, 1 mg/kg of steroid was given every 3rd we...
[Septic arthritis of the hoof joint in the horse–diagnosis, radiologic changes and therapy]. A retrospective study (1984-1994) was made of 10 cases of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses aged 7 months to 17 years. In 6 cases a hind limb was affected, in 4 cases a front limb. The arthritis was caused either by a puncture wound in the sole area (8 cases), by a perforating wound in the coronary region (1) or iatrogenic (1). All horses exhibited a severe lameness at the walk. Radiography showed no typical lesions in fresh cases, whilst later an increasing subluxation of the joint was observed followed by periosteal reactions. Therapy included partial resection o...
Survey of diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and the American College of Veterinary Surgeons regarding clinical aspects and treatment of endotoxemia in horses. A questionnaire designed to elicit information concerning prevalence, underlying causes, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and complications of endotoxemia in horses was mailed to diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and the American College of Veterinary Surgeons who identified themselves as equine practitioners. Gastrointestinal tract compromise, conditions associated with foaling, and grain overload were reported to be the most common clinical conditions that led to endotoxemia. Most of the respondents diagnosed endotoxemia on the basis of the following clinica...
High stability of the Ilizarov ringfixator in a metacarpal fracture of an Arabian foal. In a case of I degree open multifragmentary metacarpal fracture of a 4-week-old Arabian foal, an osteosynthesis with the Ilizarov ringfixator was performed. Immediate full weight-bearing (100 kg) was possible, demonstrating the high stability of the Ilizarov ringsystem. After 12 weeks, sufficient bony union was achieved, and the fixator could be removed. At that time, the body weight of the foal was 170 kg. In our opinion, this case proves the high stability and efficiency of the ringsystem under difficult and unusual conditions.
Gelatinolytic activity in tracheal aspirates of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The gelatinolytic activity in tracheal aspirates (TA) of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was analyzed using SDS-PAGE-gelatin-gel electrophoresis (zymography) and compared to TAs from healthy controls. The 110-90 kD MMP-9 type gelatinase was high in symptomatic disease phases (permanent disease 0.46 +/- 0.15, p < 0.001; or intermittent disease 0.47 +/- 0.12, p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls (0.10 +/- 0.07). Similarly, the overall gelatinolytic activity, the activity in high-mw gelatinolytic bands (210-190 and 150 kD) and in proteolytically processed fragments in ...
Effect of 19-norandrostenololylaurate on testicular growth in colts. The effect of anabolic steroid on testicular growth was investigated in 3 experiments. In experiment I, 500 mg of the anabolic steroid was given to 4 colts and 100 mg to another 4 colts, every 3rd week, starting at age 16 months and ending at age 24 months. Six colts served as controls. Both treatments decreased total scrotal width (TSW) within 6 weeks. Seasonal testicular growth during spring partly overcame the effect of steroid treatment. Cessation of anabolic steroid treatment was followed by testicular growth at the same time as TSW in untreated colts was decreasing by virtue of the effec...
