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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Plasma constituents during incremental treadmill exercise in intact and splenectomised horses. Six intact and 6 splenectomised mares were given an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to examine the fluid and electrolyte changes associated with exercise and the role of the spleen in these changes. Blood samples were obtained at rest and at the end of each 1-min step of the test. Exercise at 7 m/sec caused significant (P 0.05) in either group (intact = 2.7%; splenectomised, = 3.5%). This appears to be the first record of substantial changes of these constituents during short-term exercise, even before the onset of visible sweat losses. The changes in the concentration of plasma prot...
Instrumentation of exercising thoroughbreds to determine blood gas tensions and acid-base status. A device was constructed of easily obtained medical supplies, and hardware and could be used to obtain multiple arterial samples when manually triggered. The right carotid arteries in five normal horses were surgically elevated, thereby permitting percutaneous cannulation. Each horse was galloped on a 1.6-km test track at approximately 500 m/min, and the rider triggered the mechanism at each 0.4-km mark. Each horse underwent 10 test gallops, and a mean and standard error was determined for each sampling mark including preexercise and postexercise samples. The results indicated that horses ridd...
Effect of stabling on bronchoalveolar cells obtained from normal and COPD horses. Bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed before and after 3 weeks of housing in 5 horses suffering from COPD and 5 normal horses. In the two groups, the total number of cells recovered remained unchanged after stabling. The most common cell populations in BAL fluid of control animals were alveolar macrophages (46.4%) and lymphocytes (44.9%). The percentage of neutrophils increased after stabling from 8.7% to 27.6%. In COPD horses, lymphocytes predominated (40.7%) in animals at pasture with neutrophils increasing from 29.4% to 71.6% after stabling. After fractionation by Percoll density gra...
Treatment of respiratory infections in horses with ceftiofur sodium. Ceftiohr sodium was evaluated as a therapy for respiratory
infections in horses. This cephalosporin antimicrobial was
administered intramuscularly every 24 h and at a dose of 2.2
mglkg (1.0 mgllb) of body weight. The efficacy of ceftiofur
sodium was compared with that of a positive control drug,
ampicillin sodium (recommended dose of 6.6 mg/kg [3 mg/lb],
given every 12 h). Both treatments were continued for 48 h
after clinical symptoms were no longer evident (maximum of
10 days). Fifty-five (55) horses with naturally acquired
respiratory infections were included in the study; 28 were
...
Clinical syndrome and diagnosis of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in quarter horses. Of the 16 horses studied, 14 belonged to a family previously shown to be susceptible to hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP), and 8 were shown to have HPP. Diagnosis of HPP by electromyographic detection of myotonic discharges or by oral administration of KCl to induce clinical signs and hyperkalaemia had similar reliability and gave the same result in 80% of cases. KCl had to be administered at doses up to 0.2 g/kg bodyweight to produce signs in some horses. KCl challenge testing was more time consuming than EMG and resulted in one fatality. Overall, electromyography and potassium challenge...
In vitro effects of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on cholinergic contractions of equine distal airways. In horses with noninduced, reversible airway obstruction (heaves), pulmonary function is improved after sedation with the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist xylazine. The mechanism of this effect is undetermined. Because the predominant excitatory innervation of equine airways is cholinergic, the influence of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the response of isolated distal airways to cholinergic stimulation was determined. Distal bronchial segments from 22 healthy horses were suspended in isolated organ baths where their mechanical responses to various stimuli could be studied. Each tissue w...
Effects of clenbuterol hydrochloride on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics in anesthetized horses. We evaluated the effects of clenbuterol HCl (0.8 micrograms/kg, of body weight, IV), a beta 2 agonist, on ventilation-perfusion matching and hemodynamic variables in anesthetized (by IV route), laterally recumbent horses. The multiple inert gas elimination technique was used to assess pulmonary gas exchange. Clenbuterol HCl induced a decrease in arterial oxygen tension (from 57.0 +/- 1.8 to 49.3 +/- 1.2 mm of Hg; mean +/- SEM) as a result of increased shunt fraction (from 6.6 +/- 2.1 to 14.4 +/- 3.1%) and ventilation to regions with high ventilation-perfusion ratios. In contrast, no changes in...
Risk factors associated with equine motor neuron disease: a possible model for human MND. Equine motor neuron disease (EMND), a newly described neurodegenerative disease, bears a striking resemblance to progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) in humans. We present a comparison of the equine and human diseases and the results of a case-control study conducted to identify intrinsic factors associated with EMND. Cases included all horses with a confirmed diagnosis of EMND diagnosed in the United States since 1985 (32 cases). Controls included horses diagnosed with either cervical stenotic myelopathy, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, or protozoan myelitis at the Veterinary Teaching ...
Clinical signs and radiographic diagnosis of a portosystemic shunt in a foal. A three-month-old native pony foal had a history of recurrent episodes of bizarre neurological behaviour. The results of clinical examinations were non-specific but clinicopathological investigations indicated hepatic encephalopathy. A percutaneous, needle liver biopsy revealed histopathological changes consistent with a portosystemic shunt, which was later identified by operative mesenteric portovenography, and confirmed at post mortem.
A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum-deprived foals. Fourteen mares and their foals were attended at parturition. After mare-foal bonding, 8 colostrum-deprived (CD) foals were removed from their dams, deprived of colostrum, and provided with an alternative milk source for the first 24 h of life. The mares were milked out every 2-4 h during this period to remove colostrum, after which the CD foals were returned to their mares and allowed to nurse. Six colostrum-fed (CF) foals were allowed to suck colostrum in the normal manner. Foal serum IgG concentration was determined by single radial immunodiffusion (means, CD = 0 mg/dl; CF = 1,508 mg/dl). Ac...
Racing performance of standardbreds after conservative and surgical treatment for tarsocrural osteochondrosis. A retrospective study of 114 Standardbred horses diagnosed with osteochondrosis (OC) of the cranial intermediate ridge of the distal tibia was carried out, and their subsequent race records were compared with 456 control horses. Each OC-affected horse was compared with 4 horses randomly selected from a list of horses matched to it by year of birth, sex and sire. The horses with OC were treated by arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments (N = 58) or managed conservatively (N = 56). The clinical presentation of these two groups was similar, although joint effusion was a more common presen...
Plasma cell myeloma in the horse. A case report and literature review. Plasma cell myelomas in horses have been reported infrequently. Data from 10 cases, 9 from the literature and 1 new case, are used to characterize the disease in the horse. Hot-blooded horses (7/10), specifically Quarter Horses (4/10), were most often affected. Median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range, 3 mo-22 yr) and both male (5) and female horses (5) were represented equally. Clinical findings included weight loss (6/8), anorexia (4/8), fever (4/8), limb edema (4/8), pneumonia (3/8), rear leg paresis/ataxia (3/8), epistaxis (3/8), palpable lymphadenopathy (2/8), and bone pain (2/8). Anem...
Characterization of equine infectious anemia virus dUTPase: growth properties of a dUTPase-deficient mutant. The putative dUTPase domain was deleted from the polymerase (pol) gene of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) to produce a recombinant delta DUpol Escherichia coli expression cassette and a delta DU proviral clone. Expression of the recombinant delta DUpol polyprotein yielded a properly processed and enzymatically active reverse transcriptase, as determined by immunoblot analysis and DNA polymerase activity gels. Transfection of delta DU provirus into feline (FEA) cells resulted in production of virus that replicated to wild-type levels in both FEA cells and fetal equine kidney cells. In con...
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a cytoplasmic antigen of equine mononuclear phagocytes. An IgG1 mouse monoclonal antibody, designated 1.646, is described which recognizes a cytoplasmic antigen of equine mononuclear phagocytes. Indirect fluorescent antibody staining of peripheral blood leukocytes reveals a granular cytoplasmic staining, predominantly in adherent blood mononuclear cells. Indirect fluorescent antibody staining is positive for alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. In some horses, a few neutrophils are also stained. In equine tissue samples stained by immunohistochemistry, the distribution of positive cells is consistent with the distribution of tissue macrophages. The...
Focal exocytosis by eosinophils–compound exocytosis and cumulative fusion. We have investigated the granule fusion events during exocytosis in horse eosinophils by time-resolved patch-clamp capacitance measurements. Stimulation with intracellular GTP gamma S leads to a stepwise capacitance increase by 4.0 +/- 0.9 pF. At GTP gamma S concentrations < 20 microM the step size distribution is in agreement with the granule size distribution in resting cells. Above 80 microM the number of steps is reduced and very large steps occur. The total capacitance increase, however, is unaffected. These results show that at high GTP gamma S concentrations granule--granule fusion o...
Isolation and characterization of four basic proteins from horse eosinophilic granules. Four new basic proteins were isolated from horse eosinophils and purified. The eosinophils release these proteins after permeabilization with saponin and degranulation stimulized by guanosine 5'-O-thiotriphosphate. The proteins were separated and purified on a Superose P12- and a Mono S-column by fast protein liquid chromatography. The amino acid composition, the relative molecular mass, the isoelectric point and the partial N-terminal sequence of the four proteins were determined. Papain-activation and ribonuclease activity of the four proteins were tested for comparison with the human eosino...
Competitive inhibition of lipolytic enzymes. IX. A comparative study on the inhibition of pancreatic phospholipases A2 from different sources by (R)-2-acylamino phospholipid analogues. The inhibitory power (Z) of a number of (R)-1-alkyl-2-acylamino phospholipid analogues was determined for three mammalian phospholipases A2 from pig, ox and horse pancreas. All three enzymes display a clear preference for anionic (phosphoglycol) inhibitors over the zwitterionic (phosphocholine) derivatives; this effect is most pronounced for the bovine enzyme. Upon variation of the 1-alkyl chain length, the bovine and equine phospholipases, like the porcine enzyme in previous studies, show an optimum in Z for a six-carbon alkyl group. The introduction of a double bond in the 2-acylamino group ...
Immunoaffinity chromatography combined with gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the confirmation of flumethasone abuse in the equine. Immunoaffinity chromatography using a synthesised immunosorbent was used to extract tritiated dexamethasone (with dexamethasone carrier) from equine urine at a recovery of 81.7 +/- 8.4% (mean +/- S.D.). A method utilising this procedure coupled to cool on-column injection gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry is also described for the confirmation of low levels of flumethasone in equine urine samples.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the tongue in a horse. A 5-year-old Quarter Horse mare was examined because of a 6-month history of quidding and nasal discharge that contained feed material. Physical examination revealed weight loss and dorsal displacement of the soft palate, caused by a soft tissue mass located at the dorsal aspect of the base of the tongue. Surgical resection of the mass was successfully performed through an oral approach. The histopathologic diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma.
Leptospiral abortion and leptospiruria in horses from the same farm. Leptospirosis was documented as the cause of abortion in a 5-year-old mare. Leptospires were detected in tissue specimens from fetal kidneys and from placenta by histologic evaluation of silver-stained sections. Antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona were detected in fetal serum at a titer of 1,600 by use of a microscopic agglutination test. The mare had serum titers of 6,400; 0; 400; 800; 3,200; and 6,400 to L interrogans serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona, respectively. A serologic survey identified titers of at least 6,400...
Basal sesamoidean fractures in horses: 57 cases (1980-1991). Medical records of 57 horses admitted between 1980 and 1991 because of basal sesamoidean fractures were evaluated. Radiographic measurements of fragment size and fracture characteristics were recorded to determine their relationship to outcome. A successful outcome was assessed on the basis of the ability to return to racing, ability to race more than one time, and ability to finish first, second, or third. Any change in racing class also was assessed. There was a significant (P < 0.001) overrepresentation of Thoroughbreds, compared with other breeds in the hospital population. Fractures of...
