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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations and clinical abnormalities in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal foals given endotoxin. We examined the effect of infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) concentration and clinical attitude in 2- 3-day-old colostrum-fed (CF) and colostrum-deprived (CD) foals. Eleven CF and 8 CD neonatal foals were given a bolus i.v. infusion of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (0.5 microgram/kg of body weight) in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Four CF and 2 CD foals were given saline solution alone. Serum IgG concentration and serum anti-LPS IgG(T) antibody titer were determined for each foal prior to infusion. A depression index was u...
Electroencephalography of detomidine-ketamine-halothane and detomidine-ketamine-isoflurane anesthetized horses during orthopedic surgery. A comparison. This study was done to compare the electroencephalographic (EEG) response evoked by orthopedic surgery in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Eight horses scheduled for bilateral arthroscopic surgery of the stifle were premedicated with detomidine (20 micrograms/kg) intravenously and five minutes later induced to anesthesia with ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with either halothane or isoflurane. Assignment of inhalation anesthetic was done randomly. The multiple of minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane required for anesthesia was significan...
Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the horse: clinical and ultrasonographic features. A report of 24 cases. The clinical and ultrasonographic features of desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (carpal check ligament) are reported in a series of 24 horses. Lameness associated with the carpal check ligament especially was found in Warmblood riding horses ranging in age from 6 to 18 years with a mean age of 11.3 years. The most striking clinical feature was a firm, painful swelling medially and laterally in the proximal and/or mid metacarpal region, corresponding with the dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique direction of the carpal check ligament. Sonographically swelling o...
Pulsed magnetic fields improve osteoblast activity during the repair of an experimental osseous defect. The influence of pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on bone formation was investigated in studies of the healing process of transcortical holes, bored at the diaphyseal region of metacarpal bones of six adult horses, exposed for 30 days to PEMFs (28 G peak amplitude, 1.3 ms rise time, and 75 Hz repetition rate). A pair of Helmholtz coils, continuously powered by a pulse generator, was applied for 30 days to the left metacarpal bone, through which two holes, of equal diameter and depth, had been bored at the diaphyseal region. Two equal holes, bored at the same level in the rig...
Independent modulation of horse airway smooth muscle by epithelium and prostanoids. The effects of epithelial removal and cyclooxygenase inhibition on contractions induced by exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were evaluated in horse tracheal strips and bronchial rings. Epithelial removal potentiated the response to ACh but had no influence on the response to EFS. The effect of epithelial removal was not altered by pretreating the tissues with meclofenamate, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. In trachealis strips, meclofenamate augmented contractions induced by EFS but not by ACh. In bronchial rings, meclofenamate augmented EFS-induced contraction t...
Effect of a booster vaccination against influenza and equine herpes virus on cardio-respiratory adjustments to strenuous exercise and training in thoroughbred horses. This study was conducted in order to assess whether exercise- and training-induced cardio-respiratory adjustments are modified during the 10-day period which follows a booster vaccination with an oily adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against influenza and equine herpesvirus-1 (Equiffa). Nine healthy vaccinated thoroughbred horses were used. Six were revaccinated and three were kept as control. All the horses completed a standardised exercise test (SET) that was repeated 4 times, i.e. 10 (SET1) and 2 (SET2) days before revaccination, and 2 (SET3) and 10 (SET4) days after revaccination. During the...
Influence of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of xylazine in the horse. To determine the effects of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory and sedative effects of xylazine, four horses were sedated with xylazine and treated with either yohimbine, tolazoline or saline. Xylazine was administered as an intravenous (i.v.) bolus (1.0 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion at the rate of 12 micrograms/kg/min. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, and the chin-to-floor distance were recorded throughout the experiment. After 60 min, either yohimbine or tolazoline was administered i.v. in incremental doses until ...
Recording of intratracheal pressure in the horse under field conditions as a method for evaluation of upper airway resistance. Recording of intratracheal pressure during exercise as a method for evaluating upper airway obstruction in the horse has previously been carried out on the treadmill. In the present study the method was applied to normal horses, outdoors under field conditions, to assess its usefulness for analysis of respiratory problems mainly occurring under racing conditions. The horses examined performed a standardized exercise test during which the intratracheal pressure was recorded with a tape recorder receiving amplified signals from a transducer connected to a percutaneously inserted intratracheal ca...
A dot immunobinding assay in comparison with the gel diffusion test for the detection of equine herpesvirus-1 antigen from field samples. The authors describe a rapid and simple dot immunobinding assay (DIA) for detection and identification of equine herpesvirus-1 antigen in field samples from cases of abortion, stillbirth, perinatal foal mortality and paralysis. The assay employs a nitrocellulose membrane to which antigen is adsorbed as a dot. Antigen is identified as a coloured dot using a procedure based on the principle of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In all, 61 samples were tested by DIA and the test was compared with conventional agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). With DIA, 44 (72%) samples gave positive result...
Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Bleeding into the lungs in thoroughbreds is extremely common; there is evidence that it occurs in essentially all horses in training. However, the mechanism is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is caused by stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. Three thoroughbreds with known EIPH were galloped on a treadmill, and after the horses were killed with intravenous barbiturate the lungs were removed, inflated, and fixed for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural studies showed evidence of stress failure of pulmonary capillaries, including disruptions...
Effects of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation on endometrium and on endometrial cysts in six mares. Effects of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation on equine endometrium were evaluated in vitro and in six mares with endometrial cysts. The Nd:YAG laser was applied to six endometrial sites, in each of five uterine specimens, with power densities of 5659 to 33,954 J/cm2. Depth of tissue ablation was measured and graded on histologic sections of the tissue lesions. Power density had a significant effect on the depth of tissue ablation (p < .001). Grade 3 lesions (full-thickness ablation of the endometrium) were created with energy densities of 16,977 to 33,954 J/cm2. S...
Purification and characterization of equine complement factor C3. A rapid method for purifying equine C3 which yields milligram quantities of pure C3 is described. Protein from equine plasma was selectively precipitated with polyethylene glycol, and the C3 was purified by anionic and cationic exchange HPLC. The yield from this procedure was 12%. The purified C3 was composed of an alpha chain (118 kD) and a beta chain (68 kD) linked by at least one disulfide bond, and it had an isoelectric point of 4.7. Amino acid analysis indicated a strong conservation of amino acid usage between equine and human C3. The N-terminal sequences of the alpha and beta chains wer...
Diffuse cerebral encephalopathy associated with hydrocephalus and cholesterinic granulomas in a horse. Cholesterinic granulomas, commonly found at necropsy in aged horses, may cause neurologic signs by obstructing the interventricular foramina, resulting in hydrocephalus. Diffuse cerebral disease in horses may not always result in rapid progression of clinical signs. Intermittency of neurologic signs may be associated with intermittent increases in CSF pressure.
Effects of hylan on amphotericin-induced carpal lameness in equids. In this double-blind study, the effectiveness of and dose response to intra-articular administration of modified hyaluronan (hylan) was determined in an equine carpal lameness model over a 23-day period, using a computerized three-dimensional motion analysis system, synovial fluid variables, and synovial histologic examination. In 24 clinically sound horses, baseline motion data was acquired from horses trotting at 4 m/s on a high-speed treadmill. Then, to induce lameness, 25 mg of amphotericin B in 5 ml of sterile water was injected into the left middle carpal joint of each horse every other ...
The disposition of suxibuzone in the horse. A high performance liquid chromatographic method is described to determine the anti-inflammatory drug suxibuzone (SXB) and its major metabolites phenylbutazone (PBZ) and oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) in equine plasma and urine. When suxibuzone (6 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (i.v.) or orally (p.o.) no parent drug was detected in plasma or in urine. The disposition of the metabolite PBZ (i.v.) could be described by a 2 compartment model with a beta half-life varying from 7.40 to 8.35 h. Due to severe side effects the use of i.v. suxibuzone should not be encouraged in the horse. PBZ and OPBZ w...
Effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on the development of osteoarthritis in equine carpal joints with osteochondral defects. This study assessed the effects of postoperative exercise and intra-articular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) on the repair of osteochondral defects in the carpal joints of ponies. Eighteen ponies with normal carpi had osteochondral defects (mean dimensions 2.4 cm x 0.9 cm) created arthroscopically on the dorsal aspect of the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone. The ponies were randomized (while balancing for age [range, 2 to 15 years; median, 5.0 years]) to two groups--nine ponies were exercised and nine were stall confined. Beginning at surgery, six ponies in each group...
Serologic analysis of dogs, horses, and cottontail rabbits for antibodies to an antigenic flagellar epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunoblots using either whole-cell lysates of Borrelia burgdorferi or an antigenic region of flagellin (41-G) as the antigen were performed, and the abilities of the two assays to detect antibodies to this spirochete in dog, cottontail rabbit, and horse sera were compared. Assays using whole-cell B. burgdorferi lysates as the antigen were more sensitive for detecting antibodies. ELISA with 41-G as the antigen were specific for Borrelia antibodies but were not as sensitive as the assays with whole-cell lysates coated to the solid phase. Use of rec...
Immunocytochemical and lectin histochemical study of neuronal lesions in autonomic ganglia of horses with grass sickness. Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a primary dysautonomia characterised pathologically by lesions in autonomic ganglia, enteric plexi and specific nuclei in the CNS. Immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry of the autonomic ganglia were used to determine whether abnormalities can be detected in specific proteins or cellular organelles. EGS ganglia contained a mixture of morphologically normal and abnormal neurons, the former appearing identical to cells from control animals. Affected cells showed marked disturbances in neurofilament (NF) proteins and beta-tubulin, major components of the cyto...
Detection of bicarbonate administration (milkshake) in standardbred horses. Total plasma carbon dioxide (TCO2) concentrations were measured in Standardbred horses to determine criteria to discriminate between normal horses and horses with excessive TCO2 concentrations on raceday. TCO2 concentrations from stabled horses were distributed normally with a mean of 30.2 mmol/L and a standard deviation of 1.2 (n = 192) while pre-race TCO2 concentrations were not normally distributed. The results indicate that about 50 horses per million are likely to have TCO2 concentrations greater than or equal to 35 mmol/L and that it is extremely unlikely that a normal horse would have a...
Measurement of 24-h gastric pH using an indwelling pH electrode in horses unfed, fed and treated with ranitidine. A glass combined pH-reference electrode was placed in the stomachs of 5 adult horses and pH was recorded every 6 mins for 24 h while (1) feed and all bedding materials were withheld for 24 h (unfed), (2) horses had free access to Timothy grass hay for 24 h (fed), and (3) horses had free access to Timothy grass hay and were treated with ranitidine, 6.6 mg/kg body weight, orally, every 8 h for 48 h (fed + ranitidine). There was a significant (P = 0.007) difference in median 24-h gastric pH amongst the 3 protocols, the value being 3.1 in fed horses and 1.55 in unfed horses (P = 0.05) and 4.6 in f...
Growth of small follicles and concentrations of FSH during the equine oestrous cycle. The temporal associations between increases in FSH and growth of small follicles (2-20 mm) were studied during one oestrous cycle (ovulation to ovulation) in 15 horse mares. Follicular diameters were obtained ultrasonically. For each day, follicles were combined for both ovaries, grouped from largest to smallest (excluding dominant follicles), and divided into three to five tiers of six follicles for each mare (for example: tier 1, six largest follicles; tier 2, next six largest follicles). A significant increase in mean diameters followed by a significant decrease was used to define a follicu...
A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses. Auscultation was used to examine 545 horses for cardiac murmurs and some arrhythmias. The most significant finding was the high prevalence of right-sided holosystolic or pansystolic plateau-type murmurs compatible with a diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation in National Hunt racing Thoroughbreds of all ages (16.4%). This condition was found in 4.7% of flat-racing Thoroughbreds, 3.7% of non-racing Thoroughbreds and Thoroughbred crosses, and in none of the ponies examined. High prevalences of left-sided early systolic murmurs (53%), left-sided early diastolic murmurs (23%), right-sided early dias...
Effect of various neurotransmitters and electrical field stimulation on smooth muscle preparations from the esophagus of horses. The effects of various neurotransmitters and electrical field stimulation on muscle strips from the distal equine esophagus were studied. Acetylcholine (ACH) caused concentration dependent (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscle strips from the distal esophagus as well as from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Atropine (10(-5) mol/l) blocked these contractions. Noradrenaline (NA) induced concentration related (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) contractions of the muscle strips from the LES. This excitatory effect of noradrenaline was antagonized by the alpha 1-rec...
Articular fracture of the dorsoproximolateral aspect of the third metatarsal bone in five standardbred racehorses. Articular fracture of the dorsoproximolateral aspect of the third metatarsal bone (MT3) caused an acute onset of lameness in 5 horses; however, 3 of the horses had historical and radiographic or scintigraphic evidence of chronic tarsal and metatarsal disease before fracture. The pathogenesis of dorsoproximolateral fracture of MT3 remains unclear, but the fracture may occur as a result of the formation of abnormal bone in the proximal aspect of MT3. The prognosis for racing in horses with this fracture appears to be guarded.
Structural and functional characterization of rev-like transcripts of equine infectious anemia virus. Three cDNA clones representing structurally distinct transcripts were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from cells infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) by using a probe representing the S3 open reading frame, which is thought to encode Rev. One species, designated p2/2, contained four exons and was identical to a previously described polycistronic mRNA that encodes Tat. This transcript was predicted to also direct the synthesis of a truncated form of the transmembrane protein and a putative Rev protein whose N-terminal 29 amino acids, derived from env, are linked to S3 seque...
Serum interleukin-6 concentrations in endotoxin-infused neonatal foals. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration was measured in 11 colostrum-fed (CF) and 8 colostrum-deprived (CD) 2- to 3-day-old foals after foals were infused with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin, 0.5 microgram/kg of body weight in sterile saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Four CF and 2 CD foals were given saline solution alone. Serum IL-6 concentration was estimated by use of an in vitro proliferative bioassay, using the IL-6 dependent B.13.29 clone 9 cells. Interleukin-6 concentration increased in all LPS-infused foals, and geometric mean serum IL-6 concentration was sign...
Isolation and identification of African horse sickness virus during an outbreak in Lagos, Nigeria. An outbreak of African horse sickness involving two horse stables in Lagos, Nigeria, was investigated. Inoculation of blood from infected horses into suckling albino mice resulted in isolation of a virus which was identified as African horse sickness virus by the complement fixation test. The clinical, pathological and epizootiological findings (reported elsewhere) were consistent with African horse sickness. Potential threats of the epidemic to international horse trade are briefly highlighted.
Immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) and complement (C3) concentrations in uterine secretion following an intrauterine challenge of Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares susceptible to versus resistant to chronic uterine infection. The validity of measuring concentrations of immunoglobulins in undiluted uterine secretions was established. The concentrations of IgG, IgA, and cleavage factor C3 of the complement system in uterine secretions were compared in mares with different resistance to chronic uterine infection (CUI). The uteri of mares susceptible (n = 6) and resistant to CUI (n = 5) were inoculated with 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus zooepidemicus when the mares were in estrus. Uterine secretions were sampled, and sampling was immediately followed by a uterine lavage at 5 and 24 h after bacterial inoculation. During a sub...
Computer-assisted three-dimensional gait analysis of amphotericin-induced carpal lameness in horses. Motion of 6 clinically sound horses trotting at a speed of 4 m/s on a treadmill was captured by video cameras before and 9, 16, and 23 days after amphotericin-induced lameness to determine the quantitative variables of three-dimensional computer-assisted image analysis that objectively describe carpal lameness. Amphotericin-B was used to induce lameness, and phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, PO, once) and butorphanol tartrate (0.1 mg/kg IM, q 6 h, to effect) were used to control discomfort. Four 60-Hz cameras were symmetrically placed around the treadmill to capture 6 seconds of images...
