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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987). Eight adult horses with obstructive nephrolithiasis and/or ureterolithiasis were examined between 1981 and 1987. One horse had bilateral ureteral obstruction at hospital admission; the others had unilateral ureteral obstruction. All horses had similar bilateral renal pathologic findings that were compatible with chronic intermittent or complete obstruction. Horses were referred for evaluation of weight loss, poor performance, and/or decreased appetite. Clinical findings, laboratory results, and/or postmortem findings in all horses supported the diagnosis of chronic renal failure. Age of the 8 ...
Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases (1984-1989). The CSF creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined in 70 CSF samples from 69 horses with CNS disease. Abnormal values (greater than or equal to 1 IU/L) were determined from 32 CSF samples, and normal values (less than 1 IU/L) were found in 38 samples. Increased CK activity was most frequently associated with a diagnosis of equine protozoal myelitis; CK activity was not increased in 11 horses with cervical compressive myelopathy. Other diagnoses, in which CSF CK activity was increased included trauma (n = 1), idiopathic epilepsy (n = 2), botulism (n = 2), articular facet fracture (n = 1), int...
Chronic proliferative synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Chronic proliferative synovitis of 27 metacarpophalangeal joints in 16 horses is described. The diagnosis was based on a history of lameness and, or, poor performance, pain on flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the response to intra-articular anaesthesia, and plain and contrast radiography. Radiographic findings included concavity of the distal dorsal metacarpus proximal to the sagittal ridge, and an increase in size of the synovial tissue adjacent to the proximal, dorsal attachment of the joint capsule. Mineralisation of the synovial tissue was present in some joints, and chip fracture...
Haemodynamic effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. A comparison of the haemodynamic benefits of small volume hypertonic saline (2,400 mOsm/litre) versus isotonic saline (300 mOsm/litre) was conducted in 12 adult horses using a haemorrhagic shock model. The horses were anaesthetised and intravascular catheters placed for the measurement of haemodynamic data. Mean systemic arterial pressure was then reduced to 50 to 60 mmHg by controlled haemorrhage and maintained at that level for 40 mins. Cardiac output, stroke volume, mean systemic arterial pressure, plasma volume and urine production decreased significantly following blood loss. Hypertonic o...
A survey of whole blood selenium concentrations of horses in Maryland. We surveyed the whole blood selenium status of a randomly sampled population of horses from 4 contiguous counties in northern Maryland. Two hundred and two horses from 74 farms were sampled. Whole blood selenium levels greater than or equal to 0.100 parts per million (ppm) were considered adequate; blood levels less than 0.100 ppm were considered marginal or deficient. The average blood selenium concentration of the horses sampled was 0.137 ppm, with a standard deviation of 0.041 ppm. Blood selenium concentrations ranged from 0.050-0.266 ppm. Thirty-eight of 202 horses (18.8%) had a selenium l...
NaCl transport across equine proximal colon and the effect of endogenous prostanoids. In contrast to in vivo findings, the equine proximal colon fails to demonstrate significant net absorption of Na+ and Cl- under in vitro conditions. The present study was undertaken to determine if endogenous prostanoids are responsible for this apparent lack of ion transport. Proximal colonic tissues from ponies were preincubated in either normal Ringer solution or in Ringer containing 1 microM indomethacin and studied in Ussing chambers containing these solutions. Untreated colonic mucosa demonstrated negligible Na(+)-Cl- absorption in the basal state. In contrast, indomethacin-treated colon...
Seasonally inhibited development of cyathostomine nematodes in Shetland ponies in The Netherlands. Two groups of three yearling Shetland ponies were used in 1988 to study the epidemiological significance of inhibited development of the Cyathostomine nematodes. In Group 1, acquisition of infections was prevented throughout the grazing season whereas in Group 2 strongylid infections were acquired from the beginning of July until the end of September. Worm counts showed that the Cyathostomine nematode populations of Group 1 ponies mainly consisted of adult worms and those of Group 2 ponies of inhibited early third stage larvae (L3). These results indicate that a large proportion of Cyathostomi...
Vascular response of the equine radius to cerclage devices. The arterial blood supply to the diaphysis of the radius, and the vascular reaction when three cerclage devices (cerclage wire, Parham-Martin band, and a partially contacting band) were applied 2 cm apart, were studied in six adult ponies. The opposite radial diaphysis served as the control. Ponies were euthanatized at weeks 4 and 8. A centrifugal blood flow pattern was demonstrated by microangiography. Larger numbers of medullary arteries exist in equine than in canine and human long bones. Changes in centrifugal blood supply were not identified beneath any of the cerclage devices.
Multifactorial inheritance of common white markings in the Arabian horse. The results of a previous study were compatible with the hypothesis that common white facial markings in the Arabian horse have a multifactorial mode of inheritance. I expanded that study to (1) include the legs and therefore obtain insight into the heritability of common white markings in all peripheral regions (face and legs) of the Arabian horse and (2) investigate the influence of sex and the genotypes that produce the bay and chestnut phenotypes on the variation in common white markings. Both studies were based on computerized data obtained from the Arabian Horse Registry of America, Inc....
Antigenic assay for protein C determination in horses. An antigenic assay was developed for determination of protein C in horses. Protein C, a natural, vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant component in blood, was isolated from equine plasma, a specific antibody was produced in goats, and a rocket electroimmunophoresis assay was established. Tests were performed to verify the identity of the isolated protein C and to determine the purity of the antibody. Protein C antigen was measured in plasma from 34 clinically normal horses, and values were compared with amidolytic function values. The mean (+/- SD) values for the 2 test methods were similar (antig...
Association between muscle acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine levels in the exercising horse. Treadmill exercise of 2-min duration and increasing intensity resulted in increased formation of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine in working muscle of Thoroughbred horses. At high work intensities a plateau was reached for both acetyl-CoA (approximately 50 mumols/kg dry muscle) and acetylcarnitine (approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle). Postexercise concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) correlated; [acetylcarnitine] = 349.[acetyl-CoA] + 2.4. The results indicate that approximately 350 mumols acetylcarnitine were accumulated for every 1 mumol acetyl-CoA. Under the conditions of exe...
Effect of hypertonic vs isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses. Cardiovascular responses to sublethal endotoxin infusion (Escherichia coli, 50 micrograms/ml in lactated Ringer solution at 100 ml/h until pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 10 mm of Hg) were measured 2 times in 5 standing horses. In a 2-period crossover experimental design, horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, IV) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, IV) NaCl solution after endotoxin challenges. Each solution was administered at a dose of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Complete data sets (mean arterial, central venous, and pulmonary arterial pressures, pul...
Neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with vitamin E deficiency in two Haflinger horses. Neuroaxonal dystrophy and minimal diffuse degenerative myelopathy was diagnosed in two female full sibling, 1- and 2-year-old, Haflinger horses. Both animals developed slowly progressive ataxia from the age of 4 months. Clinical signs, which were more prominent in the hind legs, included hypermetria and dysmetria. Histological examination revealed neuroaxonal dystrophy characterized by spheroid formation, vacuolation, astrogliosis and lipofuscin pigment deposition in macrophages and neuronal perikarya. These changes were restricted to the gracilis and cuneate nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tr...
Overo lethal white foal syndrome: equine model of aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease). The lethal white foal syndrome (LWFS) is a congenital abnormality of overo spotted horses which is a model for human aganglionic megacolon or Hirschsprung disease. Foals with LWFS have an all white, or nearly all white, coat. They also present clinically with an intestinal obstruction that proves fatal within the first few days of life. The LWFS involves both melanocytes and intestinal ganglion cells, and appears to result from a genetic defect involving neural crest cells. This report describes pathologic studies of two recent cases of LWFS. Two different hypothetical models of inheritance of...
Effects of allopurinol on endotoxin-induced increase in serum xanthine oxidase in the horse. Using a modified bovine milk enzyme kinetic assay, xanthine oxidase activity of serum collected from 34 adult, healthy horses of both sexes was determined. Enzyme activity varied from 0 to 126 mU litre-1 with a mean of 44.95 +/- 21.05 mU litre-1. The optimal pH and temperature for maximal activity were 7.8 and 28 degrees C, respectively. Freezing the serum for four days at -70 degrees C did not destroy the enzyme activity. Various doses (25, 50 and 75 micrograms kg-1, intraperitoneally) of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide D1 Escherichia coli O26:B6) previously known to have caused moderate to sev...
Uterine contractile activity in mares during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to quantitate uterine contractile activity during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in pony mares (nonbred, n = 9; pregnant, n = 16). Continuous 1-min scans of longitudinal sections of the uterine body were videotaped, and uterine activity scores (1=minimal activity, 5=maximal activity) were assigned to each tape segment. There was a tendency (P<0.06) for a main effect of reproductive status (nonbred versus pregnant), a main effect of day (P<0.0001), and a reproductive status by day interaction (P<0.006). Uterine activity scores were higher (P&...
EGF receptor-binding activity in the urine of normal horses and horses affected by chronic laminitis. A heterologous radioreceptor binding assay (RRA) has been developed capable of detecting nanogram amounts of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-binding activity in equine urine. The binding parameters of [125I]mEGF (murine EGF) to EGF receptors on equine plasma membranes are in good agreement with values from other EGF-RRA systems. The dissociation constant estimated from equilibrium methods (KD = 4 X 10(-10) M) is in reasonable agreement with that determined from the rate constants (KD = 6 X 10(-10) M) and is in good agreement with values determined in other species. The assay is specific...
The effects of phenylbutazone on the morphology and prostaglandin concentrations of the pyloric mucosa of the equine stomach. Phenylbutazone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug known to produce gastric ulcers, was administered intravenously (13.46 mg/kg body weight) daily to 12 horses. Horses were euthanatized daily after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following the initial injection. Eight untreated horses served as controls. Small multifocal pyloric erosions were seen after 24 hours and then progressed in severity over time. The erosions were characterized by sloughing of the surface epithelium, subepithelial bleb formation, necrosis of the lamina propria, degeneration of the walls of subsurface capillaries, and micro...
Characterisation of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from a horse. This paper describes the isolation and characterisation of a strain of Chlamydia psittaci obtained from a nasal swab taken from a horse with serous nasal discharge. Initial isolation was achieved in cycloheximide-treated McCoy cell monolayers. Chlamydial inclusions stained by immunofluorescence either with a rabbit antiserum raised against C. psittaci or with a monoclonal antibody directed against the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen were single and compact. They did not stain with iodine or with a monoclonal antibody reactive against Chlamydia trachomatis. The agent was re-isolated i...
Specific immunotherapy in the treatment of Culicoides hypersensitive horses: a double-blind study. Fourteen privately owned horses completed a six month, controlled, double-blind trial to assess the efficacy of immunotherapy using an aqueous extract of whole, unfed Culicoides variipennis in the treatment of Culicoides hypersensitivity. Selected horses had a history of a seasonal, pruritic dermatitis, clinical signs and distribution compatible with Culicoides hypersensitivity, failed to improve in response to ivermectin therapy, and reacted to several dilutions of Culicoides extracts without significant reactivity to other possible allergens including insects, moulds and feeds. One horse fro...
