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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Oestrogen pattern during early pregnancy in the mare. Plasma total (conjugated + unconjugated) oestrogens were measured from Day 0 to 100 of pregnancy and compared with the levels found during the oestrous cycle. From Day 0 to 35 of gestation, the concentrations were similar to those during dioestrus. An increase in total oestrogens between Days 35 and 40 was followed by a plateau of 3 ng/ml between Days 40 and 60 which was slightly higher than preovulatory concentrations. This first increase in total oestrogen level was produced by the ovaries since values were suppressed after ovariectomy; stimulation may be due indirectly to PMSG causing folli...
A detection tube for cholinesterase inhibiting compounds. The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase from horse serum catalyses the hydrolysis of certain esters. The orange-red 2,6-dichloroindophenyl acetate will be converted by the enzyme into a deep blue alcohol. The colour transformation does not occur when the enzyme is inactivated. By making use of this biochemical reaction a cheap and simple, but very sensitive and specific detection tube could bedeveloped. The tube comprises a breakable ampoule with an aqueous buffer solution, a freeze-dried preparation of the chromogenic ester with a filler promoting its dissolution, a freeze-dried preparation of butyr...
Endometrial histology and post-partum mares treated with progesterone and synthetic GnRH (AY-24,031). Foal heat was significantly delayed in 15 Thoroughbred and Quarter-horse mares by 200 mg progesterone in oil from Days 5--14 post partum. Nine of these mares subsequently received daily i.v. injections of 2 mg of a synthetic GnRH preparation (AY-24,031) from Day 2 of the progesterone-delayed oestrus but this treatment did not significantly shorten oestrus or hasten ovulation. Uterine biopsies taken on Day 15 post partum from all the mares showed a mixed endometrial morphology having both oestrous and dioestrous characteristics. There was an increased proliferation of endometrial glands in thes...
Contagious equine metritis–outbreak of the disease in Kentucky and laboratory methods for diagnosing the disease. Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was initially reported during the 1977 breeding season in England (Crowhurst, 1977) and Ireland (Timoney, Ward & Kelly, 1977. The disease has also been diagnosed in France and Australia (Huges, Bryden & MacDonald, 1978). The first occurrence of CEM in the United States followed the importation or 2 stallions from France late in 1977 which resulted in an outbreak early in the 1978 breeding season (Swerczek, 1978). Mares usually develop clinical signs of CEM 8--10 days after being covered by an infected stallion, when a copious, greyish discharge is seen. Other m...
Effects of synchronization and frequency in insemination on fertility. Fifty-four normally cycling, non-lactating mares were given 2 injections (i.m.) of PGF-2 alpha (10 mg) 14 days apart without regard to stage of the oestrous cycle. At 19 days after the first PGF-2 alpha treatment, a single i.m. injection of either hCG (3300 i.u.) or a GnRH-analogue (500 micrograms) was administered. Each mare was inseminated with 100 X 10(6) motile spermatozoa at one of the following frequencies: once only on Day 20; every other day during oestrus or at least on Days 19 and 21; or daily during oestrus or at least on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22. Eighteen control mares received salin...
Atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice in two thoroughbreds. Two cases of bilateral atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice are described. The presenting sign was a persistent ocular discharge, clear in the one case and purulent in the other. Treatment by the creation of a fistula between the distal extremity of the blind ending duct and the nasal cavity was successful in both cases.
Determination of the charge of horse kidney metallothionein by free boundary electrophoresis. Traditionally, the charge of a protein molecule as determined by electrophoresis has been compared to that revealed by pH titration, and any lack of coincidence has been ascribed to ion binding, and the two results have been brought into agreement by adjustment of binding parameters (1). Metallo-thionein allows a unique opportunity to examine the validity of the electrophoretic approach, since the amino acid sequence and metal atom binding studies allow the absolute charge of the molecule to be computed (2). This then can be compared to the charge determined from electrophoretic mobility measu...
Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) toxicity in horses. The clinical signs and pathology of 6 field cases of a respiratory disease of horses which occurs in the coastal hinterland of south-eastern Queensland are described. The condition has occurred for many years and has been thought to have been associated with ingestion of Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum). Coughing, rapid heaving respiration, decreased exercise tolerance and loss of condition were seen in affected horses. In longstanding cases fibrosis, alveolar lining cell proliferation, oedema, neutrophil infiltration and abscessation were seen. In some cases vascular thrombosis and infar...
Influence of exogenous testosterone on sperm production, seminal quality and libido of stallions. The effect of exogenous testosterone on sperm production, seminal quality and libido was studied in 24 stallions. Based on pretreatment data, a stallion was assigned to 1 of 3 groups each containing 8 animals. One member of each group received 0 (Group 1), 50 (Group 2), or 200 micrograms (Group 3) testosterone propionate per kg body weight every 2 days for 88 days. The lower dose of testosterone had no significant effect on most of the parameters studied: the higher dose depressed total scrotal width at Day 90 post-treatment (P less than 0.01), total spermatozoa ejaculated between Days 60 and ...
Responses of pony mares to the agent of contagious equine metritis 1977. Reproduction of contagious equine metritis 1977 in Pony mares was achieved with cultures of an unclassified Gram-negative coccobacillus. Infected mares developed a vaginal discharge and associated inflammatory changes of the cervix and vagina. There was evidence of variation in pathogenicity between different strains of the organism. Although all infected mares made spontaneous clinical recoveries, the Gram-negative coccobacillus persisted in the genital tracts of a considerable proportion for a variable period after challenge. Recovery of the organism was not associated solely with the occurr...
Endometrial biopsy findings in mares with contagious equine metritis. Endometrial biopsy samples before and after treatment were obtained from 10 mares naturally infected and one Pony mare experimentally infected with Contagious Equine Metritis in 1977. The histopathological features were a short-lived polymorphonuclear cell infiltration of the luminal epithelium and stroma followed by a very early and marked mononuclear cell infiltration of the stroma, including many plasma cells. The luminal epithelium responded with cellular proliferation which may have reflected a regenerative response. Following the initial acute response, intercellular basal vacuoles conta...
Selenium and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in the serum of thoroughbreds. Selenium and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity has been measured in the serum of clinically health thoroughbreds. The thoroughbreds, whose performance was reported to be unsatisfactory, had consistently low concentrations of selenium and high activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the serum when compared with those whose performance was as expected. Vitamin E levels in the serum showed no such difference. The only other biochemical and haematological abnormality was lower serum phosphate concentrations in the unsatisfactory group. These results suggest that low concentrations of selenium ...
Scanning electron microscope studies of the endometrium of the cyclic mare. Endometrial biopsies obtained from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle, during anoestrus and in various abnormal conditions were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Preliminary observations suggest that the patterns of secretory and ciliary activity in the uterine epithelium are similar to those observed by electron microscopical techniques in laboratory and other large domestic animals. The response of the epithelial cells to hormonal variations and infections is compared with that of the endometrium as seen with the light microscope.
Plasma progesterone concentrations derived from the administration of exogenous progesterone to ovariectomized mares. Six ovariectomized mares were divided into 3 groups to determine the effects of exogenous progesterone in oil and repositol progesterone on plasma progesterone concentrations. Progesterone in oil was administered in 7 daily injections in Exp. I. Progesterone concentrations were not maintained greater than 1.0 ng/ml for 24 h with 50 mg/day. However, they remained greater than 1.0 ng/ml during the last 4 days of 100 mg/day and greater than 1.5 ng/ml throughout the injection sequence of 200 mg/day. Repositol progesterone was administered on Days 1 and 7 in Exp. II. At 500 mg, progesterone concent...
Contagious equine metritis in Australia. Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was first diagnosed in Australia in August 1977 and it has since been found on 6 farms in 3 states, having been isolated from about 24 mares and 2 stallions. Details are given of the epidemiology and control procedures used to combat CEM on one farm. Difficulty was experience in successfully treating one infected stallion; this was thought to be associated with inadequate cleaning and treating of the diverticulum of the urethral fossa. Introduction of the disease has had far-reaching consequences and may well result in the adoption of routine bacteriological te...
Hepatic pathology of experimental Parascaris equorum infection in worm-free foals. The pathological changes associated with the migration through the liver of P. equorum larvae were investigated. Twenty pony foals were killed at intervals of 2 to 185 days after a single infection with 160 or 8000 P. equorum eggs and 4 pony foals were killed at intervals of 94 to 144 days after twice weekly infections of 50 eggs from birth. At post-mortem examination the macroscopic changes included the development of focal haemorrhages and small, white diffuse or nodular lesions.
Microscopic lesions were found mainly around the portal triads and consisted of infiltration by cells, including...
An investigation of seven enzymes as possible genetic markers in horse leucocytes. In this paper we describe seven enzymes, NP, GOTM, PGM2, alpha FUC, PEP A, ADA and MPI which are found in the white cells of horses, including 39 British crossbred ponies and 16 crossbred horses, 30 Mongolian ponies and 10 Icelandic ponies. Two of these enzymes--alpha FUC and MPI--were polymorphic in all the populations of horses studied and could prove useful as additional markers in the paternity testing of horses. PEP A and GOTM were also polymorphic in two of the populations studied and could be used as further markers in these populations.
Foreign body obstruction of the small colon in six horses. Six horses, which had a foreign body obstruction of the small colon showed abdominal pain of progressing severity and intestinal tympany. On rectal examination the caecum and large colon were distended with ingesta and gas but the obstructing mass could be palpated in only 3 cases. All horses had elevated indirect blood pressure and in 3 there was also fluid distension of the stomach. Only one horse had known access to foreign material in the diet, but a further 3 were related to an exceptionally dry climate period. Five of the 6 horses recovered following surgery.
The epidemiology of contagious equine metritis (CEM) in England 1977–1978). Following an outbreak of CEM in England during 1977 a Code of Practice was introduced to control the disease in 1978. The Code recommended a bacteriological screening programme for Thoroughbred mares and stallions and improved standards of hygiene on the stud farm. As a result of the implementation of the Code a number of asymptomatic carrier mares was detected. Stallions which had transmitted CEM in 2977 and were treated did not transmit the disease during 1978. Two small outbreaks of CEM were reported during the 1978 breeding season.
