Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Tischner M, Kosiniak K, Bielański W.The emission of stallion semen was studied with the aid of
an `open' Krak\l=o'\w-72Model artificial vagina. The pattern of mating
behaviour was constant in all copulations observed : a mean number of
seven intravaginal thrusts was required to elicit ejaculation. The
pressure within the vestibule of the artificial vagina averaged 66 mmHg
at the beginning of copulation, 142 mmHg just before ejaculation, and
70 mmHg during the emission of semen. Emission appeared to be a more
variable process. Five to ten jets were observed; the mean number was
eight. The early jets occurred under high pr...
Oeding P, Hájek V, Marsálek E.Out of 70 S. aurew strains isolated from the anterior nares of horses, 48 (69 per cent)
belonged to the E biotype. Approximately one third of these isolates were typed with factor
sera, the 6 (35 per cent) that were typable showing 5 different patterns. All strains but one
were non-typable with the basic sets of phages for typing human and bovine staphylococci
even at RTD x 100. Without any exception the equine staphylococci of the E biotype
contained polysaccharide Aa. Sixteen biochemically different strains belonged to the biotype A, B or C. A number of different serological patterns an...
Powis RL.In order to successfully sort out the information, both real and bogus, in an ultrasonic image, one must have a fundamental understanding of the physical and electronic events that produced the image. We have looked at the basic science, signal processing, some case examples of ultrasound science in practice, and some popular illusions. It is a good starting place for the newcomer to ultrasonic imaging.
Lloyd DR, Rose RJ, Duffield AM, Suann CJ.The combination of large doses of sodium bicarbonate and the potent narcotic, etorphine, has reportedly been given to racehorses in attempts to improve their performance and also to "mask" the presence of etorphine in urine samples. The increased urinary output and pH associated with sodium bicarbonate (approximately 500 g) administration may reduce the urinary concentration of etorphine, making it more difficult to detect. Our experiment was designed to examine the effects of this combination. Six Thoroughbred horses were used in a latin-square design with three horse pairs and three treatmen...
Emmerich IU.In 2022, one novel pharmaceutical agent was released on the German market for horses or food-producing animals: An injection suspension for horses containing tenogenic primed equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells as the active ingredient (RenuTend®) is now available. The authorization of one established veterinary active ingredient was extended to an additional species: The synthetic prostaglandin F2α-analogue cloprostenol (Syncroprost®) received approval for goats. Additionally, for 2 active ingredients (paracetamol, suxibuzone), drugs with a higher content of t...
Ribeiro HS, Larangeira NL, Paiva F.The authors sacrificed fifty-five horses originated from the "Pantanal", lowlands in the State of Mato Grosso in two different periods, droughty period and flooded and they described for the first time the Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in Mato Grosso. Relationship between droughty and flooded periods proved not to occur.
Magilton JH, Swift CS, Ghoshal NG.The heads of 5 ponies were embalmed and the vessels were double injected with latex. Dissection of these specimens revealed venous pathways (1) from the nasal area to the cavernous sinus and (2) from the parietofrontal region to the ventral petrosal sinus. Thermistors were chronically implanted near the orbital emissary veins of 3 additional ponies. Hot and cold packs were applied alternately to the parietofrontal regions. The temperature near the orbital emissary veins increased during the 5 trials with cold application and decreased during the 5 trials with hot application. The authors were ...
Ledbetter EC, Irby NL, Teixeira LBC.To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy features of horses with epithelial and subepithelial nonulcerative keratomycosis. Methods: Four horses with a clinical diagnosis of epithelial or subepithelial keratomycosis. Methods: Horses were examined on one or more occasions by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy of the cornea. Confocal microscopic examination characteristics were correlated with clinical, cytological, and histopathological findings for the horses. Results: All horses had an irregular corneal epithelial surface during slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination. Epithelial or s...
Honnas CM, Zamos DT, Ford TS.An arthroscopic procedure for examination of the coxofemoral joint was developed in nine foals (four cadavers, five anesthetized) to determine if access was sufficient for evaluation and surgical treatment of intra-articular lesions. The joint was distended and the arthroscope inserted through the notch (incisura trochanterica) between the cranial and caudal parts of the greater trochanter. This portal allowed examination of the cranial, lateral, and caudal aspects of the joint. Mechanical distraction of the joint through an instrument portal located 2 to 4 cm cranial and 1 to 2 cm ventral to ...
Wang CC, Hartmann-Fischbach P, Krueger TR, Wells TL, Simonson A, Compton JC.Due to opiorphin's analgesic and antidepressant functions, its illicit use is rumored in some racing jurisdictions. Opiorphin is very difficult to detect due to its hydrophilic nature and rapid degradation in plasma and urine samples. METHODOLOGY & RESULTS: We have developed a sensitive, reliable method for opiorphin detection and confirmation in equine samples, using EDTA to inhibit analyte degradation between the time of collection and analysis. Opiorphin was extracted by weak cation exchange followed by analysis using HILIC-MS/MS. The method was validated and the LOD was determined to b...
Ferreira JF, Albuquerque ALH, Amorim RM, Ferreira RS, Takahira RK, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP.In this retrospective study, clinical records of nine horses with a diagnosis of Bothrops envenomation were investigated. The accidents were classified as severe (5/9), moderate (2/9), or mild (2/9) according to the adapted bothropic snakebite severity score (BSSS). All snakebites were on the head region. The main clinical signs were local edema, blood coagulation disorders, and respiratory distress. The whole-blood clotting time (WBCT) was prolonged in all horses, and five horses presented with uncoagulable blood. All horses received specific snake antivenom according to the BSSS (six vials f...
Vickers KL, Ross MW.A 4-year-old sexually intact male Standardbred trotter was evaluated for left forelimb lameness. A presumptive diagnosis of severe cartilage damage was made because the horse had a history of infectious arthritis involving the left metacarpophalangeal joint. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed what was presumed to be a large villonodular lesion. The mass was surgically removed, and the horse was treated with procaine penicillin G, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, phenylbutazone, and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans and eventually returned to racing. Histologic examination of the mass revealed a bed ...
Hinchcliff KW, Macdonald DR, Lindsay WA.The relationship between pedicle flap width and viable length was characterised for skin flaps of the flank in ponies. Four dorsally based, pedicle type skin flaps of 20 cm in length and 3, 6, 9 or 12 cm in width were created in a random sequence on one flank in each of 10 ponies. Flap survival length was assessed by skin texture and appearance, depilation of hair and wound healing at 14 days after surgery. There was considerable variation between animals in the viable length of flaps of the same width; however, a significant difference in the viable length of flaps of different widths was det...
Sambraus HH.Due to motorization the heavy horses, in particular draught horses and carriage horses, were deprived of their "raison d'être". At present therefore, they mostly are found in small livestocks. The past few years they regained some significance through their work in the forests, as an attraction in tourism or somewhere else. In German speaking countries approximately 15 horse breeds must be considered to be threatened in their existence. Breeding history, appearance, use and geographical distribution of 12 of them are discussed in this article.
Ogorevc J, Poklukar K, Dovč P.Skin-derived tissue cultures are a useful model to study molecular mechanisms of skin renewal and pathogenesis of dermal diseases. Horses often suffer from skin diseases, skin trauma and problems with proper wound healing, which could be improved by in vitro grown keratinocyte grafts. Herein we describe establishment and characterization of equine skin-derived primary cell cultures, using enzymatic and explant methods. The established cell lines of primary equine keratinocytes (peK) maintained high proliferative capacity for over five passages and expressed different epithelial/keratinocyte-s...
Webel SK, Squires EL.The clinical effectiveness of the synthetic progestagen, altrenogest, was evaluated in field trials with 449 mares during the 1980 breeding season. An oral dose of 27 mg altrenogest was administered daily for 15 days. In the first trial treated mares were compared with controls, and in the second trial the effectiveness of treatment for prolonged or erratic spring oestrus was evaluated. Oestrus was suppressed in 94% of the treated mares in the first trial. The post-treatment response was related to the stage during the transition from winter anoestrus to the spring breeding season and degree o...
Grulke S, Gangl M, Deby-Dupont G, Caudron I, Deby C, Serteyn D.Gastrointestinal disorders in horses leading to endotoxic shock could have further consequences on other splanchnic organs such as the pancreas, as can be seen in humans suffering from septic shock. In this study, the range of enzymatically active trypsin (EAT) in healthy horses was established and is similar to the range observed in healthy humans. EAT values were determined in horses with acute abdominal crises on admission as well as during anaesthesia and in the postoperative phase. A significant increase in plasma EAT was found in 59% of the horses with surgical colic when compared to our...
Wong JKY, Kwok WH, Chan GHM, Choi TLS, Ho ENM, Jaubert M, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Bonnaire Y, Cawley A, Ming Williams H, Keledjian J, Brooks L....Acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside, commonly known as AICAR, is a naturally occurring adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator in many mammals, including humans and horses. AICAR has attracted considerable attention recently in the field of doping control because of a study showing the enhancement of endurance performance in unexercised or untrained mice, resulting in the term 'exercise pill'. Its use has been classified as gene doping by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and since it is endogenous, it may only be possible to control del...
Jarry J, De Raeve Y, Dugdale A, Simon V, Vandeweerd JM.Severe ophthalmic conditions such as trauma, uveitis, corneal damage, or neoplasia can lead to eye removal surgery. Poor cosmetic appearance resulting from the sunken orbit ensues. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing a custom-made 3D-printed orbital implant made of biocompatible material for the enucleated horse and usable in conjunction to a corneoscleral shell. Blender, a 3D-image software, was used for prototype design. Twelve cadaver heads of adult Warmbloods were collected from the slaughterhouse. On each head, one eye was removed via a modified trans...
Hunt S, Kuo J, Aristizabal FA, Brown M, Patwardhan A, Hedman T.The mechanical properties of the soft palate can be associated with breathing abnormalities. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is a naturally occurring equine soft palate disorder caused by displacement of the caudal edge of the soft palate. Snoring and a more serious, sometimes life-threatening, condition called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are forms of sleep-related breathing disorders in humans which may involve the soft palate. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of injecting the protein crosslinker genipin into the soft palate to modify its mechanical propert...
