Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
von Rechenberg B, Leutenegger C, Zlinsky K, McIlwraith CW, Akens MK, Auer JA.This study investigated the potential association of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) in horses. With the technique of in situ hybridisation in paraffin sections of fibrous tissue of SCL and quantitative real-time PCR in fresh frozen fibrous tissue and undecalcified bone sections of SCL embedded in acrylic resin, upregulation of mRNA of both cytokines could be demonstrated. mRNA of IL-1beta was upregulated at the periphery of the cystic lesion adjacent to normal bone, whereas IL-6 mRNA was upregulated within the fibrous tissue found with...
Dik KJ, van den Belt AJ, van den Broek J.Estimating the shape of the proximal articular border of the navicular bone and grading the radiological navicular bone condition (grades 3 and 4 representing the most severe changes), the aim of this study was to assess potential age-related implications of the previously reported shape predisposition to navicular disease in 746 normal and 174 clinically affected Dutch Warmbloods age 3-19 years. A significant, age-independent, shape-grade association found in normal and affected horses emphasises the fundamental character of the shape predisposition to navicular disease. A significant age-rel...
Sticker LS, Thompson DL, Gentry LR.Thirty-nine adult light horse mares, geldings, and stallions were used in two experiments to assess the pituitary hormone and insulin responses to infusions of arginine, aspartic acid, lysine, glutamic acid, and N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA). In Exp. 1, 27 horses were assigned to one of three infusion treatments: 1) physiological saline (1 L); 2) 2.855 mmol of arginine/kg BW in 1 L of water; or 3) 2.855 mmol of aspartic acid/kg BW in 1 L of water. In Exp. 2, 12 horses were assigned, in a multiple-square 4 x 4 Latin square design, to one of four infusion treatments: 1) 2 mL of saline/kg BW; 2) 2...
da Gracca Macoris D, Bertone A.The study of the influence of motion and initial intra-articular pressure (IAP) on intra-articular pressure profiles in equine cadaver metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints was undertaken as a prelude to in vivo studies. Eleven equine cadaver MTP joints were submitted to 2 motion frequencies of 5 and 10 cycles/min of flexion and extension, simulating the condition of lower and higher (double) rates of passive motion. These frequencies were applied and pressure profiles generated with initial normal intra-articular pressure (-5 mmHg) and subsequently 30 mmHg intra-articular pressure obtained by inje...
Clegg PD, Dyson SJ, Summerhays GE, Schramme MC.This paper describes the clinical and diagnostic features of 20 cases of scapulohumeral osteoarthritis in Shetland ponies, miniature horses and falabella ponies. The history and clinical signs were similar in all the cases Radiographically they all had consistent changes which consisted predominantly of articular osteophytes and periarticular enthesiophytes. Six of the cases had radiographic evidence of dysplasia of the scapulohumeral joint, although it was uncertain whether this was a primary or a secondary finding. No specific treatment appeared to be advantageous. At follow up, six of the p...
Tozaki T, Mashima S, Hirota K, Miura N, Choi-Miura NH, Tomita M.We performed efficient cloning and genotyping methods for isolation of a large number of polymorphic microsatellites. The methods contain the time-efficient cloning method of constructing microsatellite-enriched libraries and the economic genotyping method of fluorescent labeling of PCR products. Eighty novel equine microsatellites cloned were efficiently isolated from the enrichment library and analyzed for genotype polymorphism. Of these, 72 microsatellites were analyzed with a good resolution. The average heterozygosity of all loci was 0.52, and the number of alleles ranged from one to 9 wi...
Dart AJ, Dowling BA, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ.To evaluate high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy as a diagnostic technique and document the abnormalities found in Australian horses referred for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory tract noise but where a definitive diagnosis could not be made at rest. Methods: A retrospective clinical study using client-owned horses. Methods: The clinical records and videorecordings of all horses referred to the University of Sydney for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory tract noise during a 13-month period were examined. Only horses with a normal physical exam...
Starik E, Ginter A, Coppe P.A monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the equine arteritis virus (EAV) nucleocapsid (N) protein was used for indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using viral antigen from different sources. The same mAb was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate for direct immunofluorescence tests (DIFTs). The N-specific mAb appeared to be suitable for the detection in both ELISA and DIFT of different EAV strains and field isolates from semen and tissue samples after passage in lines of RK-13, Vero and fetal equine kidney cells. The ELISA described is an easy and fast method which can ...
Chu KK, Wang N, Stanley S, Cohen ND.The pharmacokinetic behavior of furosemide concentrations in performance horses is of great interest to the equine industry and equine researchers. Specifically, such information is useful for the evaluation of the existing guidelines in several racing jurisdictions and for the possible development of new guidelines for varying time periods after administration. We studied several approaches within the framework of nonlinear mixed effects models to increase the accuracy of evaluating these guidelines. Theoretical properties of the proposed methods were examined and the variances of the resulti...
Takai S, Ogawa K, Fukunaga N, Sasaki Y, Kakuda T, Tsubaki S, Anzai T.R. equi was isolated from soil samples obtained from the environment of seven native Japanese horse breeds (Hokkaido, Kiso, Noma, Misaki, Tokara, Miyako and Yonaguni) and from fecal samples collected from three native horse breeds (Hokkaido, Kiso and Misaki). Virulent R. equi at various levels (ranging from 0.5 to 12.9%) was isolated from the feces or soil environment of Hokkaido, Kiso and Misaki horses. Isolates were investigated both for the presence of 15- to 17-kDa antigens (virulence-associated protein antigens; VapA) by colony blotting, using the monoclonal antibody 10G5, and the gene of...
Janett F, Thun R, Ryhiner A, Burger D, Hassig M, Hertzberg H.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Eqvalan (ivermectin) on stallion semen quality and freezability. Experiments were performed using 22 Freiberger stallions, randomly divided into a control and test group. Semen was collected once a week for 17 weeks from October 1997 to February 1998. Eqvalan was given orally to all stallions of the test group at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg ivermectin/kg. Besides measuring the scrotal width, ejaculates were collected to determine the volume, concentration, and the motility and morphology (normal sperm, major defects, vacuoles and acros...
Korhonen PA, Lilius EM, Hyyppä S, Räsänen LA, Pösö AR.Six trained Standardbred trotters exercised on a racetrack on 2 days with a 3-day interval. On both exercise days the horses trotted three different exercise bouts with increasing intensity with 60-min intervals. Exercise-induced stress was manifested as leucocytosis, an increase in the neutrophil:lymphocyte (N:L) ratio, and increased capacity to produce reactive oxygen species in the peripheral blood as indicated by an increase in whole blood chemiluminescence. The leucocytosis was mainly due to neutrophilia, which lasted for 6 h. Production of reactive oxygen species per single neutrophil sh...
Crockett EC, Graham JK, Bruemmer JE, Squires EL.The ability to ship cooled stallion semen to a facility that specializes in cryopreservation of spermatozoa would permit stallions to remain at home while their semen is cryopreserved at facilities having the equipment and expertise to freeze the semen properly. To accomplish this goal, methods must be developed to freeze cooled shipped semen. Three experiments were conducted to determine the most appropriate spermatozoal extender, package, time of centrifugation, spermatozoal concentration and length of time after collection that spermatozoa can be cooled before cryopreservation. In the first...
Mungall BA, Pollitt CC.In situ gelatin zymography is a simple technique providing valuable information about the cellular and tissue localization of gelatinases. Until recently, the use of this technique has been confined to soft, relatively homogeneous tissue. In this report in situ zymography has been utilized to assess the sub-lamellar location of gelatinases in the hard, semi-keratinized epidermal layer and the adjacent soft connective tissue matrix of the dermis of the equine hoof. We show that alterations in the orientation at which the tissue is dipped and withdrawn from the emulsion cause profound alteration...
Herholz C, Straub R, Busato A.Ultrasound-spirometry and capnography and the evaluation of corresponding 'single-breath diagrams for CO2' (SBD-CO2) is a relatively new, non-invasive method for assessing pulmonary function in horses. The relative variation and the reliability of observations within measurement sessions were calculated for expiratory tidal volume, for expired CO2 volume (%) and for the phase II and phase III slopes of the SBD-CO2 in horses without pulmonary disease and in horses suffering from differing degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The coefficient of variation of expiratory tidal volume r...
Cullinane A, Weld J, Osborne M, Nelly M, Mcbride C, Walsh C.The purpose of these studies was to examine the response of Thoroughbred foals and yearlings to different influenza vaccines and vaccination regimes. The horses' antibody levels against haemagglutinin, an established correlate of protection were measured by haemagglutination inhibition. The first study investigated the extent to which maternal antibodies interfered with the humoral response to a subunit vaccine. The findings suggest that repeat vaccination in the face of maternal antibodies may induce tolerance as defined by serological testing. The second study compared the immune response el...
Katz J, Geer P.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted disease caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Antigen preparation was simple, and antigens derived from both classical and atypical forms of T. equigenitalis enabled detection of antibody responses elicted in horses experimentally exposed to either form of the bacterium. Sera serially obtained from these horses from 0 to 63 days postexposure were tested by the traditional complement fixation test (CFT) for CEM and with the ELISA, using both antigens separat...
Schott HC, Patterson KS, Eberhart SW.To determine whether administration of glycerol-containing solutions induces a state of transient hyperhydration in resting euhydrated horses, changes in plasma and urine constituents were measured in four horses for 1 h before and 5 h after nasogastric administration of each of four treatments (Experiment 1). Treatments were applied in a randomized fashion and included: (1) 1.0 g.kg(-)(1)glycerol in 8 L of water (G); (2) 8 L of water (W); (3) 8 L of 0.9% NaCl solution (S); and (4) 1.0 g.kg(-)(1)glycerol in 8 L of 0.9% NaCl solution (GS). In a subsequent study, voluntary water intake was measu...
Valentine BA, Habecker PL, Patterson JS, Njaa BL, Shapiro J, Holshuh HJ, Bildfell RJ, Bird KE.Skeletal muscle samples from 38 draft horse-related animals 1-23 years of age were evaluated for evidence of aggregates of glycogen and complex polysaccharide characteristic of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSSM). Cardiac muscle from 12 of these horses was also examined. Antemortem serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) from 9 horses with EPSSM and 5 horses without EPSSM were compared. Skeletal muscle from 17 horses contained inclusions of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, amylase-resistant complex polysaccharide. Similar inclusions were also pr...
Bailey SR, Cunningham FM.To compare adherence of stimulated and unstimulated eosinophils from allergic and normal ponies to cultured equine vascular endothelial cells (equine digital vein endothelial cells; EDVEC) and examine the effect of eosinophil-derived factor(s) on cell adherence. Methods: Eosinophil adherence to unstimulated EDVEC or EDVEC pretreated with IL-1beta or supernatants from stimulated eosinophils was measured. Supernatants were also assayed for TNFalpha and IL-1beta-like bioactivity. Results: Adherence of unstimulated and rhIL-5 (10 ng/ml)-stimulated eosinophils from allergic ponies to rhIL-1beta-tre...
Hodgkinson JE, Love S, Lichtenfels JR, Palfreman S, Ramsey YH, Matthews JB.Here, we report evaluation of five oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer (IGS) region sequences for identification of cyathostomin species. Oligoprobes were designed for identification of Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi and a fifth probe designed to identify all members of this tribe. PCR amplification of IGS DNA from 16 cyathostomin species allowed sequence comparison and identification of four putative species-specific probes. Southern blotting of amplified products from 16 species showed that all probes were species-s...
Wattle O.The cytoskeleton of living keratinocytes consists mainly of cytokeratins that have polymerised into intermediate filaments. The aim of this study was to describe the expression of cytokeratins in the living epidermal cells of the weight-bearing parts of the equine hoof wall during acute spontaneous laminitis. A total of 9 hooves from 3 horses subjected to euthanasia within 48 h of the first clinical signs of laminitis were sectioned and examined. The cytokeratins in the stratum medium and stratum internum of the hoof wall were characterized by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the ...
Albrecht BA, MacLeod JN, Daels PF.In the pregnant mare, luteal estrogen production increases at the onset of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) secretion by endometrial cups. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that eCG stimulates luteal androgen and estrogen production in pregnant mares. To further elucidate the regulation of steroidogenesis within the equine corpus luteum (CL) of pregnancy, we examined the expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450(17alpha)) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450(arom)) in luteal tissue samples collected during dies...
Mungall BA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC.Utilizing an in vitro laminitis explant model, we have investigated how bacterial broth cultures and purified bacterial proteases activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and alter structural integrity of cultured equine lamellar hoof explants. Four Gram-positive Streptococcus spp. and three Gram-negative bacteria all induced a dose-dependent activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and caused lamellar explants to separate. MMP activation was deemed to have occurred if a specific MMP inhibitor, batimastat, blocked MMP activity and prevented lamellar separation. Thermolysin and streptococcal pyrogenic ex...
Simoens P, Van den Broeck W, Lauwers H.Vascular corrosion casts of 12 equine, 15 bovine and 50 porcine eyes were studied scanning electron microscopically for the presence of posterior ciliary veins. These veins drain a postequatorial segment of the choroid and emerge near the posterior bulbar pole. They complement the four vorticose veins that emerge near or at the equatorial zone of the eyeball and the slender choroidoretinal veins that drain the peridiscal area of the choroid. Posterior ciliary veins were observed in all equine and bovine eyes examined. In these species they presented a large variation in size, number and positi...
Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Hodgson JL, Wood JL, Reid SW.A matched case-control study was made of 100 thoroughbred horses which were coughing and 148 control horses which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. The variables identified by multivariable conditional logistic regression as being significantly associated with coughing included age (the risk decreased with age), the stage of training (horses in early training were at greatest risk), the time since the last race (horses that had never raced were at greatest risk) and the time since they were last transported (horses transported more than 14 days previously were more like...
Wright IM, Minshall GJ.Injuries of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon and their relationship to displacement of the tendon from the calcaneus have not previously been reported. Objective: To describe findings made on clinical cases with disruption of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) including observations on their role in horses with unstable subluxation of the tendon. To describe novel surgical techniques and the results of treatment. Objective: Disruption of the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT is associated with lameness and distension of the ...
Thurman JD, Johnson BJ, Lichtenfels JR.Arteriosclerosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis adult parasites was diagnosed in a 20-month-old Quarter horse stallion that died from cantharidin toxicosis. Microscopically, the pulmonary vascular changes were typical of those described as "proliferative endarteritis" in D immitis-infected dogs.
Turek B, Witkowski M, Drewnowska O.The equine colic, which is caused by the presence of enteroliths that are most often found in the small or large colon, is typical for certain geographical regions (dry and hot climate). A diet rich in alfalfa is one of the highest risk factors. The earliest symptoms include weight loss and repeated episodes of colic pain. To present the results of operative treatment of 15 horses with enteroliths in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Fifteen purebred Arabian horses in Saudi Arabia, aged between 2 and 18 years, were treated. Decision about the surgery was based on clinical exam, ultrasound and rectal exa...
Knych HK, Wilson WD, Vale A, Kass PH, Arthur RM, Jones JH.Due to the high prevalence of EIPH in racehorses and its potential impact on the horse's health, furosemide administration is permitted up to 4-h prior to post time in most North American racing jurisdictions. Anecdotal reports suggest that administration of furosemide 24-h prior to strenuous exercise may be equally effective in decreasing the severity of EIPH. Objective: To 1) compare the efficacy of furosemide in reducing the presence and severity of EIPH when administered 4- or 24-h prior to strenuous exercise 2) characterise electrolyte and blood parameters following administration of furo...
Yiannikouris S, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, Roberts G.To report outcome after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) in adult horses (≥2 years) for treatment of desmitis of the ALDDFT or flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint (FDDIJ). Methods: Case series. Methods: Horses with desmitis of the ALDDFT (n=9) and FDDIJ (n=15). Methods: Records (April 1996-July 2008) of 24 adult horses (mean age, 6.7 years) that had ALDDFT desmotomy were reviewed. Follow-up data was obtained 12-120 months after desmotomy. Results: Outcome was available for 22 horses; 18 (82%; 6 of 8 horses with desmitis of the ...
Vandermyde CR, DiPietro JA, Todd KS, Lock TF.Fifteen pony foals were inoculated with 1,500 +/- 298.7 infective Parascaris equorum eggs. The foals were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Treatments included 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg given once on postinoculation day (PID) 11, 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg given daily on PID 11 to 15, and no treatment (controls). The foals were euthanatized on PID 25 and examined for P equorum larvae in the small intestine, lungs, and liver. Significantly (P less than 0.05) lower mean numbers of P equorum larvae were found in the small intestine of foals treated on PID 11 to 15 (1.4 [range, 0 to 6]) than in the sma...
Harps O, Brumhard J, Bartmann CP, Hinrichs U.An abdominal tumor was suspected after clinical evaluation in an eight-year-old, bay-coloured hannoveranian gelding. The diagnosis was based on the symptoms of ascites, on the results of the transcutaneous abdominal ultrasound examination and on the characteristic changes in the serum-electrophoresis. Postmortem a peritoneal mesothelioma was diagnosed. This primary tumor of the peritoneum is rarely described in horses.
Cothran EG, Long YG.A new D blood group phenogroup consisting of the specificities adeo was observed in a stallion family of Caspian ponies from Iran. An additional six undescribed genetic variants were seen in a total of 82 Iranian horses. This result suggests extensive new genetic variation may be present in domestic horses from geographic regions that have not yet received scientific attention.
Rissi DR, Avery AC, Burnett RC.T-cell-rich, large B-cell lymphoma (TCRLBCL) is the most commonly diagnosed type of lymphoma in horses. Here we describe the clinical signs, neuropathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) analysis results of a TCRLBCL in the brain of an 8-y-old male Quarter Horse that was euthanized after acute anorexia, tremors, head pressing, falling, blindness, incoordination, and seizures. Autopsy revealed a firm, smooth, pale-yellow mass that expanded both lateral ventricles and the adjacent subcortical white matter. Histologically, the mass consisted of a de...
Semin GR, Gomes N, D'Aniello B, Sabiniewicz A.We illustrate the problematic nature of different assumptions guiding the examination of whether humans can detect the source of fear chemosignals (i.e., body odors) emitted by horses-a research question examined in an article recently published in . A central issue is that the formulation of the question itself contains the answer to it. In this paper, we parse the problematic assumptions on which the analysis and methodology rely, leading to conclusions that are difficult to support. These assumptions constitute examples of methodological problems that should be avoided in research with anim...
Mendez-Angulo JL, Granados MM, Modesto R, Serrano-Rodriguez JM, Funes FJ, Quiros S, Gomez-Villamandos RJ, Zaldívar S, Trumble TN.Local anaesthetics are being combined clinically with amikacin in intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP), with limited knowledge on the analgesia provided and its onset and duration of action after tourniquet application and release. Objective: To evaluate the systemic clinical effect, limb withdrawal to nociceptive stimulation, and plasma and synovial fluid concentrations after IVRLP with lidocaine or mepivacaine in standing sedated horses. Methods: Prospective, controlled, randomised, cross-over study. Methods: Six healthy adult horses were sedated and received IVRLP with lidocaine, mep...
Stick JA, Derksen FJ.Videoendoscopy of the larynx during treadmill exercise was used to determine the surgical treatment of upper airway obstruction in a Standardbred colt. Surgical correction of right-sided laryngeal hemiplegia, first by laryngoplasty, then subtotal arytenoidectomy, was ineffective. Videoendoscopy indicated, and upper airway flow mechanics confirmed, that the laryngeal opening was adequate at rest, but obstruction occurred during exercise. On the basis of the appearance of the larynx during high airflow rates on slow-motion playback of the videorecording, total arytenoidectomy was performed, whic...
Riley CB, Yovich JV.Fractures of the patella in the horse are infrequently reported
in the literature. Most of these have been associated with trauma
or sudden forceful contraction of the quadriceps resulting in an
avulsion fracture of the patella (Parks and Wyn-Jones 1988).
There have been few reports of fractures associated with des-
motomy of the medial patellar ligament to correct upward
fixation of the patella (Wright and Rose 1989; Gibson ef ul1989).
This paper describes one such case including the radiographic
findings before the desmotomy, after fracture of the patella and
after arthroscopic trea...
Cuevas-Ramos G, Cova M, Arguelles D, Prades M.The function of the popliteal muscle and tendon in horses remains undescribed. In humans, it is considered a stabilizer of the posterior-lateral region of the knee; its function is closely related to that of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and meniscus. The popliteal tendon (PopT) constitutes the main proximal attachment of the popliteus muscle to the femur, and in humans, insertional variations have been described. Knowledge of anatomical variations is needed for the correct interpretation of diagnostic images and arthroscopic findings. To elucidate further the anatomy of the equine Pop...
Grubb TL, Muir WW, Bertone AL, Beluche LA, Garcia-Calderon M.A 1-year-old Standardbred gelding had received xylazine hydrochloride (0.75 to 1.00 mg/kg [0.34 to 0.45 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) during 2 surgeries for debridement of a wound. The horse was given chloramphenicol (55 mg/kg [25 mg/lb], PO, q 6 h) for 5 days, and was anesthetized a third time with xylazine (0.75 mg/kg, IM). Five hours after administration of xylazine, the horse remained markedly sedated and had clinical signs of gaseous distention of the large bowel (bloat) requiring trocharization. Administration of yohimbine (0.03 mg/kg [0.01 mg/lb], i.v.) eliminated signs of sedation within ...
de Favare GM, de Almeida Cipriano I, do Carmo TA, Mena MO, Guelpa GJ, do Amarante AFT, de Soutello RVG.The indiscriminate use of drugs to control gastrointestinal helminths in horses can lead to serious consequences for the animals, which represents a growing problem for health, animal welfare and productivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in naturally infected horses in the western region of the state of São Paulo. From May 2021 to April 2022, 123 naturally infected adult horses in 12 equine breeding farms (7 to 14 animals per farm) were evaluated with the fecal egg count reduction test. The horses had not been treated with anthelminti...
Scheffer CJ, Drijfhout PN, Boerma S.The case of a 5-year-old Friesian mare with a mass in her abdomen and a gait irregularity of the left hind limb is discussed. At rectal ultrasonogrphic examination the mass appeared to be a thin-walled, anechogenic cavity in the left abdomen. By means of laparoscopy the mass could be visualized as a smooth structure, covered by peritoneum and fat. Under laparoscopic guidance the mass was punctured and fluid was aspirated. Cytological and bacteriological findings of the fluid were indicative of a cyst. After drainage of the cyst the locomotion disorder of the left hind limb disappeared. It is c...
Hassel DM, Yarbrough TB.To describe a method for facilitating movement of enteroliths obstructing the proximal portion of the descending colon. Methods: Prospective report. Methods: 15 horses. Methods: A seromuscular incision through the antimesenteric taenia of the proximal portion of the descending colon was used to facilitate movement of enteroliths. Results: Teniotomy allowed proximal descending colon enteroliths located within the abdomen or close to the abdominal wall to be advanced 4 to 15 cm in an aboral direction so that they could be exteriorized for safe removal. Conclusions: Teniotomy is a feasible method...
Schuh JC.Bilateral true colobomas with retrobulbar cysts located over the optic nerves are described in an 8-year-old Quarterhorse mare with a history of progressive blindness. Colobomas result from the failure of an embryonic fissure to close and retrobulbar cysts result from eversion of the neuroectoderm through the colobomas. It could not be determined whether the small optic nerves and the scars, rosettes and disorganization of the cell layers in the retina were the result of concurrent dysplasia or were secondary to degeneration.
Rodgerson DH, Spirito MA.Instability of the collateral ligaments of the carpal or metacarpophalangeal joint occurred in 2 foals. The instability was repaired using commercial suture anchors. In foals, commercial suture anchors combined with external coaptation can be used successfully to repair collateral ligament instability of the carpus or the metacarpophalangeal joint.
Damron GW.A survey of horses for gastrointestinal trichomonads was conducted to determine the organism's role in equine diarrhea and to establish its proper identity and morphology. Trichomonads were found by cultural examination of feces of 101 (35%) of 289 apparently healthy horses. At necropsy, trichomonads were cultured from 11 (37%) of another 30 horses which showed no signs of diarrhea at the time of death. In 4 of the 11 horses, colonies of trichomonads numbered 30,000 to 150,000/ml of cecal fluid. Diarrhea was induced in 1 of 6 horses, with the fecal fluid containing 10,000 to 110,000 trichomona...
Houghton E, Dumasia MC.1. The metabolism of 19-nor[4-14C]testosterone in a thoroughbred horse has been studied and neutral urinary metabolites obtained after enzyme hydrolysis have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. 3-Hydroxyestran-17-one, 17 alpha- and 17 beta-nortestosterone, estrane-3,17-diol (two isomers), 3,16-dihydroxyestran-17-one (two isomers), 3,17-dihydroxyestran-16-one (two isomers) and estrane-3,16,17-triol were identified in the neutral urinary extracts.
Schmidt-Oechtering GU, Alef M, Röcken M.Xylazine and Ketamine were used for anaesthesia in 250 adult horses. This combination is useful both for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. The induction with Xylazine and Ketamine has been successful not only with foals but also with high risk patients such as horses with colic. During the maintenance of anaesthesia Xylazine/Ketamine can be used with injectable anaesthetics as well as with volatile anaesthetics at the same time. A form of injection anaesthesia for short-time surgical procedures like castration and wound repair is presented. The maintenance of a Thiobarbiturate/Guaifene...
Morrison S.Maggot debridement therapy is a nontraumatic, minimally invasive method to treat infections in a foot compromised by chronic laminitis. A mechanical strategy must first be in place to address the instability of the distal phalanx and hoof capsule. Adverse reactions to maggot debridement therapy are uncommon and the only side effect observed has been irritation or hypersensitivity at the site. Chronic laminitic cases of sepsis/necrosis within the hoof benefit from this procedure due to the noninvasive, continuous debridement and healing properties provided by the larvae.
Goulden BE.A series of landmark studies on the function of the equine larynx was conducted by a group of researchers at Massey University between 1970 and 1987. These studies commenced with investigations on the normal laryngeal anatomy and physiology (Goulden et al 1976a; Anderson et al 1980; Quinlan et al 1982), and progressed to a clinical appraisal of laryngeal hemiplegia, the most important clinical disease affecting the horse's larynx (Goulden and Anderson 198 lab, 1982). The studies concluded with a series of in-depth cytological and pathological studies of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and nerv...
Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Becker CK.An analysis of joint moments was used to study the biomechanical implications, load redistribution and kinematic pattern following desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL) in adult horses. Recordings of 6 sound horses were made before and 10 days after desmotomy of the AL of the right forelimb at the walk and the trot. Kinematic recordings of the right forelimb and the left distal forelimb were made using the CODA-3 system. Kinetic recordings of the ground reaction forces in both forelimbs were made using a Kistler force plate simultaneously with the kinematic...
